..^... 


'^i^^^- 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  {MT-3) 


1.0 


1.25 


■  50 


116 


|2^    1 2.5 
1^    IIIII2.2 


u   lis 

:^  1^  12.0 


K 


1.8 


LA.  11.6 


I 


J 

CorpoMon 


Sciences 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


V 


^v 


^ 


•1>^ 


<i> 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


n 


D 
D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagde 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur6e  et/ou  pellicul6e 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


D 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relid  avec  d'autres  documents 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

Lareliure  serrde  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  int^rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout^es 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  dtait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  film6es. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl^mentaires: 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  dt6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  m^thode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquds  ci-dessous. 


I      I    Coloured  pages/ 


D 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restaur^es  et/ou  pelliculdes 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxei 
Pages  ddcolor^es,  tachetdes  ou  piqu^es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ddtachdes 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Qualitd  in6gale  de  rimpress'on 

Includes  supplementary  materia 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


I  I  Pages  damaged/ 

I  I  Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

r~~|  Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 

I  I  Pages  detached/ 

I  1  Showthrough/ 

I  I  Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I  I  Includes  supplementary  material/ 

I  I  Only  edition  available/ 


T 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  filmdes  d  nouveau  de  fapon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


T 

P 
o 

fl 


G 
b 

tl 

•I 
o 
fl 
•i 
o 


T 
•I 
T 

h 
d 

•I 
b 
ri 
r( 
nr 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqud  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


30X 


y 

12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


Th«  copy  filmed  h«r«  hat  b««n  raproducad  thanks 
to  tha  ganaroaity  of : 

Library  Division 

Provincial  Archives  of  British  Columbia   , 


L'axamplaira  film*  fut  raproduit  grica  k  la 
g*n4rosit4  da: 

Library  Division 

Provincial  Archives  of  British  Columbia 


Tha  imagaa  appaaring  hara  ara  tha  bast  quality 
possibia  considaring  tha  condition  and  laglbility 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  Icaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  spacifications. 


Original  copias  in  printad  papar  covars  ara  filmad 
beginning  with  the  front  covar  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  beck  cover  when  eppropriate.  All 
other  originel  copies  ara  filmad  beginning  on  the 
first  pege  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  lest  page  with  e  printed 
or  illustreted  impression. 


The  lest  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shell  contain  the  symbol  — ^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  Y  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Meps,  pistes,  charts,  etc.,  mey  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  retios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hend  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  Imeges  suivontes  ont  At*  reproduites  avac  la 
plus  grand  soin,  compta  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
da  le  nettet*  de  I'exempleire  film*,  et  en 
conformity  avac  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmaga. 

Les  exemplaires  origlnsux  dont  la  couvarture  en 
pepier  est  imprimis  sont  filmis  en  commen^ent 
par  le  premier  piet  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
derniire  pege  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmis  en  commen^ant  par  la 
premiAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
derniire  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  — »•  signifie  "A  SUIVRE  ",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
fiimis  A  des  taux  de  reduction  diffirents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichi,  il  est  film*  A  partir 
de  Tangle  sup6rieur  geuche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prensnt  le  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mithode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

M 


TE 


th: 


GULF   ( 


GIVING 
IN  *r 
V 


CONT-f 

] 


% 


JAMES'S 


TRAVELER'S  COMPANION. 


BEING 

I" 

s   ■;jr  -A    COMPLETE    GUIDE 

THROUGH  THE  WESTERN  STATES, 


■>, 


TO  IU]$ 


GULF   OF   MEXICO   AND    THE    PACIFIC,  VIA  THE   GREAT   LAKES, 

RIVERS,  CANALS,  ETC. 

GIVING    FULL   AND   ACCURATE    DESCRIPTIONS    OF    ALL   PLACES    ON,  AND 
IN  ^HE    VICINITY    OF,    THE    WESTERN    WATERS  ;    INTERSPERSED 

^    ,,W1TH    HISTORICAL    NOTES    AND    STATISTICAL    TABLES; 

"'  TOGETHER    WITH    A    VAST     AMOUNT     OF    GENERAL 

INFORMATION    NOT    FOUND   IN    OTHER    WORKS 
£    «f^  OF   A    SIMILAR   CHARACTER. 

S   *'~  ■  .  .        *       * 

f  ?  WITH  NUMEROUS  MAPS  AND  ILLUSTRATIONS, 

ALSO, 

CONTAINING    ALL    OP    THE    PBLVCIPAL    STAGE,   STEAMBOAT,  AND    RAILROAD 
ROUTES  IN  THE  WEST,   AND   THE  CHIEF  ROUTES  TO  OREGON  AND 


1' 


m 


CAUFORNIA,  WITH  THEIR  RESPECTIVE  DISTANCES. 


Elje  toljole  facoufll)t  Troton  to  t^e  present  tfme. 


BY    S.    L.    MASSEY. 


CINCINNATI: 

PUBLISHED   BY  J.  A.  &  U.  P.  JAMES, 
NO.   167    WALNUT    STREET. 

1851. 


ul 


nuo   , 

;^n3 

►                ' 

.' 

t 

Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in 

the  year  1861, 

By  J.  A.  &  U.  P.  JAMES, 

in  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United 

States, 

for  the 

District  of  Ohio. 

A.    0.    JAMES,    STEBEOTTPXB, 

/ 

167  Walnut  St.,  CincinnaU. 

• 

■/ 

BS^ 


'or  the 


CONTENTS. 


Note.  —  We  have  omitted  to  refer,  in  the  following  table,  to  a  large  number 
of  towns,  incidents,  &c.,  our  space  being  so  limited.  As  all  places  are  placed 
in  the  body  of  the  work,  in  regular  order,  there  will  be  but  little  difficulty 
in  finding  anything  that  may  be  desired. 


CITIES,    ETC.,    ON    THE 

PAGE. 

Dubuque. 16 

Galena,  (note,) 16 

Davenport, 18 

Rock  Island  City, 19 

Iowa  City,  (note,) 20 

Burlington, 20 

Nauvoo, 21 

Alton, 24 

St.  Louis, 25,  26 

St.  Genevieve,  (note,)    28 

Cape  Girardieu, 29 

Cairo, 29, 174 

Memphis, 34 


MISSISSIPPI    AND    GULF. 


Yazoo  City,  (note,) 

Vicksburg, 

Grand  Gulf, 

Natchez, 

Jackson,  (note,) 

Baton  Rouge, 

New  Orleans, 48, 

Mobile, 

Pensacola, 69 

Galveston, 61 

Vera  Cruz, 62 

Chagres  and  Panama, 63 

Havana 64 


PAGE. 
..  38 
..  39 
.  40 
..  40 
•  .  45 
46 
53 
59 


CITIES, 

Brownsville, 71 

Alleghan    City, 76 

Pittsburgh, 77,  79 

Harper's  Ferry, 81 

Steubenville, 87 

Wheeling, 88 

Marietta, •  •     94 

Coshocton  and  Zanesville,  (note,)    96 

Guyandotte, 103 

Portsmouth, 106 

Chillicothe, 108 

Columbus,  (note,) 110, 11 2 

Maysville, 113,  114 

Cincinnati, 117, 125 

Newport, 125 

Covington, 126 

Hamilton, 130 

Dayton, 131 

Springfield, 134 

Vevay, 141 

Frankfort,  (note,) 142 

Lexington, 143 


ETC.,    ON    THE    OHIO    AND    LAKES. 


Madison, • 146 

Indianapolis,  (note,) 147, 148 

Jeffersonville,     149 

Louisville, 149,  151 

New  Albany, 152 

Evansville,  162 

Viucennes,  (note,)  165,  166 


Nashville,  (note,) 
Independence, 
Jefferson  City, 

Chicago, 

Milw^iukie,  •  •  • 

Detroit, 

Toledo  (note,)  • 
Sandusky  City, 


191, 


170 

182 

186 

192 

. . . .'  194 

197,  198 

....  201 

202,  203 

Cleveland, 203,  205 

Erie, 206,  207 

Buffalo, 207,  208 

Toronto, 216 

Oswego, 21 7 

Sackett's  Harbor, 217 

Kingston, 217 


RIVERS. 


Mississippi  River, 9 

St.  Croix  River, 12 

Chippewa  River, •* 13 

Wisconsin  River, 16 


Rock  River, ' 19 

Iowa  River, 19 

Des  Moines  River, 22 

Illinois  River, 24, 187 


IW^ 


IV 


CONTENTS. 


Missouri  River, 24,  175 

Ohio  Kivor, 29,  84 

IIatch«'«  Kivor, 33 

Arkansas  River, 36 

Yazoo  River, 38 

Rfd  River, 42 

Mononguhela  River, 

Alleghany  River, 

MuHkin(!U(n  River, 

HockhockiDg  River, 


70 

74 

9«i 

100 

LAKES. 


Great.  Kanawha  River, 102 

Scioto  River, 110 

liiekinf?  River, 126 

Great  Miami  River,    138 

Kentucky  River, 142 

Wabash  River, 163,  164 

Cumberland  River, 1(;9 

Tennessee  River, 172 

Detroit  River, 197 

Niagara  River, 210 


ItaRca  Lake, 

Lake  Pepin, 

Lake  St.  Croix,  (note,)  •  • 
Lake  Providence,  (note,) 
Lake  Michigan, 


9 
13 
13 

38 
193 


Lake  Superior, - 
Lake  Huron,-  • 
liake  St.  Clair, 

Lake  Krie, 

Lake  Ontario,  •  • 


•...  195 
....  196 
. ...  197 

200,  201 
. ..  216 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


Falls  of  St.  Anthony, 10 

Distances  on  the  Mississippi  River, 

11,  17,  26,  30,  53 

Fort  St  Leon, 68 

English  Turn, 58 

Forts  St.  Philip  and  .Jackson,  .  •      58 

Mouths  of  the  Mississippi, 58 

Fort  Bowyer  and  Mauville.  (note,)    60 

Braddock's  Field, '• 73 

Fort  Du  Qucsne. 79 

Distances  ou  the  Ohio,  .  •  80,  132, 133 


Blannerhassett's  Island, 98 

Virginia  Springs, 104 

Ohio  Canal  and  Distances,  .  •  106, 107 

Eseulapiun  Springs, 113 

Miami  Canal  and  Distances, 129 

Mammoth  Cave, 159,  162 

Fort  Harrison,    165 

Cave-in-Kock. 168,  169 

Illinois  anrl  Michigan  Canal,  •  •  • .  190 

Fort  Stephi'ihsun, 202 

Niagara  Falls, 213,  215 


ROUTES. 


From  Dubuque, 66 

From  Galena, 65 

From  the  Mouth  of  Illinois  River,  65 

From  St.  Louis, 66 

From  Columbus,  Ky. 66 

From  Memphis, 07 

From  Vicksburg, 68 

From  Natchez, 68 

From  New  Orleans, 68 

From  Galveston, 69 

From  Mobile, 69 

From  Pensacola, 69 

From  Chagres, 70 


From 
From 
From 
From 
From 
From 
From 
From 
From 
From 
From 
From 
From 


Pittsburgh, 81,  83 

Wheeling, 91,  93 

Cincinnati, 132 

Louisville, 151,  152 

Na.shville, 170,  171 

Fort  Leavenworth, 180 

Kansas  River, 181 

Independence, 183 

Chicago, 192 

Detroit, 199 

Sandusky, 203 

Cleveland, 205 

Buffalo, 208 


RAILROADS. 


New  York  and  Erie  Railroad,  •  • 
Albany  and  Buffalo  Railroad,  •  • 
Buffalo  and  Niagara  Falls  R.,  •  • 
Niagara  Falls  and  Lockport  R.,* 
Oswego  and  Syracuse  Railroad,* 

Table  of  Ohio  Railroads, 

Mad  River  and  Lake  Erie  R.,.  •  • 

Little  Miami  Railroad, 

Mansfield  and  Sandusky  R., .  >  •  • 
Mansfield  and  Newark  Railroad, 
Columbus  and  Xeuia  Railroad,  > 


.  217 
.  218 

•  219 
.  219 

•  219 
.  219 
.  220 
.  220 
.  220 
.  220 
.  221 


Cleveland  and  Columbus  R.,  •  •  •  •  221 
Indiana  Railroads, 221 


Madison  and  Indianapolis  R.,. 

Michigan  Railroads, 

Michigan  Central  Railroad,  >  • . 

Illinois  Railroads, 

Galena  and  Chicago  Railroad, 

Kentucky  Railroads, 

Mississippi  Railroads, 

Louisiana  Railroads,  •  •  •  • • 

Alabama  Railroads, 


222 
222 
222 
223 
223 
223 
224 
224 
224 


■  •  •  • 

102 

•  •  •  • 

110 

•  •  •  • 

126 

•  •  •  • 

138 

•  •  • 

142 

163, 

164 

169 

•  ■  •  • 

172 

»  •  •  • 

197 

•  •  •  • 

210 

■  «  •  • 

195 

•  •  •  • 

196 

197 

200, 

201 

•  • 

216 

•  •  • 

98 

1  •   • 

104 

106, 

107 

•  •  • 

113 

•  129 

159, 

162 

. . . . 

165 

1C8, 

169 

.  .  • 

]90 

•  •  • 

202 

213, 

215 

.  81 

1,83 

•  9] 

1,93 

•  • 

132 

151, 

152 

170, 

171 

•  «  • 

180 

*  •  • 

181 

•  •  • 

183 

192 

.  . 

199 

•  •  • 

203 

•  •  • 

205 

208 

•  •  ■ 

221 

•  •  • 

221 

•  •  • 

222 

•  •  • 

222 

•  •  • 

222 

•  •  • 

223 

•  •  • 

223 

•  •  • 

223 

•  •  • 

224 

•  ■  • 

224 

•  •  • 

224 

1 

PREFACE. 


The  following  work  was  commenced  about  a  year  ago,  at  the 
earnest  solicitation  of  an  esteemed  friend,  who  has  since  been 
suddenly  called  away  to  the  enjoyment  of  a  higher  state  of 
society.  The  materials  for  the  work  have  been  collected  and 
arranged  for  publication,  mostly  during  leisure  hours  ;  and  often 
no  opportunity  was  p-iven  to  read  the  manuscripts  a  second  time. 
Errors  may,  therefore,  have  escaped  detection,  which  under  other 
circumstances  would  have  been  avoided.  Although,  with  the 
exception  of  a  few  pages,  every  line  of  the  work  has  been  written 
in  our  own  language,  yet  wo  have  not  aimed  at  originality,  but 
rather  at  correctness,  value,  and  brevity. 

We  have  designed  to  have  tiie  work  take  a  much  wider  range 
than  any  similar  one  yet  presented  to  the  public.  We  have 
endeavored  to  make  a  book  that  will  merit  reading  ;  and  be  what 
its  name  indicates,  a  pleasing  companion  for  the  traveler;  —  a 
book  that  will  not  only  give  him  the  name  and  location  of  places 
along  the  principal  thoroughfares,  but  will  abound  with  incidents 
of  a  novel  and  entertaining  character,  which  he  will  wish  to 
remember,  and  delight  to  read.  Besides,  the  character  of  the  soil, 
resources,  present  and  future  prospects,  together  with  the  past 
history  of  most  places  in  the  Mississippi  Valley,  and  along  the 
Gulf  and  Lake  shores,  pass  in  review  before  the  reader.    All  of  the 


VI 


PREFACE. 


principal  routes  in  the  West,  Soutli,  and  North,  together  with 
tliose  leading  from  thence  to  the  East,  are  fully  and  correctly 
given. 

We  believe   that   the  descriptions  which   are  given  of    the 

various  towns  along  the  western  waters,  will  be  found  to  be 

correct.      But  as  the  West  is  just    beginning  to  develop   its 

resources,  and  as  towns  are  springing  up  almost  every  day,  it  is 

more  than  likely  that  some  small  places  may  have  been  omitted  ; 

but  we    think  such   omissions,  if  any  exist,  are  but  few  and 

unimportant.      To   those   who  wish   to  enlarge  their  field  of 

geographical  knowledge,  and  impart  it  to  others,  we  recommend 

this  work  as  a  valuable  companion. 

.   , ,  STEPHEN  L.  MASSE Y. 

Cincinnati,  Mat,  1851.      , 


I  ^ 


•' :   I- 


'.> ' ' ' 


;  >.: 


.    'Y 


I  <  !  >. 


,  ♦.  •    ^ 


I  '.  •■ 


T        ,__.., 


!  I'l  rii :      .•:.'•'.••  '.1   ' 


•;  ;.  l:rj    ' 


( 


I 


FROM   THE   SOURCE   OF   THE   MISSISSIPPI   RIVER   TO 
,  THE    GULF    OF    MEXICO^ 

Itasca.  I^ake* — This  is  the  .iclunl  source  of  the  longest 
and  main  fork  of  the  Mississippi,  tlie  Lac  la  Biche  of  the 
French).  This  beautiful  lake,  w  liich  is  some  five  or  seven  miles 
in  length,  reposes  amidst  hills  of  marine  sand,  of  the  drift 
epoch,  and  consists  of  pure  springs  of  water,  gushing  out  in 
copious  rills,  within  a  visible  oasin.  The  Indian  (name)  term 
of  Lot-osh-ca,  and  denoting  a  characteristic  property  of  the  fe- 
male breast,  imparts  a  vivid  idea  in  which  these  infant  sources 
of  the  father  of  rivers  gush  from  their  sandy  elevation. 

Many  suppose  the  word  "Itasca"  to  be  derived  from  the  last 
and  first  syllables  of  the  two  Latin  words,  Veritas  caput,  which 
means,  the  true  head. 

Schoolcraft,  accompanied  by  tlie  late  Dr.  Houghton  and  Col. 
Allen  (then  Lieut.  Allen),  of  the  army,  two  gentlemen  who  sub- 
sequently distinguished  themselves  in  their  several  depart- 
ments, and  by  Mr.  Bentwell,  a  clergyman  from  New  Hampsnire, 
and  Mr.  John  Stone,  of  Michigan,  with  Ozawindib,  or  Yellow 
Head,  a  Chippewa  chief,  as  the  principal  guide,  reached  Itasca 
lake  on  the  13th  of  July,  1832,  being  just  three  hundred  and  five 
years  after  the  Spanish  had  first,  incidentally,  descried  its 
mouth.  Its  distance  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  he  estimated  at 
three  thousand  one  hundred  and  sixty  miles.  The  entire  alti- 
tude of  the  lake,  as  determined  by  Mr.  Nicollet,  in  1836,  is  one 
thousand  five  hundred  and  seventy-five  feet,  which  is  one  hundred 
and  five  feet  below  the  summit  of  its  environing  hills;  and  its  lat- 
itude, at  Schoolcraft's  island,  the  only  island  in  it,  is  47^  13'  35". 
From  this  time,  the  source  of  the  Mississippi  has  remained  a 
fixed  fact  in  our  geography.  The  face  of  the  country  about  its 
head,  presents  a  very  similar  appearance  to  that  at  its  estuary. 


10 


ROUTE    OF   THE    MISSISSIPPI   RIVER. 


Fort  Gaines.— This  fort  is  situated  six  miles  south  of 
Crow  Wing,  or  De  Corbeau  river,  and  one  hundred  and  twent>-- 
two  miles  north  of  St.  Paul.  It  was  commenced  in  1848.  The 
population,  including  garrison,  does  not  exceed  150. 

Siva.ll  River,  Benton  county,  eighteen  miles  south  of 
Fort  Gaines,  and  one  hundred  and  four  north  of  St.  Paul. 
Near  the  mouth  of  this  river,  on  the  east  side  of  the  Mississip- 

Ei,  a  small  settlement  has  been  formed.    It  contains  2  trading 
ouses,  1  hotel,  5  or  6  dwelling  houses,  with  a  population  of 
about  25. 

Sank  Rapids,  county  seat  of  Benton  county,  twenty- 
eight  miles  south  from  Swan  river,  and  seventy-six  miles  north 
from  St.  Paul.  The  village  is  situated  on  the  east  side  of  the 
Mississippi,  in  the  center  of  a  very  fine  farming  country.  It 
has  1  traaing  house,  2  stores,  1  hotel,  and  a  population  of  180. 
Rum  River  (Indian  name,  Iskode  Waboy)  rises  to  the 
north  of  the  Mississippi,  in  Mille  Lacs,  and  after  a  course  of 
about  eighty  miles,  falls  into  the  Mississippi,  twenty-eight  miles 
north  of  St.  Paul.  At  the  mouth  of  this  river,  a  ferrjr  has  been 
commenced,  and  a  settlement  made,  which  now  contains  1  trad- 
ing house,  1  grocery  and  a  population  of  15. 


Falls  of  St.  Anthony  (St.  Anthony  City),  Ramsey 
county,  twenty  miles  south  of  Rum  river,  and  eight  miles 
north-west  of  St.  Paul. 

These  falls  are  sixteen  and  a  half  feet  perpendicular,  and 
about  thirty  rods  in  width,  divided  bv  a  conical  island,  leaving 
about  two-thirds  on  the  west  side.  The  fine  scenery  about  the 
Falls  attracts  great  numbers  of  visitors  during  the  summer 
months.  The  town  of  St.  Anthony  is  beautifully  situated  on 
the  side  and  summit  of  a  hill,  rising  up  from  a  precipice,  from 
which  a  fine  view  of  the  falls  and  surrounding  country  can  be 
obtained.  It  contains  1  chapel  and  school  room,  1  hotel,  5 
stores,  1  saw  mill,  1  grist  mill,  160  dwellings,  and  about  600 
inhabitants.  The  land,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  falls,  consists  of 
prairie,  interspersed  with  openings  of  various  extent,  and  is 


outh  of 
twenty- 
i.    The 

)tith  of 
b.  Paul, 
ssissip- 
trading 
ition  of 

;wenty- 
s  north 
!  of  the 
iiy.  It 
of  180. 
to  the 
urse  of 
it  miles 
IS  been 
1  trad- 


lamsey 
miles 

r,  and 
eaving 
ut  the 
Liraraer 
ted  on 
,  from 
an  be 
otel,  5 
ut  600 
ists  of 
ind  is 


generally  admirably  adapted  to  agricultural  purposes.  It  is 
also  well  watered  by  numerous  small  lakes  and  streams,  whose 
never  failing  springs  add  much  to  the  strength  and  fertility  of 
the  soil.    These  lakes  and  streams  are  well  stocked  with  fish. 

IVotes. 

The  falls  of  St.  Anthony  were  named  by  Father  Hennepin,  a  companion  of 
the  enterprising  M .  De  la  Salle,  who,  in  1680,  ascended  the  Mississippi  river  as 
far  as  the  falls  and  reported  that  he  had  discovered  its  source.  The  Missis- 
sippi river  was  discovered  by  Marquette,  seven  years  before. 

This  table  shows  the  distances  of  those  places  on  the  Mississippi,  above 
Galena,  from  each  other,  and  from  the  Falls. 


Fort  Snelling.  Min., 
St.  Peter's  river, 
St,  Paul,  Min.,"  •• 
Luke  Pepin, 
Maiden's  Rock, 
Chippewa  river,  Wis., 
La  Crosse,  Wis.,-... 

Root  River,  Min., 6 

Bad  Axe,  Wis., 20 


7 

5 

60 

24 

88 


32 

72 

96 
184 
190 
210 


Upper  Iowa  river,  Min., 
Prairie  du  Chien,  Wis., 
Fort  Crawford,  Wis.,.. 
Wisconsin  river.  Wis.,  • 
Prairie  La  Port,  Iowa,  • 

Cassville,  Wis., 

Peru,  Iowa, 

Dubuque,  Iowa, 

Fever  river,  111., 


>  9 
.52 
.  1 
.  2 

■  20 

10 

•21 

.  9 

.18 


219 
271 
272 
274 
294 
304 
325 
334 
352 


Fort  Snelling^,  six  miles  south-east  of  St.  Anthony,  and 
six  miles  to  the  west  of  St.  Paul.  This  fort  is  situated  on  the 
west  side  of  tlie  Mississippi,  and  is  built  on  the  point  of  land 
formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Mississippi  and  Minesota 
rivers. 

St.  Petors  (Mendota),  one  and  a  half  miles  south  of  Fort 
Snelling,  and  six  miles  west  from  St.  Paul.  From  its  fine  posi- 
tion, at  tlie  mouth  of  the  Minesota,  a  river  which  must,  one 
day,  bear  upon  its  waters  the  valuable  products  of  a  fertile  and 
luxuriant  soil,  it  offers  prospects  as  brilliant  as  any  other  town 
in  the  territory.  Tlio  country  around  Mendota  is  beautiful  and 
fertile.  It  contains  4  stores,  30  dwellings,  and  a  population  of 
300.     Here  is  a  depot  of  the  American  Fur  Company. 

St.  Paul,  Ramsey  county,  seat  of  government.  This  is 
the  present  head  of  navigation  for  the  east  side  of  the  Missis- 
sippi. It  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  summit  of  a  bluff,  from 
which  a  fine  view  of  the  river  may  be  had. 

Since  the  erection  of  the  mill  at  St.  Anthony,  buildings  have 
gone  up  rapidly,  and  this  city  can  now  boast  of  many  dwell- 
ing houses,  <fec.,  displaying  great  architectural  taste.  The  soil 
in  the  vicinity  is  good,  and  many  farms  have  lately  been  com- 
menced, with  every  prospect  of  success. 

It  contains  a  court  house,  4  churches — 1  Roman  Catholic,  I 
Presbyterian,  1  Baptist  and  1  Methodist — 3  schools,  with  about 


60  scholars,  1  territorial  library,  containing  15  or  16  hundred 
volumes,  ^  printing  offices,  each  issuing  a  weekly  newspaper, 
15  stores,  3U0  dwellings  and  1,500  inhabitants 


• .  .    t  r 


-.  .    HEAD  OF  STEAMBOAT  NAVIGATION.  ' 

Red  Bock,  Ramsey  county,  six  miles  south  of  St.  Paul. 
Its  name  is  derived  from  a  large  rock,  which  the  Indians  have 
painted  red,  and  styled  Wakon,  or  Spirit  rock.  Red  Rock  was 
first  settled  by  the  Methodist  missionaries,  in  18'}7,  under  the 
superintendence  of  the  Rev.  Alfred  Brunson.  An  Indian  school 
was  established,  at  an  expenditure  of  thirty  thousand  dollars; 
but,  after  a  few  years,  the  mission  failed,  accomplisliing  but  lit- 
tle permanent  good. 

The  soil  in  tnis  district  is  well  adapted  to  the  growth  of  corn. 
The  village  consists  of  about  15  buildings ;  population,  80. 

Vermilioil  River  rises  in  Minesota  and  flows  north- 
east, on  a  line  nearly  parallel  with  the  St.  Peter's  river,  and 
empties  into  the  Mississippi  a  short  distance  above  tliG  mouth 
of  the  St.  Croix  river. 

St.  Croix  River  rises  in  the  north-western  part  of  Wis- 
consin and  flows  southward  till  it  reaches  the  Mississippi  in 
44®  north  latitude.  It  is  navigable  for  steamboats  about  sixty 
miles.  Large  quantities  of  pine  lumber  are  annually  brought 
down  the  river  and  shipped  to  St.  Louis.  At  the  falls,  the  head 
of  navigation,  there  is  a  fine  town  springing  up. 

Point  Oougias,  Washington  county,  post  town,  twenty- 
five  miles  south  of  Stillwater,  and  twenty-one  miles  south-east 
of  St.  Paul.  This  village  is  situated  on  the  west  side  of  the 
mouth  of  Lake  St.  Croix.  It  contains  1  hotel,  1  public  house, 
3  stores,  20  very  neatly  finished  buildings,  with  a  population  of 

It  has  an  excellent  landing.  In  the  lowest  stage  of  water, 
this  is  the  head  of  navigation  on  the  Mississippi.    -^  ;;   .j^- 


w\ 


I 


Notes.  •    ..r .  .■ 

LAKE  ST.  CROIX.— This  lake  receives  the  waters  of  the  St.  Croix  river 
and  its  tributaries.  The  river  and  lake  form  most  of  the  bonndary  line  be- 
tween Minesota  and  Wisconsin.  There  is  a  bar  in  this  lake  called  Cat-fish 
Bar,  which  extends  about  two  miles  into  the  lake.  The  Indians  regard  this 
bar  and  lake  with  dread;  they  would  rather  carry  their  canoes  than  paddle 
them  across  the  lake. 

STiLLWATER,  oonnty-seat  of  Washington  county,  seven  miles  north- 
east from  St.  Paul.  This  town  is  situated  on  the  west  side  of  Lake  St.  Croix, 
twenty  miles  from  its  mouth;  and,  from  its  many  advantages  of  water  privi- 
lege and  excellent  land,  bids  fair  for  a  speedy  growth.  It  contains  i  land 
office,  1  saw  mill,  1  court  house,  3  hotels,  4  stores,  and  about  50  well  finished 
buildings  (dwelling  houses).  There  is  also  1  church  and  2  lecture  rooms  in 
rourse  of  erection.  Also,  a  school,  with  25  scholars;  the  population  is  about 
800.  .     . 

Lake  Pcpiii,  about  fifteen  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the 
St.  Croix  river,  and  one  hundred  miles  below  the  Falls,  is  form- 
ed by  an  expansion  of  the  Mississippi.  It  is  about  twenty-five 
miles  long,  and  four  wide;  the  water  is  clear,  and  the  current 
very  gentle.  On  the  eastern  side  of  the  lake,  is  the  celebrated 
;  Maiden's  Rock,  which  rises  to  the  height  of  near  five  hundred 
feet.  Near  this  point,  is  the  mouth  of  Pepin  river,  which  emp- 
ties into  the  lake;  and,  on  the  opposite  side,  is  tlie  Cannon 
river.  The  shores  of  this  lake  abound  with  carnelktn  and 
other  valuable  stones.,  -j    .; 

Cllippewa  Kiver  rises  in  the  northern  part  of  Wiscon- 
sin, near  the  head  waters  of  the  Montreal,  and  flows  in  a  south- 
westerly direction.  After  a  course  of  near  three  hundred  miles, 
it  joins  the  Mississippi  near  the  termination  of  Lake  Pepin.  Its 
principal  branches  are  the  Clear  Water  and  Red  Cedar  rivers. 
It  is  navigable  for  steamboats  seventy  miles.  The  shores  abound 
with  pine  forests.  There  is  a  very  important  trading  post  at 
the  mouth  of  this  river,  in  Wisconsin,  which  may  one  day  be- 
come a  large  town. 

Note.  .,,..,!. 

The  mouth  of  this  river  is  the  southern  boundary  of  that  tract  of  land 
known  as  Carver's  Tract.  It  lies  principally  in  Crawford  county,  and  con- 
tains an  area  of  more  than  eight  millions  of  acres.  Captain  Carver  held  this 
land  by  a  deed  obtained  from  the  Indians,  May  1st,  1767.  It  commences  at 
the  Falls  of  St  Anthony  and  follows  the  Mississippi  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Chippewa;  thence  east,  about  one  hundred  miles;  thence  north,  one  hundred 
and  twenty  miles;  and  thence,  in  a  direct  line,  to  the  Falls.  The  Missis- 
sippi Land  Company,  of  New  York,  obtained,  in  1824,  a  recognized  deed, 
before  Judge  Van  Ness,  of  the  U.  S.  District  Court,  New  York.  .- 

WsJkXi  Oju  and  IVIaniSka  Rivers  rise  in  tlie  south- 
eastern part  of  Minesota,  and  flow  north-east  and  empty  into 


I 


the  Mississippi,     The  waters  of  the  two  rivers  are  united  by  a 
small  creek,  just  before  they  enter  the  Mississippi. 

illountain  Island  Kii'cr,  a  small  stream  in  the 
western  part  of  Wisconsin,  empties  into  the  Mississippi. 

Sap|»ah  or  Black  River  rises  near  the  center  of  Wis- 
consin and  flows  south-west.  Before  entering  the  Mississippi, 
it  separates  into  two  branches,  forming  a  delta  of  some  extent. 
It  is  navigable  for  steamboats  sixty  miles. 

Prairie  a  la  Crosse  River  flows  through  the  western 
part  of  Wisconsin  into  the  Mississippi,  one  hundred  and  eighty- 
six  miles  below  the  falls  of  St.  Anthony,  and  eighty-nine  miles 
below  the  Chippewa. 

La  Crosse,  a  small  town  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  La 
Crosse  River,  Crawford  county,  Wisconsin. 

lIol£a9  or  Boot  River,  enters  the  Mississippi  from 
Minesotu,  five  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  La  Crosse. 

Raccoon  River,  a  small  stream,  flows  into  the  Missis- 
sippi from  Wisconsin,  nearly  opposite  Root  river. 

Rad  Axe  River  rises  in  VV^isconsin  and  flows  in  a  west- 
erly direction,  till  it  joins  the  Mississippi  two  hundred  and 
eleven  miles  below  the  falls  of  St.  Anthony. 

Upper  IO%va  River  rises  in  Minesota  and  flows  south- 
east, then  north-east,  through  the  north-eastern  part  of  Iowa, 
and  enters  the  Mississippi  two  hundred  and  ten  miles  below 
the  Falls,  forming  part  of  the  boundary  line  between  Iowa  and 
Minesota. 

Prairie  du  Clllen,  Crawford  county,  Wisconsin,  is  one 
hundred  and  twenty-five  miles  west  of  Madison,  three  miles 
above  the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin  river,  and  about  two  hun- 
dred and  seventy-five  miles  below  the  Falls.  It  is  situated  on 
the  borders  of  an  extensive  prairie,  and  occupies  the  site  of  an 
old  Indian  village,  from  whose  chief,  called  by  the  French 
Chien,  it  derives  its  name.  The  town  contains  a  court  house, 
and  an  academy  and  several  chMrches.  There  are  excellent 
hunting  grounds  in  the  vicinity  of  this  place.  The  water 
courses  and  marshes  are  covered  with  wild  rice,  which  the  In- 
dians gather  for  food.  Numerous  mounds  are  scattered  over 
the  land — the  remains  of  a  people  whose  history  is  unknown 
to  us,  and  whose  existence  might  have  been  doubted,  had  they 
not,  like  the  builders  of  the  pyramids,  left  these  unmistakable 
evidences  of  their  having  "  lived,  and  moved,  and  had  a  being." 
Stages  leave  three  times  a  week  for  Galena.  Population  2,300. 
Fort  Crawford,  two  miles  below  Prairie  du  Chien,  is 
on  the  Wisconsin  side  of  the  Mississippi.  Fort  Atkinson,  Iowa, 
near  the  head  waters  of  Turkey  river,  is  nearly  due  west  from 


ed  hy  a 

in  the 
i. 

of  Wis- 
issippi, 

extent. 

western 
eighty- 
ic  miles 

the  La 

pi  from 

Missis- 

a  vest- 
ed and 

I  south- 

•  Iowa, 

below 

wa  and 

is  one 

miles 
o  hun- 
Lted  on 
i  of  an 
French 
house, 
cellent 

water 
he  In- 
over 
cnown 
d  they 
ikable 
eing." 
2,300. 
ien,  is 

Iowa, 
from 


ROUTE    OF    THE   MISSISSIPPI    RIVER. 


15 


is 


this  station.    By  going  t -irough  Prairie  du  Chien,  travelers  will 
find  a  good  road  between  the  two  forts. 

li¥isconsiii  River  rises  in  some  email  lakes  near  the 
boundary  of  Michigan,  and  after  a  south  and  south-westerly 
course  of  four  hundred  miles,  crossing  the  entire  State  of  Wis- 
consin, it  enters  the  Mississippi  in  43"^  north  latitude  and  91° 
west  longitude.  It  is  navigable  for  steamboats  one  hundred  and 
eighty  miles.  There  is  a  portage  of  about  two  miles  between 
the  Wisconsin  and  Fox  rivers,  which  will  doubtless  soon  be 
connected  by  a  canal.  In  time  of  high  water,  small  boats  can 
pass  from  one  river  to  the  other. 

Note. 

The  State  of  Wisconsin,  having  received  from  Congress  a  grant  of  half  a 
million  acres  of  land,  design  improving  the  navigation  of  these  rivers,  so  as 
to  open,  by  way  of  Oreen  Bay,  a  continuous  steamboat  communication  be- 
tween Lake  Michigan  and  the  Mississippi.  The  construction  of  the  canal, 
and  the  improvement  of  Fox  river,  are  under  contract  to  be  completed  daring 
the  present  year. 

Pra^irie  In,  Port,  Clayton  county,  Iowa,  is  a  trading  post 
of  some  importance,  although  it  contains  but  few  houses.  It 
is  situated  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  on  a  high  bluff, 
twenty  miles  south  of  the  Wisconsin  river. 

Citssville,  Grant  county,  Wisconsin,  is  on  the  east  side 
of  the  Mississippi,  three  hundred  and  ten  miles  below  the  Falls. 
It  was  laid  out  on  a  large  scale,  under  the  direction  of  a  New 
York  Company,  and  intended  as  a  summer  resort  for  pleasure 
parties.  The  company  built  a  fine  hotel,  and  there  the  matter 
ended. 

Ttirliey  River  rises  in  Iowa,  and  after  a  course  of  one 
hundred  and  fifty  miles,  passing  diagonally  through  Clayton 
county,  enters  the  Mississippi.  It  is  not  navigable  for  steam- 
boats. 

Frankford,  Clayton  county,  Iowa,  is  a  small  trading  post 
at  the  mouth  of  Turkey  river. 

Note. 

POTOSI,  Grant  county,  Wisconsin,  is  situated  on  a  bayou  a  short  distance 
from  the  river.  There  are  rich  lead  mines  in  the  neighborhood.  To  these  the 
town  owes  its  importance.  Steamboats  can  only  approach  the  town  during 
high  stages  of  water. 

Sinapee,  Grant  county,  Wisconsm,  is  a  small  town  a  few 
miles  above  Dubuque. 

Note. 

PERU,  Dubuque  oonnty,  Iowa,  is  situated  on  the  south  side  of  the  Little 
Makoquette  river,  a  short  distance  above  its  junction  with  the  Mississippi. 


! 


a  ,, 


16 


ROUTE   OP   THE   MISSISSIPPI   RIVER. 


OubUQIie.  Dubuque  county,  Iowa,  is  on  the  west  bank  of 
the  Mississippi,  three  hundred  and  thirty  miles  below  the  Falls. 
It  is  situated  on  a  gently  sloping  prairie,  in  one  of  the  richest 
lead  districts  in  the  world.  It  contains  a  land  office,  6  or  8 
churches,  and  work  shops  of  all  descriptions.  On  account  of 
an  island  in  front  of  the  town,  boats  are  compelled,  in  low 
water,  to  land  at  the  island,  which  is  near  a  mile  from  the  main 
landing  of  the  town.  This  retai'ds  the  growth  of  the  place, 
and  greatly  injures  its  trade.  The  town  received  its  name  from 
Dubuque,  its  earliest  settler.  His  tomb,  on  a  high  bluflf  a  short 
distance  below  the  town,  overlooking  the  Mississippi,  is  an  ob- 
ject of  great  interest  to  travelers. 

Fever  River,  a  small,  sluggish  stream,  empties  into  the 
Mississippi,  from  Illinois,  about  sixteen  miles  below  Dubuque. 
It  is  navigable  for  steamboats  to  Galena,  during  most  of  the 
year.  On  account  of  the  narrowness  of  this  stream,  boats  have 
great  difficulty  in  getting  up  and  down.  It  is  sometimes  neces- 
sary to  dig  away  a  portion  of  the  bank  to  get  room  to  turn. 
The  great  central  railroad,  extending  from  Cairo  to  Galena,  was 
located  along  the  banks  of  this  river :  its  remains  are  still  to  be 
seen.    '■"'  '■  '  •'  ►',[■■•       - 

Notes. 

GALENA,  Joe  Daviess  county,  Illinois,  is  situated  on  Fever  river,  seven 
miles  from  its  mouth.  It  is  located  near  the  center  of  a  rich  lead  district, 
extending,  on  both  sides  of  the  Mississippi,  from  the  Wisconsin  to  the  vicinity 
of  Rock  river.  It  derives  its  name  from  galena^  a  kind  of  lead  ore  found  in  the 
vicinity.  In  1822,  the  process  of  smelting  was  first  commenced;  since  that 
time  there  has  been  as  high  at  13,000,000  of  pounds  smelted  in  one  year.  The 
ore  lies  in  horizontal  strata,  varying  in  thickness  from  a  few  inches  to  several 
feet,  and  yields  75  per  cent  of  pure  lead.  A  railroad  is  being  constructed  be* 
tween  Galena  and  Chicago,  a  distance  of  one  hundred  and  sixty  miles.  It  is 
also  in  telegraphic  communication  with  St.  Louis,  and  with  the  East  along 
the  nothern  frontier.     Population, 5,000.  ^    <    ,^,.v    i  ^t  .    - 

The  most  direct  route  to  Minesota,  from  the  East,  is  by  way  of  the  Michi- 
gan central  railroad,  and  the  railroad  and  stage  route  from  Chicago  to  Galena. 
The  railroad  on  this  line  is  completed  from  Chicago  to  Elgin,  forty  miles ;  the 
whole  distance  to  Galena  is  one  hundred  and  sixty  miles. 

The  stage  on  this  route  travels  night  and  day.  If  persons  wish  to  take  a 
little  more  time,  and  travel  only  during  the  day,  they  can  go  to  Milwaukie 
and  take  the  stage  from  there  to  Galena,  which  travels  only  in  the  day  time, 
over  a  road  quite  as  good,  and  through  a  country  quite  as  pleasant.  Or,  if  a 
journey  by  water  is  preferred,  they  can  take  the  canal,  at  Chicago,  and  go  by 
the  way  of  St.  Louis,  which  will  make  the  journey  more  expensive  and  at 
least  a  week  longer.  By  the  shortest  route,  the  journey  may  be  performed 
from  Albany  to  St.  Paul  within  a  week,  and  at  an  expense  of  not  far  from 
$35  00.    The  fare  is  as  follows  :  from  Albany  to  Buffalo,  $10  00;  from  Buf- 


■  -•nn*v  "i— i*- 


bank  of 
\ie  Falls. 
>  richest 
,6  or  8 
ount  of 
,  in  low 
he  main 
B  place, 
me  from 
'  a  short 
s  an  ob- 

into  the 
ibuque. 
i  of  the 
its  have 
3  neces- 
:o  turn, 
na,  was 
11  to  be 


er,  seven 
district, 

>  vicinity 
nd  in  the 
nee  that 
ar.     The 

>  several 
icted  be- 
IS.  It  is 
St  along 


Michi- 
Galena. 
leg;  the 

take  a 
Iwankie 
ly  time, 
Or,  if  a 
d  go  by 
and  at 
rformed 
if  from 
m  Baf- 


ROUTE   OF   THE   MISSISSIPPI  RIVER. 


17 


falo  to  Chicago,  $10  00;  from  Chicago  to  Galena,  $8  00;  and  from  Galena 
to  St.  Paul,  $G  00. 

Goods  are  transported  by  wagons  from  Chicago  to  Galena  in  great  qnanti> 
ties.  The  expense  of  transportation  between  the  two  places  is  from  $1  00  to 
^125  per  hundred  weight.  t-   ;   !;;!,;  n'  u-  .iii"  i 


■f 


The  following  table  contains  the 
along  the  Mississippi,  from  Galena 

Bellevue, 14 

Savannah, 20 

Charleston,  Iowa, 3 

Lyons,  Iowa, 15 

Fulton  City,  Illinois, 2 

New  York,  Iowa, 3 

Albany,  Illinois, 7 

Camanche,  Iowa, 3 

i*ort  Byron,  Illinois,  •  •  •  > 13 

Hampton, 6 

Davenport,  Iowa,  }  „ 

itook  Island,  ] 

Muscatine,  Iowa, 30 

New  Boston,  Illinois, 23 

Iowa  River, 1 

Pquawka,  Illinois, 18 

Burlington,  Iowa, 13 

Skunk  river, 6 


380 
383 
308 
400 
403 
410 
413 
426 
432 


distances  of  most  of  the  towns  and  rivers 
to  the  month  of  the  Missouri : 

360  Montrose,  Iowa,    )      -« 

Nauvoo,  Illinois,   ) 

Keokuk,  Iowa, 13 

Warsaw,  Illinois,    )  ....  4 

Des  Moines  River,  | 

TuUy,  Missouri 16 

La  Grange,  Missouri, 9 

Q,uincy,  Illinois, 10 

Marion  City,  Missouri, 8 

Hannibal«  Missouri, 10 


fort  Madison, 16 


440 

470 
493 
494 
512 
525 
531 
547 


557 
569 
573 


Louisiana,  Mii'souri, 23 

Clarksville,  Missouri, 11 

Hamburg,  Illinois, 14 

Westport,  Missouri, 13 

Gilead,  Illinois, 15 

Illinois  River, 28 

Graflon,  Illinois, 3 

Alton,  Illinois • 30 

Missouri  River, 5 


589 
596 
608 
616 
626 
649 
660 
674 
687 
702 
730 
733 
753 
758 


Bellevuef  Jackson  county,  Iowa,  is  a  small  town  situated 
on  a  high  bluff,  seven  miles  below  the  mouth  of  Fever  river. 
It  is  one  of  the  most  pleasant  situations  on  the  river,  and  well 
deserves  its  name. 

Makokety  River  empties  into  the  Mississippi  from 
Iowa,  a  few  miles  below  Bellevue.  It  furnishes  the  best  water 
power  of  any  river  in  the  State. 

HuntSVille,  Joe  Daviess  county,  Illinois,  nearly  opposite 
the  mouth  of  Makokety  river,  is  a  small  and  unimportant  town. 

Savannah)  county-seat  of  Carroll  county,  Illinois,  is  sit- 
uated on  the  east  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  a  short  distance 
above  the  mouth  of  Plum  creek.  It  contains  a  court  house, 
jail,  and  a  number  of  stores  and  dwellings.    Population,  250. 

Charleston,  Clinton  county,  Iowa,  is  situated  on  the 
Mississippi,  about  three  hundred  and  eighty  miles  below  the 
Falls.    It  is  a  small  place,  and  of  but  litue  importance. 

Ijyons,  Clinton  county,  Iowa,  is  a  small  town  about  fif- 
teen miles  below  Charleston.    Population,  300. 

'Fulton  Oity,  Whiteside  countv,  Illinois,  is  just  opposite 
Xiyons,  and  is  its  rival  town.    Population,  500. 


New  ITorR  is  a  name  given  to  a  email  arid  unimportant 
place  in  Clinton  county,  Iowa,  five  miles  below  Lyons. 

Albany,  Whitesicie  county,  Illinois,  is  a  flourishing  town. 
The  location  being  good,  the  town  will  doubtless  continue  to 
increase.     Population  near  700. 

Camanctie,  Clinton  county,  Iowa,  is  on  the  west  side  of 
the  river,  a  short  distance  below  Albany.  Population  about 
100. 

lirfipsipiliecoil  River  rises  in  the  north-eastern  part 
of  Iowa,  and  after  a  winding  course  of  about  two  hunared 
miles,  empties  into  the  Mississippi.  It  affords  excellent  water 
power  for  mills;  and  it  is  hoped  that  the  enterprising  people 
who  are  fast  settling  in  that  portion  of  country,  will  not  let  it 
remain  long  unocccupied. 

Princeton,  Scott  county,  Iowa,  is  situated  on  the  west 
side  of  the  Mississippi,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Wapsipinecon 
river. 

Port  Byron,  Rock  Island  county,  Illinois,  is  a  small 
town,  fifteen  miles  below  Camanche.  It  is  situated  near  the 
head  of  the  upper  rapids. 

Hampton,  Rock  Island  county,  Illinois,  is  situated  six 
miles  below  Port  Byron.  It  has  considerable  trade  in  earthen 
ware.     Population,  300. 

I^e  Clare,  Scott  county,  Iowa,  is  a  small  town,  containing 
but  few  houses.  Tt  takes  its  name  from  an  old  Frenchman,  who 
was  the  owner  of  most  of  the  land  in  the  neighborhood. 

Davenport,  Scott  county,  Iowa  (county-seat),  is  one  of 
the  most  flourishing  towns  in  t  )wa.  It  is  a  beautiful  situation, 
and  appears  better  from  the  river  than  any  other  town  on  the 
Upper  Mississippi.  It  has  considerable  trade,  and  is  rapidly 
increasing  in  importance.  Being  surrounded  by  a  rich  country, 
it  will  soon  become  a  large  place.    Population,  2,000. 

BocR  Island  is  the  name  given  to  a  large  island  in  the 
Mississippi,  ninety-four  miles  below  Galena,  and  just  above  the 
mouth  of  Rock  river.  The  southern  part  of  the  island  is  occu- 
pied by  Fort  Armstrong,  an  old  U.  b.  Blockhouse  in  time  of 
Black  Hawk's  wars.  The  fort  stands  upon  a  rock,  near  twenty 
feet  above  the  surface  of  the  river.  There  is  a  recess  in  this 
rock  called  Black  Hawk's  Cave,  where,  it  is  said,  he  often  con- 
cealed himself.  The  officers  and  soldiers  had  most  of  the 
island  under  cultivation;  the  remains  of  the  gardens  and 
hedges  are  still  to  be  seen.  It  was  here  that  Col.  Davenport 
was  murdered,  July,  1845,  by  a  party  of  lawless  wretches.  The 
Mississippi  at  this  point  is  very  rapid;  it  falls  twenty-one  feet, 


I 


ten  inches,  in  the  clistance  of  fifteen  miles.    Ledges  of  loclc. 


nportant 

■ 

11^  town, 
itinue  to 

t  side  of 
>n  about 

tern  part 
hundred 
nt  water 
?  people 
lot  let  it 

the  west 
ipinecon 

a  small 
near  the 

ated   six 
earthen 

ntaining 
aan,  who 
d. 

J  one  of 
ituation, 
I  on  the 
rapidly 
country, 

id  in  the 
bove  the 
I  is  occu- 
tiine  of 
r  twenty 
\  in  this 
'ten  con- 
b  of  the 
ens  and 
avenport 
es.  The 
one  feet, 
of  Toclc. 


ROUTE   OP   THE   MISSISSIPPI   RIVER. 


19 


extend  across  the  river  and,  at  low  water,  greatly  obstruct  the 
navigation. 

Note. 
The  country  aronnd  Rock  Island  is  probably  one  of  the  riclieat  in  the  world. 
It  consists  mostly  of  prairie  land,  rising  in  a  snccession  of  little  knolla, 
which,  at  a  distance,  ap[>ear  like  the  swells  of  the  ocean,  as  it  rolls  aboot  the 
verdant  islands  of  the  East.  After  leaving  the  river,  the  land  rises  gradually 
into  a  chain  of  rounded  hills,  thinly  covered  with  trees.  The  Indians  regard 
Uiis  as  their  promised  land.  Here  they  can  gather  the  honey-suckle,  grape, 
plum  and  tifulberry,  from  trees  planted,  by  the  Great  Spirit^  centuries 
ago;  and,  from  the  bosom  of  every  lake,  without  any  plowing  or  sowing  of 
their  own,  they  can  gather  an  abundant  harvest.  The  Oreat  Spirit  scatters 
bountifully  their  bread  upon  the  waters,  which  in  due  time  they  gather  with 
rejoicing. 

Moline,  Rock  Island  county,  Illinois,  is  a  small  place  at 
the  head  of  Rock  Island. 

Rock  Island  City,  county-seat  of  Rock  Island  county, 
Illinois,  is  situated  near  the  junction  of  the  Rock  and  Mississippi 
rivei's.  The  city  is  rapidly  increasing;  and,  being  surrounded 
by  a  good  agricultural  country,  it  will,  doubtless,  one  day  be- 
come a  large  town.  Coal,  good  timber  and  limestone,  are  found 
in  sufficient  quantities  for  all  practical  purposes.  Rock  river 
nffc»rds  excellent  water  power  for  propelling  machinery.  Pop- 
ulation near  2,000. 

Kock  River  rises  in  the  southern  part  of  Wisconsin,  and 
y^ifter  a  rapid,  south-westerly  course  of  three  hundred  miles,  en- 

rs  the  Mississippi,  a  short  distance  below  the  island.  It  is 
fiavigable  for  steamboats  two  hundred  and  fifty  miles, 
'  Rockingliam,  Sco^t  county,  Iowa,  is  situated  on  the 
plississippi,  nearly  opposite  Rock  river.  It  is  pleasantly  lo- 
cated on  a  bluff  bank,  and  contains  a  number  of  dwellings  and 
fieveral  mills.     Population,  500. 

\  iTIliScatinc  (formerly  Bloomington),  Muscatine  county, 
owa,  is  one  of  the  most  nourishing  towns  in  the  State.  It  is 
the  county-seat,  and  contains  a  fine  court  house,  a  jail,  and 
several  good  stores  and  churches.  It  was  laid  out  in  1836  and 
"  as  a  population  of  1 ,500. 

New  Baston,  Mercer  county,  Illinois,  is  situated  on  a 
sandy  bluff,  twenty-six  miles  below  Muscatine.  This  town  has 
doubtless  seen  its  best  days.    Population,  200. 

Iowa  River  rises  in  Iowa,  and  after  an  easterly  course 
of  three  hundred  miles,  enters  the  Mississippi  near  five  hun- 
dred miles  below  the  Falls.  Its  principal  branch.  Red  Cedar, 
is  navigable  for  keel-boats  one  hundred  miles  above  its  junction 
with  the  Mississippi.     The  Iowa  is  navigable  for  steamboats 


20 


ROUT£   OF    THE    MISSISBIPPI    RIVER. 


one  hundred  miles.     The  water  of  the  river  is  clear  and  pure; 
the  banks  are  high  and  coTered  with  good  timber. 

I  Not*. 

IOWA  CTTT,  the  eapUal  »f  th«  State,  is  •iteated  oir  the  l9W«  vftver,  Mar 
the  head  of  steam  navigation.  The  cHjf  was  lakl  o«t  in  1839;  pfeviens  to 
this,  it  was  an  Indian  huniimg  gronnd.  The  bank»or  the  river,  at  thi«  point, 
rise  in  natmral  terraces.  The  tirst  piatean  from  the  river  is  deveted  to  public 
promenade.  Meet  of  thv  buildrngs,  public  and  private,  are  at  seme  distance 
from  the  riter.  The  Capitol,  on  Capitol  street,  is  one  of  tlie  ftnest  baildingi 
in  the  State.  It  n  of  Doric  architecture,  one  hnndred  and  twenty  feet  long, 
sixty  feet  wide,  and  two  stories  hi^.  The  done  of  the  bnilding  is  sustained 
by  twenty<twO'  Corinthian  columns,  whKh  gi<ve  it  a  nob  and  elegant  appear- 
ance.    Population,  1,0@9.  .    .     . 

KcitltSblirg^lir  eountjr-seat  of  Mercer  county,  Illinois,  is 
a  small  town,  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Mississippi.  It  has  a 
good  landing,  and  is  the  outlet  of  a  rich  country.  Large  quan- 
tities of  grain  are  produced  in  tlie  vicinity  and  .'^^wpped  to  vari- 
ous points  aU>ng  the  river. 

OQUamrka,  county-seat  of  Ht^nderson  county,  Illinois,  is 
situated  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  five  hundred  miles 
below  the  Falls.  It  stands  on  a  sandy  slope,  and  is  a  place  of 
considerable  trade.  It  contains  a  printing  office  and  several 
good  stores.     Population,  1 ,000, 

Burling^tOUt  Iowa,  tl>e  old  capital  of  the  State  and  coun- 
ty-seat of  Des  Moines  county,  is  one  of  the  best  built  towns  on 
the  Upper  Mississippi.  It  is  surrounded  by  hills,  which  add 
greatly  to  the  beauty  of  the  place.  The  town  is  regularly  laid 
out,  and  contains  several  neat  churches,  the  State's  prison,  and 
many  fine  resiflences.  It  was  once  the  residence  of  Black 
Hawk,  and  here  his  remains  have  been  deposited.  Its  increase 
in  commerce  and  population  have  far  surpassed  that  of  any 
other  town  in  the  State.  It  has  a  prospect  of  becoming  a  large 
city  at  no  very  distant  day.     Population,  2^00. 

Skunk  Kiver,  a  small  stream,  enter»the  Mississippi  from 
Iowa,  a  few  miles  below  Burlington. 

Fort  madison,  county-seat  of  Lee  county,  Iowa,  is  on 
the  west  bank  of  the  Mississippi.  It  became  a  town  in  1835; 
since  that  time  it  has  increased  rapidly.  The  town  occupies 
the  site  of  an  old  fortification,  built,  in  1808,  as  a  defense 
against  the  Indians,  who,  in  1813,  obliged  the  garrison  to 
abandon  and  burn  the  fort.     Population,  1,100. 

Jt^Ontrosey  Lee  county,  Iowa,  is  situated  on  an  elevated 
prairie  which  commands  a  view  of  the  river  and  country  for 
twenty  miles  around.    Numerous  Indian  mounds,  the  deposi- 


3 


r 


ROUTE    OF    TH£    MISSISSIPPI    RIVER. 


21 


rfid  pure; 


iirv«r,  Mar 
l^viaui  to 
I  thi«  point, 
rd  to  publio 
■e  distance 
It  buildings 
f  feet  long, 
is  gnstained 
ant  appear- 


Uinois,  is 

It  has  a 

trge  quan- 

id  to  vari- 

[llinois,  is 
jred  miles 
I  place  of 
id  several 

and  coun- 
,  towns  on 
rhich  add 
ilarly  laid 
rison,  and 
of  Black 
:s  increase 
lat  of  any 
ng  a  large 

isippi  from 

ova,  is  on 
Q  in  1835; 
ft  occupies 
a  defense 
;arrison  to 

in  elevated 
jountry  for 
lie  deposi- 


tories of  the  amcient  dead,  are  found  in  the  vicinity.  This 
town  stands  at  the  head  of  the  Lower  Rapids  (Dea  Moines),  and 
is  the  place  of  reshipping  in  time  of  low  water.  Population, 
300. 

IVailVOO,  Hancock  county,  Illinois,  the  sacred  city  of  the 
|Mormons  (see  note),  is  the  most  remarkable  city  in  the  Union. 
It  is  situated  on  a  high  slope,  elevated  several  feet  above  the 
surface  of  the  river.     The  location  is  one  of  the  best  in  the 
"West.     The  land  was  purchased  by  the  Mormons,  and  the  city 
laid  out  in   1840,  under  the  direction  of  Joe  Smith.    It  was 
twelve  miles  in  circumference — streets  regular,  crossing  each 
other  at  riffht-angles.     The  dwellings  were  mostly  plain,  with 
the  exception  of  the  Great  Temple,  which  was  one  of  the  finest 
buildings  in  the  West:  it  was  one  hundred  and  thirty  feet  long, 
eighty-eight  feet  wide,  sixty-five  feet  to  the  top  of  the  cornice, 
and  one  hundred  and  sixty-three  to  the  top  of  the  cupola,  and 
worth  half  a  million  of  dollars.     It  was  designed  to  accommo- 
date a  congregation  of  three  thousand  persons.    The  basement 
of  the  temple  contained  the  baptistry,  or  brazen  sea,  in  which 
new  converts  were  baptized.      This  pool  was  supported  by 
twelve  gilded,  colossal  oxen,  and  was  designed  to  imitate  the 
brazen  sea  of  Solomon.     In  the  erection  of  this  magnificent 
irtiructure,  most  of  the  male  population  were  engagea.    Each 
one  considered  it  his  duty  to  contribute  as  far  as  he  was  able, 
believing  he  was  erecting  a  temple  whieh  would  stand  till  the 
Ond  of  ti^e.     The  Mormons,  supposing  themselves  the  true 
tter  Day  Saints,  into  whose  hands  the  earth  would  soon  pass, 
id  not,  at  all  times,  pay  a  due  regard  to  the  rights  and  privi- 
ges  of  others.     This  constantly  brought  them  into  difiiculty; 
||ind  though  often  in  fault,  yet  they  were  persecuted  beyond 
easure.     Smith  and  others   of  his  sect  were   arrested  and 
rown  into  prison,  where,  in  June,  1844,  they  were  murdered 
a  lawless  mob,  without  even  the  form  of  a  trial.    In  October, 
48,  the  temple  was  fired,  and  soon  reduced  to  a  heap  of 
ins.     The  city  is  now  in  the  hands  of  a  band  of  French  So- 
ialists;  the  property,  however,  is  in  constant  dispute,  there 
>eing  no  good  titles.    Only  a  small  number  of  the  dwellings 
re  occupied — the  Mormon  population,  which  at  one  time  ex- 
eeded  15,000,  having  movea  to  California.    The  present  pop- 
lation  does  not  exceed  2,000. 

Note. 

The  Mormons  first  appeared  in  the  United  States  about  1830.   Joseph  Smith, 

|their  prophet,  pretended  to  have  found  an  addition  to  the  Bible,  engraved  on 

twelve  golden  plates.     After  being  submitted  to  Professor  Anthon  and  others, 

iho  pronounced  the  inscriptions  a  mess  of  jargon,  he,  by  Divine  assistance, 


waa  enabled  to  get  a  correct  translation,  which  he  published  under  the  title  of 
the  Book  of  Mormon,  This  book  pretends  to  throw  some  light  upon  the  his- 
tory of  the  lost  Tribes  of  Israel :  how  they  found  their  way  to  America  by 
crossing  Behring's  Sirnits,  traveling  along  the  shores  of  the  Pacific  till  they 
reached  the  warm  and  beautiful  country  of  Mexico.  Here  they  formed  settle- 
ments, and  sent  colonies  to  Central  America  and  Peru.  They  applied  them- 
selves to  agriculture,  built  cities  and  temples,  which  they  adorned  in  the  most 
magnificent  style.  They  soon  degenerated,  however,  and  established  for 
themselves  one  of  the  most  cruel  systems  of  idolatry  ever  invented  by  man. 
At  the  great  Temple  of  the  Sun,  ten  thousand  human  beings  were  sacrificed 
annually.  A  large  mound,  estimated  to  contain  several  millions  of  human 
skulls,  has  recently  been  discovered  in  Chili,  near  the  remains  of  one  of  these 
temples.  Thus  we  see,  that,  according  to  Joe  Smith  and  his  deluded  follow- 
ers, all  those  stupendous  ruins  which  are  found  in  Mexico,  Central  and  South 
America,  and  which  have  been  so  grapiiically  described  by  Stephens  and  oth- 
ers, are  fully  explained,  and  their  history  simple  and  well  understood.  The 
mysterious  platis  contain  the  records  of  events,  the  history  of  which  would 
have  puzzled  the  world  till  the  end  of  time.  But  mankind  will  still  form  their 
own  opinions,  study  ihes-i  ruins  with  delight,  and  speculate  upon  their  origin, 
notwithstanding  the  Great  Prophet  has  pretended  to  reveal  their  history. 

IVasllvillc,  Lee  county,  Iowa,  is  a  small  place,  four  miles 
below  Nauvoo.     Population,  200. 

Keokuk,  Lee  county,  Iowa,  is  situated  at  the  foot  of  the 
Lower  Rapids,  and  is  a  place  of  considerable  trade.  In  low 
water,  the  large  boats  from  below  cannot  pass  the  rapids;  their 
freight  is  discharged  at  Keokuk  .ind  conveyed  to  Montrose, 
where  it  is  again  5^hipped  on  smaller  boats.  The  growth  of 
this  town  is  not  as  rapid  as  its  situation  demands.  The  prop- 
erty being  in  constant  dispute,  no  one  feels  secure  in  making 
any  very  substantial  improvements;  for  this  reason  the  town 
presents  rather  a  mean  appearance.     Population,  J, 500. 

Churcliville  (Alexandria),  Clark  county,  Missouri,  is 
situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Des  Moines  river.  It  contains 
about  Pi    tores  and  50  dwellings.     Population,  200. 

"WarssilV,  Hancock  county,  Illinois,  stands  on  a  higli 
bluff  at  the  foot  of  the  rapids,  near  the  site  of  old  Fort  Ed- 
wards. The  situation  is  such  that  it  cannot  be  seen  from  the 
river.  It  contains  1  or  2  mills,  several  stores  and  a  number  of 
neat  dwellings.     Population,  1,200. 

I>es  Ifloini^  icivcr  rises  in  the  southern  part  of  Mine- 
sota,  and,  after  a  course  of  four  hundred  miles,  joins  the  Missis- 
sippi four  miles  below  Keokuk.  It  is 'navigable  for  steamboats 
two  hundred  and  fifty  miles.  The  boundary  line  between  Iowa 
and  Minesota  runs  along  this  river  for  several  miles. 

Tlllly,  Lewis  county,  Missouri,  is  pleasantly  situated  on 
the  Mississippi,  eighteen  miles  below  Warsaw.  Population,  250.  \ 


ROUTE   OF   THE   MISSISSIPPI    RIVER. 


23 


liS,  Orsing^e,  Lewis  county,  Missouri,  is  situated  on  the 
west  side  of  the  Mississippi,  just  below  the  mouth  of  the  Wya- 
conda  river.    Population,  600. 

Qllincy,  county-seat  of  Adams  county,  Illinois,  stands  on 
an  elevation  above  the  river,  about  one  hundred  and  twenty- 
five  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  Illinois  ri\er,  and  commands 
a  fine  view  of  the  surrounding  country.  There  is  a  large 
amount  of  pork  packed  here,  annually,  and  shipped  to  various 
Jpoints  along  the  Mississippi.  The  town  contains  a  splendid 
court  house,  and  several  fine  churches.    Population,  5,000. 

MRrion  City,  Marion  county,  Missouri,  is  on  the  west 
bank  of  the  Mississippi,  and  is  the  commercial  capital  of  the 
county.  The  location  of  the  town  is  beautiful;  it  extends 
along  the  river  bank  for  about  a  mile  and  a  half.  It  contains 
several  steam  mills,  and  a  population  of  near  1,100. 

Haitniba,!,  Marion  county,  Missouri,  is  situated  on  the 
Mississippi,  one  hundred  and  eighty  miles  north-east  of  Jefifer- 
aon  City.  It  contains  a  number  of  good  stores  and  several 
mills.     Population,  900. 

Uliaverton,  Ralls  county,  Missouri,  is  pleasantly  located 
on  the  west  bank  of  the  Mississippi.    Population,  .1,000. 

Nalt  Biver  rises  in  Missouri  and  flows  in  a  south-easterly 
direction  till  it  joins  the  Mississippi,  eighty-five  miles  above 
the  mouth  of  the  Missouri.  It  is  navigable  for  a  short  dis- 
tance. 

IjOlliSiaiia,  Pike  county,  Missouri,  is  situated  on  the 
west  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  two  miles  below  the  mouth  of 
?Salt  river.  It  contains  many  good  residences.  Population,  700. 
I  Clarksville,  Pike  county,  Missouri,  is  but  a  small  place, 
j  It  contains  a  few  ordinary  dwellings,  and  a  population  of  300. 

llamblirg^ll,  Calhoun  county,  Illinois,  is  a  flourishing 
own  on  the  east  side  of  the  Mississippi.  It  has  a  good  land- 
ing, and  employs  a  capital  of  near  $100,000  in  mercantile  and 
manufacturing  pursuits.    Population,  800. 

IVestport,  Lincoln  county,  Missouri,  is  situated  on  the 

west  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  fourteen  m  les  below  Hamburgh. 

Population,  200. 

Note. 

GILEAD,  Calhoun  county,  IIlinoiB,  is  situated  on  a  slough,  a  short  distance 
[from  the  river,  and  fifteen  miles  below  Westport.  The  location  of  this  town 
I  is  very  much  against  its  growth.    Population,  600. 

Bailey's  liandingr,  Lincoln  county,  Missouri,  is  situ- 
ated on  the  Mississippi,  about  fifteen  miles  above  the  mouth  of 
the  Illinois  river.    Population,  100.     » 


24 


ROUTE   OF   THE   MISSISSIPPI    RIVER. 


rt 


Illinois  River  rises  in  the  north-eastern  part  of  the 
State  of  Illinois,  and  after  a  course  of  four  hundred  miles, 
unites  with  the  Mississippi  in  latitude  38®  58'  north.  The  riv- 
er is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Kankakee  and  Des  Plaines 
rivers.  Above  the  mouth  of  Vermilion  river,  it  is  greatly  ob- 
structed by  rapids;  but  below  this  point  the  current  is  gentle, 
and  the  river  is  navigable  for  steamboats  during  most  of  the 
year.  The  land  bordering  on  the  river  is  generally  rich,  but 
subject  to  frequent  inundations.  Steamboats  asceua  the  river 
about  two  hundred  and  fifty  miles,  where,  by  the  aid  of  the 
Chicago  and  Illinois  canal,  a  direct  communication  is  opened 
with  the  Lakes.     Seepage  187. 

Cirrafton,  Jersey  county,  Illinois,  is  a  small  place,  having 
but  little  trade.  In  course  of  time  it  may  become  a  town  of 
some  importance.  The  population  amounts  to  but  a  few  hun- 
dred. 

Alton,  Madison  county,  Illinois,  is  situated  on  the  east 
side  of  the  Mississippi,  two  and  a  half  miles  above  the  mouth  of 
the  Missouri.  The  town  is  well  laid  out— -streets  wide  and  reg- 
ular. The  commercial  advantag*^s  of  this  place  are  second  to 
none  in  the  State.  The  surrounding  country  abounds  in  good 
timber  and  coal.  It  contains  a  number  of  good  churches  of 
various  denominations,  and  several  schools.  There  is  near  a 
inillion  of  dollars  capital  employed  in  the  various  business  op- 
erations.    Population,  3,000. 

ifiissonri  River. — Above  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri, 
the  Mississippi  is  a  clear  and  comparatively  gentle  stream, 
bounded  by  high,  bluff  banks;  below  this,  its  character  is  en- 
tirely changed — its  waters  are  no  longer  clear.  Uniting  with 
the  turbulent  Missouri,  it  rolls  on,  formina;  islands  and  remov- 
ing plantations,  till  its  influence  is  lost  m  the  bosom  of  the 
ocean  itself.  The  Missouri  rises  in  the  far  distant  mountains 
of  the  West.  The  mountain  torrents  which  roll  down  the  sides 
of  those  snow-clad  pinnacles,  after  minglin^jr  together  their 
waters,  dash  furiously  on  through  a  winding  course  of  three 
thousand  miles,  till  they  embrace  the  Great  Father  of  Waters. 

This  river  in  the  early  part  of  its  course  is  a  foaming  moun- 
tain torr'^nt,  which  rolls  through  a  chasm  of  perpendicular 
rocks,  nearly  six  miles  in  length  and  twelve  hundred  feet  in 
height,  called  the  Gates  of  thf  Rocky  Mountains.  Sixty  miles 
below  the  eastern  ridge,  it  forms  a  succession  of  cataracts, 
which  are  second  only  to  Niagara  in  grandeur.  In  the  space 
of  seventeen  miles  the  river  has  a  descent  of  three  hundred 
and  sixty  feet.  It  now  flows  through  vast  prairies,  and  after 
receiving  the  Yellowstone,  a  large  and  navigable  river,  it  takes 


t  of  the 
i  miles, 
The  riv- 

Plaines 
jatly  ob- 

gentle, 
jt  of  the 
rich,  but 
he  river 

of  the 

opened 

J,  having 
town  of 
few  hun- 

the  east 
mouth  of 
I  and  reg- 
second  to 

in  good 
'irclies  of 
is  near  a 
sinesd  op- 
Missouri, 
e  stream, 
ter  is  en- 
iting  with 
id  remov- 
>m  of  the 
nountaine 
I  the  sides 
ther  their 
e  of  three 
^  Waters. 
ng  raoun- 
)endicular 
ed  feet  in 
ixty  miles 
cataracts, 
the  space 
>  hundred 
and  after 
if,  it  takes 


HOUTE   OF   THE   MISSISSIPPI    RIVER. 


25 


a  south  easterly  direction,  obtaining  its  principal  tributaries 
from  the  West.  The  channel  is  rendered  intricate  by  the  great 
number  of  islands  and  sand-bars^  and  in  many  places  the  nav- 
igation is  made  very  hazardous  by  the  rafts,  snags,  banks,  <fec. 
The  river  begins  to  rise  iia  March,  amu  ^jontinues  till  July, 
when  the  summer  fl-oods  ai  its  remote  tributaries  come  in. 
During  this  perix^d,  tlaere  is  sufficient  depth  of  water  for  steam- 
boats of  aUnost  any  classy  but  during  tlw3  remainder  of  the 
year,  it  is  hardly  navigablo  for  ^iXij  distance,  by  the  smalleet 
vessels  that  float  uj>on  the  western  waters.     See  page  175. 

Bloody    Island,  situated   in   tlie  Mississippi   between 

"Illinois  Town  and  St.  Louis,  is  a  sandy  island,  covered  with 

cotton-w«)od.    It  is  the  place  where  all  those  bloody  affairs, 

which  so  often  occur  in  tJie  n»eighborhood,  are  settled.     Hence 

its  naj4;ie,  Blaody  Island, 


VIEW   OF  ST,  LOUIS   FROM   BLOODY    ISLAND. 

St.  InOlliS,  capital  of  St.  Louis  county,  Missouri,  is  the 
largest  city  in  tlie  State.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi, eighteen  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri.  Its 
latitude  is  38^  36'  north,  and  its  longitude  89'^  56'  west.  It  was 
i  founded  about  1761,  by  a  company  of  Frerch  fur  traders,  who 
supposed  it  to  be  a  spot  where  tiie  trade  of  the  Missouri,  Mis- 
sissippi, and  other  great  rivers  of  the  West,  would  be  likely  to 
center.  It  received  the  name  of  St.  Louis  in  honor  of  the 
reigning  sovereign  of  France.  The  city  rests  upon  a  bed  of 
limestone,  and  is  elevated  some  distance  above  the  surface  of 
the  river.  The  streets  in  the  lower  part  of  the  city  are  narrow 
and  dirtv.  In  the  back  part,  the  land  is  quite  level,  but  cov- 
ered witn  pools  and  stagnant  water.  The  center  of  the  city, 
however,  is  well  built  and  contains  many  good  buildings,  with 
spacious  and  beautiful  gardens  attachea  to  them.  The  court 
house  is  a  splendid  building;  the  lower  floor  is  paved  with 
stone.    In  the  center  there  is  a  rotunda  with   a  sasn  top,  and 


t 


26 


BOUTE   OF   THE   MISSISSIPPI   RIVER. 


two  circular  stairs  starting  from  the  center  in  different  direc- 
tions. The  inside  finish  is  of  heavy  oak;  the  witnesses  all 
have  fine  oak  desks  and  seats;  the  judge's  seat  is  venr  much 
like  a  church  pulpit  of  the  **  Corinthian  order."  The  city 
hall  and  Catholic  cathedral  are  also  very  splendid  buildings. 
The  latter  has  a  chime  of  six  bells,  the  largest  of  which  weighs 
over  two  thousand  pounds.  There  ai*e  also  several  medical 
schools  and  universities,  filled  with  students  from  various  parts 
of  the  country. 

The  location  of  this  city  for  commerce,  is  second  to  none  in 
the  West.  It  is  the  center  of  a  vast  and  fertile  country,  watered 
by  the  largest  rivers  in  the  world.  The  country  bordering  on 
the  upper  Mississippi  is  well  adapted  to  the  growing  of  wheat, 
wliich  is  shipped  in  large  quantities  to  St.  Louis.  Thus,  St. 
Lo!iis  is  fast  becoming  one  of  the  greatest  flour  markets  in  the 
Union.  The  total  annual  commerce  of  St.  Louis,  including 
exports  and  imports,  cannot  be  far  from  $100,000,000. 

in  1S4D,  the  city  was  visited  by  a  fire,  which  was  the  largest 
fire  that  ever  occurred  in  the  West.  Although  the  amount  of 
property  destroyed  was  much  less  than  that  of  the  great  fire  in 
New  York,  yet  the  extent  of  the  burnt  district  far  exceeded  it. 
The  fire  began  among  the  boats  at  the  wharf,  and  after  burning 
twenty-one  of  them,  commuiiicated  to  the  heavy  mercantile 
liouses  along  the  river.  Several  hundred  persons  were  thus,  in 
a  few  minutes,  thrown  destitute  upon  the  world,  who,  but  a 
short  time  before,  were  enjoying  the  pleasures  of  a  peaceful 
home. 

The  population  of  the  city  has  increased  rapidly:  in  1810,  it 
was  less  than  2,000;  in  1830,  it  was  7,000;  in  1840,  it  was  16,- 
000;  in  1845,  35,000;  and  in  1850,  70,000. 

Note. 

Tne  folTowing  table  contains  the  distances  of  those  places  en  the  Missis- 
sippi between  St.  Louis  and  the  month  of  the  Oi>io : 


let,  or  Vide  j  ^     ^      ^ 

B,  Missouri,  ) 


Cahokia>  Iltinois, 3 

CarondaU 
Ponche, 
Jefferson  Barracks,  Missourf,. . .  2 

Harrison,  lUinois 20 

Herculaneam,   Missouri 2 

Selma,  Missouri, 4 

Fort  Charter's  Island lH 

St.  Genevieve,  Missouri, 11 

Kaskaskia  river,«« 14 

Chester,  IUiKoiS)«<.« A..  1 


Lncoarse's  Island, 

DeviPs  Bake-oven  and  ) 
Crtiml  Tower,  \ 

9  Baiebp^d^,   Missouri.......... 

29  Devil's   Island, 

3l|Ca|ie   Girardieu,  Missouri,.... 

35  Comineren, 

50 

61 

75 

70 


Dog.tootki  Island...... 

Elk   island, 

Cairo,   Illinois,    and  i 
mouth  of  the  Obio>  \ 


14  IK) 

15  105 

17  122 

8  130 

6  136 

12  148 

11  159 

8  167 

8  175 


Illinois  Toi¥Il»  St.  Clair  county,  Illinois,  is  situated  on 


snt  direc- 
1  esses  all 
err  much 
The  city 
»uildings. 
;h  weighs 
medical 
OU8  parts 

>  none  in 
,  watered 
lering  on 
[)f  wheat. 
Thus,  St. 
3ts  in  the 
including 

be  largest 
imount  of 
eat  fire  in 
ceeded  it. 
r  burning 
nereantile 
e  thus,  in 
lio,  but  a 
I  peaceful 

n  1810,  it 
,  was  16,- 


the  Missis- 

....14      SH) 
....15    105 

wi  •  •  •  X  4        x£Z 
I  •  • • •    o      joU 

6  136 

12  148 

11  159 

8  167 

k. . . .  8    175 
ituated  on 


I 


ROUTE   OF   THE   MISSISSIPPI   RIVER. 


27 


n 


the  east  side  of  the  Mississippi,  just  opposite  St.  Louis.  The 
people  of  this  town  have  never  been  on  very  friendly  relations 
witn  those  of  St.  Louis — several  disputes  having  arisen  in  rela- 
tion to  the  channel  of  the  liver,  which  has  been  annually  leav- 
ing the  St.  Louis  side.  But  all  this  amounts  to  nothing,  as  St. 
Louis  will  remain  in  Missouri,  enjoying  the  free  air  of  heaven, 
while  Illinois  Town  is  submerged  beneath  the  waves  of  the 
Mississippi.     Population  600. 

CallOkia,  St.  Clair  county,  Illinois,  was  one  of  the  first 
settled  towns  in  Illinois.  It  Avas  settled  by  the  French  previous 
to  1700,  and  early  became  the  seat  of  the  fur  trade.  The  situ- 
ation of  the  town  is  very  unliealthy,  and  few  Americans  think 
of  spending  a  season  here.  Coal  is  found  to  some  extent  in 
the  vicinity.    Population,  2,000. 

Cstroiiclailet,  St.  Louis  county,  Missouri,  is  situated  on 
the  west  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  near  five  miles  below  St.  Louis. 
It  contains  2  academies  and  several  schools.   Population,  3,000. 

JelTei'SOll  Barracks,  St.  Louis  county,  is  eleven  miles 
below  St.  Louis,  and  is  one  of  the  most  extensive  military  es- 
tablishments in  the  West.  It  is  now  under  the  command  of  Col- 
onel J.  Plympton,  of  the  7th  infantry. 

Maramec  River  rises  in  Crawford  and  Washington 
counties,  Missouri,  and  flows  north-east,  then  south-east,  and 
empties  into  the  Mississippi,  twenty  miles  below  St.  Louis.  It 
is  navigable  for  boats  about  sixty  miles. 

Harrison,  Monroe  county,  Illinois,  is  a  small  village,  sit- 
uated on  the  Mississippi,  twenty  miles  below  Jefferson  Barracks. 
Population,  150. 

Hcrcillancilin,  Jefferson  county,  Missouri,  two  miles 
below  Harrison,  and  thirty-one  below  St.  Louis,  is  a  flourishing 
town,  and  exports  annually  a  large  amount  of  lead  and  shot. 
Population,  700.  '  '  '     * 

Jtridg^e water,  Monroe  county,  Illinois,  is  nearly  oppo- 
site Herculaneum.  It  is  a  small  village;  and,  in  a  commercial 
point  of  view,  of  but  little  importance.     Populati^  200. 

l^lma,  Jefferson  county,  Missouri,  is  situated  on  the  west 
bank  of  the  Mississippi,  thirty-five  miles  below  St.  Louis.  It 
has  a  good  landing,  and  carries  on  considerable  trade  in  lead. 
Shot  are  also  made  here  in  large  quantities.     Population,  300. 

Fort  CliartrefS,  Randolph  county,  Illinois,  was  an  old 
French  fort,  built  in  1721,  as  a  defense  against  the  Spaniards. 
It  is  now  a  heap  of  ruins.  The  walls  are  fast  crumbling  away, 
and  vines  and  trees  are  springing  up  around  these  venerable  re- 
mains. This  fort  was  designed  to  be  the  strongest  fortress  on 
the  continent,  and  its  walls  were  built  of  solid  masonry,    Jt 


- 


^ 


I 


28 


BOUT»    OF    THE   MISSISSIPPI    RIVER. 


was  the  kead  quarters  of  the  commandant  in  upper  Louisiana, 
and  the  center  of  fashion  in  the  West. 

t  I¥ote.   . 

ST.  GENEVrEVE,  capital  of  Genevieve  county,  Missouri,  is  a  pleasant 
town,  sixty-one  miles  below  St.  Louis,  and  the  oldest  in  the  State.  It  stands 
about  two  miles  back  from  the  river.     Population,  2,000. 

Directly  back  of  this  town,  a  few  miles,  is  Potosi.  It  is  located  in  the 
finest  mineral  district  in  the  United  iStates.  The  Iron  Mountain,  the  greatest 
natural  curiosity  in  the  U'est^  is  also  in  the  vicinity.  This  mountain  is  an  al- 
most solid  mass  of  ore,  three  miles  Ion*,',  a  mile  broad  at  the  base,  and  three 
hundred  fe«t  high. 

KaskaSkia  River  rises  near  the  center  of  the  State  of 
Illinois,  and  after  a  course  of  four  liundred  miles,  empties  into 
tlie  Mississippi,  near  the  southern  terminus  of  the  American 
BoUom.    It  is  navigable  for  steamboats  one  hundred  and  fifty 

miles. 

IVote. 
KASKASKIA,  capital  of  Kaskaskia  county,  Illinois,  situated  on  the  Kas- 
kaskia  river,  seven  miles  from  its  moutli,  is  the  oldest  European  settlement  in 
the  Mississippi  valley.  It  was  founded  by  Father  Graven,  in  the  latter  part 
of  the  seventeenth  century,  and  graunally  became  the  central  point  of  French 
colonization.  VVIien  ceded  to  the  English,  in  ITGH,  it  contained  one  hundred 
families.  Tlie  town  contains  several  Catholic  institutions,  a  court  house  and 
United  States'  land  ofiice.  Ttie  inhabitants  are  mostly  of  French  origin. 
Population,  1,000. 

Cbester,  Randolph  county,  Illinois,  is  on  the  east  side  of 
th'^  Missiiiisippi,  one  mile  below  the  mouth  of  the  Kaskaskia 
river.  The  town  is  built  on  an  elevated  bottom,  and  is  the 
commercial  depositor}'  of  a  fine  country.  It  is  a  flourishing 
place,  and  contains  a  population  of  700. 

Iflary'S  River  rises  in  Illinois  and  flows  south-west  into 
the  Mississippi.    It  is  a  small  stream,  and  not  navigable. 

Devil's  Rake-oveu  and  Oraud  Tower.~These 
are  names  given  to  a  portion  of  a  gigantic  range  of  rocks,  rising 
to  a  considerable  height  on  both  sides  of  the  river,  nearly  mid- 
way between  St.  Louis  and  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio.  The  sum- 
mits of  this  range  are  crowned  with  vegetation,  which  looks 
smilingly  down  upon  the  water  as  it  dashes  against  its  base. 
Tlie  current  here  is  ven"^  swift;  and,  by  its  force  and  constant 
wearing  away  of  the  Jlifl^s,  it  has  separated  a  large  portion, 
which  stands  like  a  gigantic  column  in  the  midst  of  the  waves. 
Such  is  '*  Grand  Towt^r,"  which  rises  near  fifty  feet  above  the 
surface  of  the  river. 

Those  hardv  boatmen  of  the  West,  who  navigated  our  west- 
ern waters  before  the  introduction  of  steam,  dreaded  this  place 


ROUTE    OF   THE   MISSISSIPPI   RIVER. 


29 


uisiana, 


.  pleasant 
It  stands 

ed  in  the 
16  greatest 
n  is  an  al- 
and three 

State  of 
ties  into 
imerican 
md  fifty 


\  the  Kas- 
.lement  in 
latter  part 
of  French 
le  hundred 
house  and 
ich  origin. 

side  of 
ELskaskia 
d  is  the 
urishing 

vest  into 
le. 

►—These 
ts,  rising 
irly  niid- 
'he  suni- 
:h  looks 
its  base, 
constant 
portion, 
le  waves, 
bove  the 

>ur  west- 
bis  place 


more  than  any  other  on  the  river.  The  only  way  they  could 
ascend  the  river,  was  to  pull  their  boats  along  the  Illinois  shore 
by  means  of  ropes.  The  Indians,  who  were  always  on  the 
lookout  for  plunder,  would  conceal  themselves  in  the  bushes, 
and,  when  a  favorable  opportunity  offered,  would  fall  upon 
them.  Thus  many  valuaDle  lives  and  cargoes  were  lost,  in  at- 
tempting that  which  steam  now  accomplishes  in  perfect  security. 

Ifllldcly  Kiver  rises  in  Illinois  and  flows  south-west  into 
the  Mississippi.    It  is  navigable  only  for  a  short  distance. 

Devil*s  Tea-table  and  Cornice  Rocks  are  great 
natural  curiosities.  The  water  has  worn  the  rocks  into  regular 
shapes,  representing  continuous  rows  oi  cornice  work  and  oth- 
er architectural  devices  of  the  greatest  beauty,  which  hang  ma- 
jestically over  the  river. 

Bainlirid-g^e,  Cape  Girardieu  county,  Missouri,  is  situated 
seventeen  miles  below  "  Grand  Tower."  It  is  a  small  place, 
and  has  but  little  trade.     Population,  200. 

Cape  Olrardieu,  in  the  county  of  the  same  name,  is  on 
the  Mississippi,  ten  miles  from  Jackson,  the  county-seat.  It 
has  a  number  of  good  stores  and  mills,  2  academies,  3  schools, 
and  1  convent.  There  was  a  severe  shock  of  an  earthquake 
felt  here  in  1811;  also  another  in  1812.  It  is  the  seat  of  St. 
Mary's  college,  founded  in  1830;  which  now  has  a  president,  5 
professors,  and  a  library  of  2,500  volumes.     Population,  1,500. 

Commerce,  Scott  county,  Missouri,  is  on  the  west  bank 
of  the  Mississippi,  and  contains  a  number  of  stores  and  dwel- 
lings. It  has  considerable  trade,  and  a  fine  country  back.  Pop- 
ulation, 300. 

Obio  City,  Mississippi  county,  Missouri,  is  on  the  west 
bank  of  the  Mississippi,  just  opposite  Cairo.  It  contains  but 
few  houses,  though  it  occupies  a  very  important  position.  The 
land  is  low,  and  subject  to  inundations. 

Cairo,  Alexandria  county,  Illinois,  is  situated  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Ohio,  on  a  very  low  point  of  land.  On  account  of  the 
frequent  inundations,  the  growth  of  this  town  has  been  very 
slow.  The  location  is  a  good  one,  and  some  means  will  doubt- 
less be  adopted  to  build  up  a  town.  This  was  designed  as  the 
commencement  of  the  great  Central  Railroad,  the  rails  of  which 
were  partly  laid  several  years  ago.  There  are  but  few  houses 
in  the  place;  though  many  lots  were  sold,  s'^me  time  ago,  which 
no  one,  but  the  inhabitants  of  the  deep^  ever  saw.  Population, 
200. 

Oltio  River* — This  river  i^  farmed  by  the  union  of  the 
Alleghany  and  Monongahela  rivers,  which  receive  their  waters 
principally  from  the  Alleghany  mountains.     These  rivers  are 


i 

I 

i 


i. 


30 


ROUTE   OF   THE   MISSISSIPPI   RIVER. 


1 


navigable;  the  one  for  keel-bo'ts,  two  hundred  and  fifty  miles, 
and  the  other  for  steamboats  as  far  as  Brownsville,  sixty  miles. 
The  Ohio  begins  at  Pittsburgh,  and,  after  pursuing  a  south- 
westerly course  of  one  thousand  miles,  empties  into  the  Mis- 
sissippi, in  latitude  37°  north,  and  longitude  88°   58'  west. 

There  is  no  river  in  the  world  that  flows  for  such  a  distance 
with  such  uniformity  and  gentleness.  There  are  no  falls,  ex- 
cept at  Louisville;  the  river  here  descends  twenty-two  and  a 
half  feet  in  two  miles.  In  high  water,  the  largest  boats  can 
pass  over  the  falls  without  difticulty;  but  in  moderate  stages 
of  water,  it  is  dangerous,  and  many  boats  have  been  lost  or  in- 
jured by  attempting  to  pass  over.  The  Ohio  flows  throiigh  a 
rich  bed  of  bluish  limestone,  wliich  admits  of  a  fine  polish. 
The  land  along  the  river  consists  mostly  of  fine  bottoms,  which 
are  probablv  the  richest  in  the  Mississippi  valley.  This  river 
was  called  by  the  French,  "  La  Belle  Riviere;  "  the  appropriate- 
ness of  which  any  one  will  acknowledge,  who,  for  the  first 
time,  floats  upon  its  waters.  The  rich  products  of  six  of  the 
largest  States  in  the  Union,  float  annually  down  this  river, 
which  is  now  the  outlet  of  most  of  the  inland  commerce  of  the 
country. 

The  Ohio  is  navigable  for  about  nine  months  of  the  year, 
for  all  classes  of  boats,  to  Pittsburgh.  During  the  spring, 
there  is  suflicient  water  to  float  almost  any  vessel  that  rides  the 
ocean:  the  mean  difference  between  high  and  low  water  mark 
being  near  sixty  feet.  The  impediments  to  navigation  in  the 
Ohio,  consist  mostly  of  sand-bars,  which  are  thrown  up  by  its 
numerous  tributaries,  or  deposited  in  the  bends  by  the  floods. 
Several  plans  have  been  proposed  to  prevent  these  formations, 
but  none  have  been  fully  tested.  Yet  it  is  hoped  that  the  day 
is  not  far  distant,  when  the  eye  of  general  government  will  be 
directed  to  these  great  inland  streams  of  the  West,  with  the 
same  earnestness  that  it  now  is  to  those  numerous  little  rivers 
which  pour  into  the  ocean  along  the  Atlantic  shore,  and  which 
are  so  amply  provided  for  in  the  Constitution.     Seepage  84. 

IVote. 

This  table  contains  the  distances  of  those  places  on  the  MissiMippi  between 
the  mouth  of  the  Ohio  and  New  Orleans : 


Colambus,  Kentucky 18 

Hickman,  Kentucky, 19  37 

New  Madrid,  Missouri, 42  79 

Point  Pleasant,  Missouri 7  86 

Little  Prairie,  Missouri 27  113 

Needham's  cut-off, 25  138 

Bearfield  Landing,  Arkansas,.  3  141 


Ashport,  Tennessee, 5 

Osceola,  Arkansas, 12 

Plum    Point,... 3 

1st  Chickasaw  bluff...... 5 

Fulton,  Tennessee, , .  2 

Randolph,  Tennessee, 
2d  Chickasaw  bluff, 


146 
158 
161 
166 
2  168 

10  178 


niles, 

oiiles. 

iouth- 

Mis- 

west. 

stance 

s,  ex- 

and  a 

s  can 

stages 

or  in- 

)iigh  a 

polish. 

which 

}  river 

priate- 

le   first 

of  the 

river, 

J  of  the 

3  year, 
spring, 
des  the 
r  mark 

in  the 
)  by  its 

floods, 
lations, 
;he  day 
will  he 
^ith  the 
e  rivers 
i  which 
4. 


i  between 


..  5 

1 

146 

..12 

158 

..  3 

161 

..  5 

166 

..  2 

168 

..10 

178 

ROUTE   OF    THE   MISSISSIPPI   RIVER. 


31 


3d  Chickasaw  bluff, 17  195 

Greenock,   Arkansas.......... 30  225 

Wolf  river,  j ^^  ^45 

Memphis,  Tennessee,  } 

Norfolk,  Mississippi 10  255 

Commerce,  Mississippi, 17  272 

Peyton,  Mississiii.ii, 31  303 

St.  Francis  river,     )  „  „.„ 

Stirling,  Arkansas,  ) 

Helena,  Arkansas, 10  320 

Yazoo  Pass 10  336 

Horse-shoe  Bend, 8  3^4 

Montgomery's  PI.,  Arkansas,  |  _y  .^w, 

Victoria,  Mississippi,  ) 

White  river, 4  406 

Arkansas  river  )  _.,  ._„ 

XT       I  A  I  I 16  422 

Napoleon,  Arkansas,  ) 

Bolivar,  Mississippi, 13  435 

Columbia,    Arkansas, 53  488 

Point  Chicot, 4  492 

Greenville,    Mississippi, 4  49G 

Grand  Landing,  Arkansas,.... 40  530 

Princeton,   Mississippi 5  541 

Lake  Providence,  Louisiana, .29  570 

Tompkinsville,  Louisiana,. ...  15  585 

Campbeilsville,  Louisiana,.  ...16  601 

Millikinsville,  Louisiana 10  611 

J'^T't'"'--  !    a  619 

Sparta,  Louisiana,  ) 

Walnut  Hills,  Mississippi,  ....10  629 


Vicksburgh,  Mississippi, 2  631 

Warrenton,  Mississippi, 10  641 

Palmyra,  Mississippi, 15  656 

Carthage  Landing,  Lonisiana,.  4  660 

Point  Pleasant, Louisiana,....  10  670 

Big  Black  river 14  684 

Grand  Gulf,  Mississippi 2  686 

St.  Joseph's,  Louisiana,      )       ^^ 
Bruinsburgh,  Mississippi,   )   " 

Rodney,  Mississippi, 10  706 

Natchez,  Mississippi,. ........ .41  747 

Ellis  cliffs,  Mississippi, 18  765 

[lomochitto  river, 26  791 

Fort  Adams, 10  goi 

Red  river  Island  and  Cut-off,.  .11  812 

Raccourci  cnt-off,. 10  g22 

Bayou  Sara,  St.  Francisville,  )  ^ 

and  Pt.Coupee,  Louisiana,  ]  °^" 

Waterloo,  Louisiana, 6  p5g 

Pt.  Hudson,  Louisiana, 5  863 

Baton  Rouge,  Louisiana, 25  888 

Plaquemine,  Louisiana, 23  911 

Bayou  la  Fourche  and             )  _  .  -.._ 

Donaldsonville, Louisiana,  ) 

Jefferson  College 16  961 

Bonnet  Q,uarre  Chute, 24  985 

Red  Church,  Lonisiana, ...  1^. .  16  1001 

Carrolton,   Louisiana, 19  1020 

Lafayette,  Louisiana, 4  1024 

New  Orleans, 2  1026 


BsildlVinsvillc,  Scott  county,  Missouri,  is  situated  on 
the  west  side  of  the  Mississippi,  a  snort  distance  above  Colum- 
bus.    It  is  a  small  place  and  contains  a  population  of  only  200. 

Collllll1>llS,  capital  of  Ballard  county,  Kentucky,  is  on 
the  Mississippi,  about  twenty  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the 
Ohio.  It  has  several  extensive  ware-houses,  and  is  a  flourish- 
ing town.  Stages  leave  three  times  a  week  for  Lexington.  Pop- 
ulation, 750. 

Hickman,  capital  of  Hickman  counter,  Kentucky,  is  pleas- 
antly located  on  the  Mississippi,  nineteen  miles  below  Columbus. 
It  contains  a  court  house  and  several  churches.  Stages  leave 
three  times  a  week  for  Nashville.     Population,  450. 

New  JUadrid,  capital  of  New  Madrid  county,  Missouri, 
was  once  a  noted  place;  but  since  the  great  earthquakes  of 
1811  and  1812  it  has  greatly  declined.  It  is  situated  in  one  of 
those  great  curves  or  bends  so  common  in  the  lower  Mississippi. 


Previons  to  the  eiirthquake,  the  batiks  were  somewhat  elevated; 
but  since  that,  the  current  of  the  river  has  undermined  thorn, 
and  the  town  now  lies  quite  low.  It  contains  a  court  house, 
several  churches,  and  a  number  of  stores.    Population,  600. 

Note. 

Earthquakes  are  very  common  in  tropical  countries,  but  are  seldom  felt  in 
high  northern  latitudes.  New  Madrid  suffered  more  during  the  earthquakes  of 
1811  and  1812,  than  any  other  town  in  the  United  States,  either  before  or 
since,  from  a  similar  cause.  The  first  shock  was  felt  in  the  early  part  of  the 
evening,  December  IGth,  and  being  slight,  gave  but  very  little  alarm.  About 
midnight,  however,  the  shocks  became  more  violent.  The  waters  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, which  were  clear,  suddenly  rose  several  feet,  and  assumed  a  reddish 
appearance,  as  if  mingled  with  blood.  The  earth  opened  in  wide  fissures,  and, 
clo&ing  suddenly,  threw  jets  of  sand  and  water  several  feet  into  the  air.  A 
denie  vapor,  like  smoke,  floated  in  the  atmosphere.  Sand-bars  seemed  to  rise 
from  the  bed  of  the  river  and  drive  the  angry  waters  far  over  the  surface  of  the 
land.  Boats,  broken  from  their  moorings,  soon  disappeared  in  the  vortices  of 
the  returning  waters.  The  shocks  continued  to  be  repeated  for  several  weeks, 
with  less  and  less  violence,  till,  at  last,  they  died  away,  like  the  trembling 
sensai-ion  produced  by  a  wagon,  as  it  rolls  over  the  rough  pavements  of  oar 
cities.  The  town  appeared  to  sink  several  feet,  and  the  bottoms  of  several 
lakes  became  so  elevated,  that  they  have  since  been  planted  with  corn. 

Point  Pleasant,  New  Madrid  county,  Missouri,  is  a 
small  town,  seven  miles  below  New  Madrid.  It  is  a  flourish- 
ing place,  and  exports  lar^e  quantities  of  corn  to  the  lower 
countries.     Population,  100. 

Kiddle *S  Point,  New  Madrid  county,  Missouri,  is  mere- 
ly a  landing  point  for  goods.  It  is  located  in  the  midst  of  a 
country  that  pays  the  diligent  farmer  with  an  abiindant  har- 
vest. Large  quantities  of  corn  are  raised  in  the  vicinitjr,  and 
shipped  to  various  points  on  the  Mississippi  and  its  tributa- 
ries. 

Liittle  Prairie,  New  Madrid  county,  Missouri,  is  a 
pleasant  little  town,  twenty-seven  miles  below  Point  Pleasant. 
It  has  I  school  of  35  scholars,  and  3  churches.     Population,  500. 

iieedliam'S  Cut-off. — These  cut-offs  are  channels  form- 
ed by  the  current,  in  the  circular  bends  of  the  river.  The 
floods  are  constantly  washing  away  the  banks,  thus  giving  the 
current  a  chance  to  go  where  it  pleases.  These  constant 
changes  in  the  channel,  render  the  navigation  of  the  river  quite 
intricate. 

Obion  River  rises  in  West  Tennessee  and  flows  south- 
west into  the  Mississippi.     It  is  navigable  for  sixty  miles. 

Bearfield  Landing;,  Mississippi  county,  Arkansas.  It 
is  a  mere  landing,  and  of  no  further  importance. 


evated; 
I  them, 
house, 
600. 


m  felt  in 
quakes  of 
before  or 
irt  of  the 
About 
the  Mi8- 
a  reddish 
ures,  and, 
e  air.  A 
led  to  rise 
ace  of  the 
orticea  of 
ral  weeks, 
trembling 
nts  of  our 
of  several 
orn. 

uri,  is  a 
flourish- 
tie  lower 

is  mere- 
idst  of  a 
lant  har- 
aitjr,  and 
i  tributa- 

iiri,  is  a 
Pleasant, 
tion,  500, 
lels  form- 
er. The 
iving  the 
constant 
Lver  quite 

vs  south- 
liles. 
ansas.  It 


ROUTE    OP   THE   MISSISSIPPI   RIVER. 


33 


Forked  Deer  River  flows  from  West  Tennessee  into 
the  Mississippi,  a  few  miles  below  I^eedham's  cut-oflf.  It  is 
navigable  one  hundred  and  ninety-five  miles. 

Asliport,  Lauderdale  county,  Tennessee,  is  on  the  east 
side  of  tlie  Mississippi,  near  the  lower  end  of  the  Canadian 
Reach.  It  has  several  ware-houses  and  a  steam  saw  mill.  Pop- 
ulation, 20.0. 

Oseeollif  county-seat  of  Mississippi  county,  Arkansas,  is 
a  small  village,  just  at  the  head  of  Plum  Point  Bars. 

Plum  Foint.— This  is  one  of  the  most  diflicult  places  to 
pass  on  the  Idississippi.  From  the  frequent  changes  in  the 
channel,  bars  have  been  thrown  up,  in  wnich  a  large  amount 
of  drift  has  become  embedded,  rendering  navigation  very  diflH- 
cult.     Quite  a  number  of  boats  have  been  lost  here. 

1st  ClUckasa^V  BluflT.— These  bluffs,  which  are  four 
in  number,  are  merely  ordinary  banks,  extending  for  a  few 
miles  along  the  river.  The  highest  is  elevated  about  thirty 
jfeet  above  high  water  mark.  After  passing  these  banks,  the 
country  bordering  on  the  river  is  very  low;  the  next  similar 
elevation  is  at  Vicksburgh,  three  hundred  and  sixty-five  miles 
below. 

Fulton,  Lauderdale  county,  Tennessee,  is  a  small  place, 
situated  on  the  lower  extremity  of  the  Ist  Chickasaw  bluff.  It 
contains  several  ware-houses,  and  a  number  of  dwelli'^gs,  and 
has  some  trade  in  cotton.  It  is  supported  by  a  rich  country, 
which  may  one  day  build  up  a  large  town.    Population,  400. 

Hatcnee  River  rises  in  Tennessee  and  flows  west  into 
the  Mississippi,  one  hundred  and  seventy-eight  miles  below  the 
mouth  of  the  Ohio.  It  is  navigable  as  far  as  Bolivar,  seventy- 
five  miles. 

Raodolph,  Tipton  county,  Tennessee,  is  situated  on  the 
Mississippi,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Hatchee  river,  near  the  head 
of  the  2d  Chickasaw  bluff.  It  is  a  small  place,  and  not  in  a 
very  flo  irishing  condition.     Population,  300. 

2d  Cilickasaiv  Bluff*  is  about  one  hundred  and  sev- 
enty-five miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio.  It  presents  noth- 
ing attractive  in  its  appearance,  but  is  a  point  from  which 
large  quantities  of  cotton  are  annually  shipped. 

3d  Ciliekasavv  Bluff*. — This  bluff  is  separated  from 
the  main  channel  of  the  river  by  a  slough,  which  is  only  navi- 
gable in  high  stages  of  water. 

Oreenock,  Crittenden  county,  Arkansas,  is  a  small  vil- 
lage, situated  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Mississippi.  Popula- 
tion, 200. 

Wolf  River  rises  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State  of 


I 


Mispissippi  and  flows  m  a  westerly  direction  till  it  joins  the 
Mississippi  just  above  Memphis.     It  is  not  navigable. 

]IIcill|>lliS,  Shelby  county,  Tennessee,  is  the  emporium  of 
West  Tennessee,  and  the  first  town  of  ininortance  below  the 
mouth  of  tlie  Ohio.  It  is  built  on  the  4tn  Chickasaw  blulF, 
which  is  near  tkirty  feet  above  Mgh  water  mark.  The  town  is 
regularly  laid  out ;  but,  owing  to  the  lack  of  pavefnents,  the 
streets  are  very  muddy.  It  is  destined  to  be  a  large  town,  as 
it  is  the  only  eligible  site  for  a  city,  on  either  side  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, between  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio  and  Vicksburgh.  The 
commerce  of  the  .place  consists  principally  of  cotton;  more 
than  J 20,000  bales  have  been  shipped  annually.  A  United 
States'  navy  jrard  has  been  lately  established  here,  and  the 
necessary  buildings  are  being  constructed.  The  river  is  deep 
enough  to  float,  to  the  Gulf,  any  vessel  of  war.  It  contains  6 
churches,  2  medical  schools,  a  number  of  private  schools,  a 
large  number  of  stores,  and  a  telegraph  office.  Its  annual  com- 
merce exceeds  t5,00(),000.     Population,  12,000. 

Stages  leave  3  times  a  week  for  Nashville;  and  steamboats 
arrive  and  depart  daily  for  St.  Louis,  Cincinnati,  and  New  Or- 
leans. 

Pickering,  Shelby  county,  Tennessee,  is  a  small  village, 
containing  several  large  commission  houses.  It  has  an  excel- 
lent landing,  but  is  too  near  Memphis  ever  to  be  much  of  a  town. 

]VorfolK,  De  Soto  county,  Mississippi,  is  on  the  Mississip- 
i  river,  ten  miles  below  Memphis.  It  is  a  small  place,  and  of 
ut  little  importance. 

Commerce,  Tunica  county,  Mississippi,  is  on  the  east 
side  of  the  Mississippi,  twenty-five  miles  below  Norfolk.  It 
was  designed  to  be  a  large  town,  but  appears  to  have  fallen  short 
of  the  expectations  of  its  original  projectors.     Population,  200. 

Peyton,  county-seat  of  Tunica  county,  Mississippi,  is  a 
small,  flouriiliinff  town  on  the  east  side  of  the  Mississippi.  It 
contains  a  court  house  and  a  few  dwellings.    Population,  500. 

St.  Francis  River  rises  in  Missouri,  and  flows  south- 
ea.st  into  the  Mississippi.  It  is  four  hundred  miles  long,  and 
navigable  for  boats  three  hundred  miles. 

Stirling,  Phillips  county,  Arkansas,  is  a  small  trading 
post,  at  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Francis  river. 

Helena,  county-seat  of  Phillips  county,  Arkansas,  is  a 
flourishing  town,  containing  a  court  house  and  jail,  several 
stores,  and  a  United  States*  land  office.  There  is  a  fine  chain 
of  hills  in  the  rear  of  this  town,  which  give  it  a  fine  appear- 
A  large  amount  of  cotton,  raised  along  the  St.  Francis 


I 


ance. 


river,  is  annually  shipped  from  this  place.     Population,  500. 


Va« 


connect.' 
wide  an 
with  hof 

licit 

on  the  ^ 
l.ige,  an 

lilor 
resombl; 
consider 

iHoii 
ing  for 
prospect 

Vici 
large  an 

ft  WAS 

The  exact 
must  have 
Po  Soto  \ 
bad  prove 
discovery 
posed  to  e 
ever  memi 
J 2th  of  M 
bay  on  tin 
tlie  first  (1 
Florida  at 
Ktep.  In  I 
trived  to 
passing,  v 
pie,  Afu 
hostile  CO 
and  wand 
ions  failir 
his  course 
the  mouth 
dred  yard 
courage  h 
ing  in  a  h 
and  reinf( 
pedition  \ 
which  soc 
cessor,  an 
mander. 
followers 
word  thai 

T 


mm 


mm 


* 


joins  the 

norium  of 
oelow  the 
saw  blufr, 
le  town  is 
'iients,  the 
!  town,  as 
'  the  Mis- 
rgh.  The 
on;  more 
A  United 
,  and  the 
;r  is  deep 
ontains  6 
schools,  a 
nual  com- 

beaniboats 
New  Or- 

11  village, 
an  excel - 
of  a  town. 
Mississip- 
ce,  and  of 

I  the  east 
>rfolk.  It 
lien  short 
ion,  200. 
dppi,  is  a 
sippi.  It 
tion,  500. 
5VS  south- 
long,  and 

II  trading 

risas,  is  a 
il,  several 
Sine  chain 
e  appear- 
•t.  Francis 
m,  500. 


( 


EOUTE   OF    THE    MISSISSIPPI    RIVER. 


36 


Yazoo  Pass,  or  Bayou,  is  ten  miles  below  Helena,  and 
connects  the  Mississippi  and  Yazoo  rivers.  It  is  sufficiently 
wide  and  deep  to  admit  flat-boats,  which  pass  to  the  latter  river 
with  heavy  loads  of  cotton — distance  three  hundred  miles. 

l>cUa,  capital  of  Coalioma  county,  Mississippi,  is  situated 
on  the  Mississippi,  at  the  mouth  of  the  bayou.  It  is  a  new  vil- 
lage, and  contains  but  few  houses. 

JllOI'l^e-ShOC  Bend. — This  bend  takes  its  name  from  its 
resemblance  to  a  horseshoe.  There  is  a  cut-off  here  which  saves 
considerable  time  for  boats. 

iTIontg^onicry,  Desha  county,  Arkansas,  is  a  mere  land- 
ing for  goods.  It  contains  but  few  houses,  and  has  but  little 
prospect  of  becoming  a  town. 

ViclOl'ia,  Bolivar  county,  Mississippi,  is  a  small  place.  A 
large  amount  of  goods  are  landed  here  for  the  interior. 

Note. 

U  was  near  this  point  that  the  great  De  Soto  first  behehl  the  Mississippi. 
The  exact  point  cannot  be  determineii  ;  but,  from  the  descriptions  given,  it 
fnnst  have  been  somewliere  between  Helena  and  the  mouth  of  White  river, 
jbe  Soto  was  a  man  of  influence  and  courage.  And  though  other  expeditions 
iiad  proven  disastrous,  he  was  willing  to  embark  his  fortune  and  fame  in  the 
discovery  and  conquest  of  the  rich  agricultural  and  miuerui  countries,  sup- 
posed to  exist  in  Florida  and  north  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.      This  expedition, 

|;«ver  memorable  in  the  history  of  our  country,  sailed  from  Ilavaniia  on  the 
J2th  of  May,  151^9.  After  a  voyage  of  two  weeks,  the  fleet  landed  in  a  small 
bay  on  the  coast  of  Florida.      Fired  by  a  thirst  for  gold,  and  ambitious  to  be 

I'the  first  discoverTs  of  the  country,  they  eagerly  plunged  into  the  wilds  of 
Florida  and  bej^^-.i:  their  search  for  gold.  The  natives  opposed  them  at  every 
|ttep.  In  order  to  make  himself  as  secure  as  possible,  I)c  Soto  always  con- 
trived to  get  possession  of  the  chief  of  the  country  through  which  he  was 
passing,  whom  he  held  a  prisoner,  as  security  for  the  good  conduct  of  his  peo- 
le.  After  wandering  about  for  more  than  two  years,  through  a  populous  and 
hostile  country,  lie  at  length  reached  the  Mississippi.  He  crossed  the  river 
and  wandered  about  Arkansas,  in  the  neighborhood  of  White  river.  Provis- 
ions failing,  and  suffering  from  the  coldness  of  the  winter,  he  again  directed 
his  course  toward  the  Mississippi,  which  he  reached  about  twenty  miles  below 
the  mouth  of  the  Arkansas  river.  Here,  situated  on  two  hills,  about  one  hun- 
dred yards  from  the  river,  was  the  Indian  town  of  Ouachoya.  De  Soto's 
courage  here  began  to  fail  him.  He  saw  his  best  friends,  one  by  one,  perish- 
ing in  a  hostile  country,  with  but  little  hope  of  being  able  to  obtain  supplies 
and  reinforcements  from  Cuba.  The  fatigues  and  disappointinents  of  the  ex- 
pedition began  to  weigh  so  heavily  on  his  mind,  that  they  brought  on  a  fever, 
which  soon  terminated  his  existence.  He  appointed  Luis  de  Mosco^o  his  suc- 
cessor, and  exhorted  his  officers  and  soldiers  to  be  true  to  their  king  an4  torn- 
mander.  He  died  at  the  age  of  forty-two,  a  stranger  in  a  savage  lan^.  His 
followers,  fearful  that  the  Indians  would  be  appriii^d  of  his  death,  gaye  out 
word  that  he  was  recovering.    They  prepared  the  ground  as  if  for  parade,  and 


"*}.' 


36 


ROUTB    OF    THE    MISSISSIPPI   RIVER. 


Mi 


I 


buried  him  in  secresy.  But  the  Indians  suspected  their  intentions,  and  they 
determined  to  remove  his  remains  that  night.  They  accordingly  cut  a  large, 
green  oak  tree,  and  made  a  coffin  by  excavating  the  heart.  Having  placed 
the  body  securely  in  this,  they  sunk  it  in  the  middle  of  the  river,  in  nineteen 
fathoms  of  water.  Thns,  the  first  discoverer  of  the  Mississippi  rests  beneath 
its  waves. 

Afler  an  absence  of  four  years,  during  which  they  suflfered  the  most  incred- 
ible hardships,  the  remnant  of  ''.a  once  gallant  army  succeeded  in  reaching 
Cuba.  During  their  wanderings  through  the  country,  they  treated  the  natives 
with  the  utmost  cruelty,  their  thirst  for  gold  remaining  to  the  last.  See  Ir- 
ving*s  Conquest  of  Florida. 

^V'llite  River  rises  in  the  Black  mountains,  Missouri,  and 
flows  south-east  into  the  Mississippi.  About  seven  miles  from 
the  mouth  it  is  connected,  through  a  low  forest,  by  a  bayou, 
with  the  Arkansas,  thirty  miles  from  its  mouth  It  flows 
through  an  extremely  fertile  coun'rv  and  rich  mineral  district. 
Near  its  mouth  it  runs  through  &  aeep  swamp.  Its  length  is 
seven  hundred  miles,  and  it  is  navigable  for  boats  five  hun- 
dred miles. 

Arkansas  River  rises  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and 
afte/  pursuing  an  easterly  course  of  near  two  thousand  miles, 
it  empties  into  the  Mississippi  in  latitude  33^  40'  north.  It 
flows  mostly  through  a  sandy  country,  abounding  in  salt. 
Boats  have  ascended  this  river  as  far  as  Fort  Gibson,  nine  hun- 
dred and  sixty  miles  from  its  mouth.  The  river  above  this, 
and  even  down  to  Fort  Smith,  sixty  miles  below,  loses  itself,  in 
dry  seasons,  among  the  quicksands  that  fill  its  bed.  The  cur- 
rent is  generally  veiy  rapid;  the  river  has  often  risen  fifteen 
feet  in  twenty-four  hours.  Next  to  the  Missouri,  this  is  the 
largest  tributary  of  the  Mississippi,  though  not  the  most  im- 
portant. Below  Little  Rock,  the  land  along  the  river  is  more 
productive,  and  well  timbered.  The  territory  drained  by  this 
river  and  its  tributaries  is  estimated  to  contain  178,000  square 

miles. 

IVotei. 

FORT  SMITH.  Crawford  county,  Arlrnss?,  is  a  lively  little  t».>wn,  sitnated 
on  the  Arkansas  river,  near  the  western  boundary  of  the  State.  The  United 
Stat«*s  gO'^ernment  haii  established  a  fort  here  for  the  protection  of  the  west- 
ern fron^'br.  It  is  just  on  the  boundary  of  the  Indian  Territory.  The  fort  is 
now  under  vhe  command  of  Captain  C.  C.  Sibley,  of  the  .5th  Infantry.  There 
are  many  very  rich  merchants  in  thii  town,  who  have  made  vast  fortunes  by 
trading  w^th  the  Indians,  hundreds  of  whom  can  be  seen  in  town  every  day. 
Bi&!?ikf;C«  and  Red-eye  sell  better  here  than  any  thing  else.  The  town  contains 
a  population  of  about  7U0. 

XilTTLE  ROCK,  capita^,  of  the  State,  Pulaski  cor..; y,  is  on  the  Arkansas, 
about  four  hundred  miles  from  its  mouth,  in  latitude  ;;>4°  40'  north,  and  longi- 
tude S3*  ^ett.    Population,  3,00  . 


mm 


'^ 


>n«,  and  t.hey 
f  cat  a  large, 
aving  placed 
I  in  nineteen 
resUi  beneath 

most  incred- 
i  in  reaching 
d  the  natives 
ast.     See  Ir. 

ssouri,  and 
miles  from 
f  a  bayou, 
It  flows 
ai  district. 
J  length  is 
five  hun- 

fttains,  and 
and  miles, 
north.  It 
)g  in  salt. 
,  nine  hun- 
ibove  this, 
es  itself,  in 
The  cur- 
sen  fifteen 
:his  is  the 
;  most  im- 
er  is  more 
led  by  this 
000  square 


vwn,  sitnated 

The  United 

of  the  west- 

The  fort  is 

itntry.    There 

t  fortanea  by 

wrn  every  day. 

own  contains 

;he  Arkansas, 
h,  and  longi* 


This  town  was  officially  styled  ArkopoliSy  but  the  name  Little  Rock,  given 
in  allusion  to  the  rocks  found  in  the  vicinity,  being  the  first  met  with  in  as- 
cending the  river,  has  prevailed.  It  is  bnilt  on  a  high  bluff  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Arkansas  river.  Coal,  iron  and  valuable  stone,  are  found  in  the  netgh- 
borhood.  A  little  to  the  south-west,  and  near  the  center  of  the  State,  are  the 
celebrated  sulphur  and  hot  springs,  which  are  visited  by  great  numbers  of  inva- 
lids, and  are  said  to  possess  great  medicinal  properties. 

ARKANSAS  POST,  Arkansas  county,  is  the  oldest  town  in  the  State.  It 
was  founded  by  the  French  in  1685.  It  is  located  on  a  high  bluff;  but,  in 
the  rear  of  the  town,  the  land  is  low  and  frequently  inundated.  It  is  situated 
about  sixty  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  river,  and  contains  a  court  house, 
jail,  and  printing  office.     Population,  600. 

Napoleoil,  Chicot  county,  Arkansas,  is  situated  on  the 
west  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Arkansas 
river.  It  is  becoming  an  important  point,  as  all  the  produce 
brought  down  the  river  is  landed  there  for  re-shipping.  Popu- 
lation, 600. 

Bolivar,  capital  of  Bolivar  county,  Mississippi,  is  on  the 
east  side  of  the  Mississippi  river,  and  north  of  Lake  Bolivar. 
It  is  a  small  place,  being  merely  a  landing  from  which  produce 
and  cotton,  raised  in  the  interior,  are  shipped. 

Columbia.,  county-seat  of  Chicot  county,  Arkansas,  is  on 
the  Mississippi,  sixty-six  miles  below  the  Arkansas  river.  At 
this  point,  the  cotton  plant  begins  to  flourish  with  more  vigor, 
being  near  its  proper  latitude.  The  town  contains  a  court 
house  and  a  number  of  dwellings.  Its  location  is  pleasant. 
Population,  300. 

Point  Cllicot,  formerly  capital  of  Chicot  county,  is  on 
the  Mississippi,  four  miles  below  Columbia.  It  now  looks  like 
a  fine  plantation,  with  its  numerous  negro  quarters  scattered 
about. 

Orecnvillc,  Washington  county,  Mississippi,  is  a  small 
village  a  few  miles  below  Point  Chicot.     Population,  200. 

Worthing^tOll  Ijandillg^,  Washington  county,  Missis- 
sippi, is  merely  a  landing,  and  of  no  further  importance. 

6rand  I^ake  Landings,  Chicot  county,  Arkansas,  is 
on  the  Mississippi,  near  the  southern  boundary  of  the  State. 
Grand  Lake  is  a  short  distance  back  of  the  landmg. 

Princeton,  county-seat  of  Washington  county,  Missis- 
sippi, is  a  landing  point  ^^r  the  plantations  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Lake  Wasliington.  It  is  a  small  village,  containing  a 
number  of  stores,  and  a  population  of  about  3UU. 

Bundle's  Bend  a'tld  Cut-Olf  s  ten  miles  below 
Princet  :>n.    This  cut-ofF  runs  through  a  swamp,  and  is  but  a 


38 


ROUTE   OF    THE   MISSISSIPPI   RIVER. 


few  miles  across;  while  the  main  channel  flows  round  a  circu- 
lar bend  of  nearly  eighteen  miles. 

Providence,  capital  of  Carroll  parish,  Louisiana,  is  on 
th  3  Mississippi,  nineteen  miles  below  Bundle's  bend.  It  con- 
tains a  court  house,  jail,  hospital,  and  a  number  of  stores  and 
dwellings.  It  is  a  handsome  town,  and  has  considerable  trade 
in  cotton.     Population,  350. 

Xsillllllai,  capital  of  Issaquena  county,  Mississippi,  is  a 
small  place  on  the  east  side  of  the  Mississippi.  It  contairis  a 
court  house  and  a  few  dwellings.    Population,  200. 

IVote. 

LAKE  PROVIDENCE,  in  the  vicinity  of  Providence,  and  from  which  the 
name  is  derived,  is  the  ancient  bed  of  the  Mississippi,  whicii  has  now  talien  a 
dilFerent  direction.  In  tiie  northern  and  southern  parts,  the  entrance  from  the 
river  has  become  closed.  Its  out-let,  on  the  soutii,  is  thrcigh  Tens  is  river,  or 
bayou,  a  branch  of  the  Washita.  It  is  here  that  the  S/'unish  moi's  is  first 
seen  growing.  The  palmetto,  with  its  broad  leaves  spread  out  like  fans— the 
lofiy  cotton-wood  tree— the  wild  and  impenetrable  cane-bral.e,  nnd  the  impas- 
sable  swamp,  ail  flourish  here  in  their  native  character*;  A  ;  itors  are  fre- 
quently seert,  reposing  upon  a  log,  enjoying- tJie  sun  as  j".  'K  ■.  o  its  scorching 
rays  upon  the  surface  of  the  water.  At  other  times,  they  either  sit  quietly  on 
the  shore,  or  walk  deliberately  to  some  neighboring  swamp,  there  to  lave  in 
waters  untouched  by  solar  rays. 

Tompkins ville,  Carroll  parish,  Louisiana,  is  a  neat  lit- 
tle place,  extending  for  some  distance  along  the  river,  and  eon- 
tains  the  residences  jf  a  number  of  wealthy  planters. 

Cainpl9ell*iiVille,  Carroll  parish,  is  also  a  settlement  of 
planters.     It  is  a  small  place,  and  of  but  little  importance. 

IflillikillSVille,  Madison  parish,  Louisiana,  is  a  large 
settlement  of  planters,  Avho  have  many  fine  residences. 

Yazoo  River  rises  near  the  central  part  of  the  Stftr  of 
Mississippi.  It  is  formed  by  the  union  of  tne  TallahatrV  •  u  J 
Yallabusha,  which  are  navigable  rivers.  After  receiv  ;;  %q 
Sun-flower,  which  runs  nearly  parallel  with  the  Missis.^/ .r*, 
and  is  navigable  for  eighty  miles,  it  empties  into  the  MissiS 
sippi,  three  hundred  miles  from  its  source.  The  country  bor- 
dering on  this  river  is  very  rich,  and  produces  cotton  in  great 
abundance.  From  Laflone,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tallahatchee, 
several  large  steamboats  run  regularly  to  New  Orleans,  during 
the  cotton  season.  The  number  of  bales  of  cotton  that  annually 
float  down  this  river,  is  estimated  at  J 50,000.  It  is  navigable 
throughout  its  whole  length,  ihree  hundred  miles. 

Note. 
YAZOO  CITY,  Yazoo  county,  Mississippi,  is  a  flourishing  town  on  th« 
east  side  of  the  Yazoo  river,  about  one  hundred  miles  from  its  mouth.    It 


a  circu- 

na,  is  on 
It  con- 
ores  and 
ble  trade 

ppi,  is  a 
)ntairis  a 


I  which  the 

ow  taken  a 

;e  from  the 

18  river,  or 

iV  is  first 
i  fans—the 
the  impas> 
»rs  are  fre- 
I  scorching 
quietly  on 
to  lave  in 


neat  lit- 
and  con- 

ement  of 
nee. 
a  large 

St -lie  of 

fVi'-'car.d 

Missis 
itry  bor- 
in  great 
hatchee, 
,  during 
in  nu  ally 
wigable 


i^n  on  th« 
loutk.    It 


contains  several  stores  ant^  ware-houses  and  a  population  of  800.  Stages 
leave  three  times  a  week  for  Holly  Springs,  and  steamboats  run  regularly  to 
New  Orleans. 

Spa,rta,9  Madison  parish,  Louisiana,  is  a  small  village, 
nearly  opposite  the  mouth  of  Yazoo  river. 

"Vr  alnilt  Hills,  a  short  distance  above  Vicksburgh,  ex- 
tend along  the  river  for  about  two  miles.  They  rise  to  the 
height  of  near  live  hundred  feet,  and  display  the  finest  scenery 
on  the  lower  Mississippi.  They  are  under  a  high  state  of  cul- 
tivation, which  renders  them  very  attractive  in  their  apjpearance. 

TiCksblirg:h,  capital  of  Warren  county,  Mip^issippi,  ^s 
built  on  a  hill  nearly  three  hundred  feet  above  the  river,  and 
five  hundred  miles  above  New  Orleans.  It  was  settled  in  1824 
by  Neivitt  Vick,  Esq.,  and  became  a  city  in  J  836.  This  city  is 
the  depot  of  all  the  Yazoo  country.  The  soil  is  exceedingly 
fertile,  producing  abundant  crops  of  grain,  cotton  and  tobacco. 
About  90,000  bales  of  cotton  are  arnually  shipped  from  this 
place  to  New  Orleans.  It  contains  a  court  house,  5  churches, 
3  academies,  a  theater,  and  several  public  and  private  schools. 
Population,  4,000. 

This  city  presents  a  fine  view  from  the  river;  the  location 
being  high,  and  the  houses  built  in  terraces  on  the  sides  of  the 
hills,  give  the  whole  a  very  romantic  appearance.  A  railroad 
extends  to  Jackson,  the  capital  of  the  State,  forty-six  miles, 
which  cost  $395,600.  There  is  another  road,  thirteen  miles  in 
length,  that  extends  from  Jackson  to  Brandon — cost,  $100,000. 

Steamboats  arrive  and  depirt  daily,  for  most  places  along  the 
Mississippi  and  Ohio  rivers;  cars,  in  connection  with  stages, 
run  regularly  to  Maysville,  via  Jackson,  Columbus,  Tuscumbia, 
Nashville,  and  Lexington,  Kentucky. 

liVarreiiton,  Warren  county,  Mississippi,  is  a  pleasant 
little  town,  ten  miles  below  Vicksburgh.  It  contains  several 
stores,  and  a  population  of  300. 

Palmyra  Seltlemeiif,  Warren  county,  Mississippi,  is 
on  the  Mississippi  river,  about  twenty-five  miics  below  Vicks- 
burgh. The  population  is  small,  and  the  place  of  but  little 
importance. 

Cartilage,  Tensas  parish,  Louisiana,  is  a  small  place,  and 
only  important  as  a  landing.     It  contains  but  few  dwellings. 

roivkt  Pleasant,  Tensas  parish,  Louisiana,  is  on  the 
vvest  side  of  the  Mississippi,  ten  miles  below  Carthage.  It  is  a 
mere  landing,  containing  but  few  houses. 

Big^  Black  JBiver  rises  in  the  State  of  Mississippi,  and 
after  a  course  of  one  hundred  and  sixty  miles,  flows  south-west 
into  the  Mississippi.    It  is  navigable  for  boats  sixty  miles. 


I 


r^V^ 


lUJi,  L^mmnfimil^ 


Grand  Olllf,  Claiborne  county,  Mississippi,  is  pleasantly 
located  on  Grand  Gulf,  which  is  nothing  but  a  large  bend  in 
the  river,  a  short  distance  below  the  mouth  of  Black  river.  It 
contains  a  public  hall,  theater,  hospital,  several  churches,  a 
Masonic  hall,  and  a  bank.     Population,  1,0U0. 

Steamboats  arrive  and  depart  daily,  for  New  Orleans  and 
other  places  on  the  Mississippi. 

liayou  Pierre  empties  into  the  Mississippi  ten  miles  be- 
low Grand  Gulf.  Keel-boats  can  ascend  it  as  far  as  Port  Gib- 
son, which  is  a  flourishing  town,  about  thirty  miles  from  its 
mouth.  It  is  the  county-seat  of  Claiborne  county,  and  contains 
a  population  of  2,000. 

Bruinsbur;;:!!,  Claiborne  county,  Mississippi,  is  a  small 
place  at  the  mouth  of  Bayou  Pierre. 

St.  Joseph,  capital  of  Tensas  parish,  Louisiana,  is  a 
small  village  on  the  west  bank  of  tlie  Mississippi.  It  contains 
a  cou^*^  house  and  a  number  of  stores.     Population,  200. 

R<l  /  y,  Jefferson  county,  Mississippi,  is  a  pleasant  little 
town,  CO  .  ining  12  stores  and  several  good  dwellings.  Popu- 
lation, 500. 

Fairchild'S  Creclt,  a  small  and  unimportant  stream, 
empties  into  the  Mississippi  a  little  above  Natchez. 

Natchez,  capital  of  Adams  county,  Mississippi,  is  built 
mostly  on  a  high  bluff,  near  two  hundred  feet  above  the  river, 
and  is  the  largest  town  in  the  State  It  was  founded  by  D'lber- 
ville  (see  note)  in  1700.  That  portion  of  the  city  on  the  mar- 
gin of  the  river  is  termed  ''Natchez,  under  the  hill,"  and  is 
the  abode  of  some  of  the  most  dissolute  wretches  that  ever  in- 
fested a  city.  Most  of  the  heavy  mercantile  business  is  done 
in  this  part  of  the  town,  and  many  of  the  stores  are  owned  by 
men  of  the  highest  respectability,  who  do  a  large  and  profita- 
ble business.  The  upper  town  stands  on  a  high  bluff,  or  hill, 
about  two  hundred  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  water.  From 
this  point,  a  fine  view  of  the  suiTounding  country  can  be  ob- 
tained. As  far  as  the  eye  can  reach,  along  the  margin  of  the 
river,  it  beholds  rich  and  well  cultivated  plantations;  while, 
beyond  this,  mingling  with  the  blue  mists  that  float  along  the 
^dge  of  the  horizon,  nothing  can  be  seen  but  a  boundless  waste 
of  deep  and  impenetrable  swamps.  The  streets  are  generally 
regular  and  broad;  the  houses  are  built  mostly  of  wood,  and 
are  but  one  story  high.  In  1840,  a  severe  tornado  swept  over 
this  city  and  destroyed  a  large  amount  of  property.  But 
through  the  benevolence  of  other  cities,  the  damage  was  soon 
repaired — so  that,  now,  scarce  a  vestige  of  its  path  remains. 
This  city  is  one  of  the  principal  cotton  ports  on  the  Missis- 


i«ppi 


-,im 


#■ 


easantly 
bend  in 
iver.  It 
irches,  a 

ans  and 

tniles  be- 
•ort  Gib- 
from  its 
contains 

I  a  small 

na,  is  a 
contains 
I 

ant  little 
Popu- 

stream, 

is  built 

le  river, 

D'lber- 

le  mar- 

and  is 

ever  in- 

s  done 

ned  by 

profita- 

or  hill, 

From 

be  ob- 

of  the 

while, 

ong  the 

s  waste 

nerally 

[)d,  and 

3t  over 

But 

s  soon 

imains. 

Missis- 


mmmvm'mmitmmfmm 


ROUTE   OF   THE   MISSISSIPPI   RIVER. 


41 


sippi;  the  streets  are  often  rendered  impassable  by  ^\e  piles  of 
cotton  bales  waiting  to  be  shipped.  Tne  city  contains  a  large 
number  of  stores,  3  churches,  4  banks,  a  hospital,  an  orphan 
asylum,  1  academy,  a  Masonic  hall,  and  several  steam  saw 
mdls. 

Natchez  has  often  been  visited  by  the  yellow  fever,  which  has 
taken  off  many  of  its  best  citizens.  During  most  of  the  year, 
however,  it  is  a  very  healthy  and  pleasant  place  of  residence. 
It  carries  on  an  extensive  inland  and  foreign  trade:  many  large 
vessels  come  up  to  the  town,  receive  their  freight,  and  sail  to 
foreign  ports.  There  are  several  large  founderies  here,  which 
are  extensively  engaged  in  making  engines,  cotton  presses^  and 
sugar  mills.     Population,  7,0(10. 

Steamboats  arrive  and  depart  daily,  for  New  Orleans,  St. 
Louis,  Cincinnati,  and  all  intermediate  ports.  Stages  leave 
three  times  a  week  for  Jackson  and  St.  Francisville. 

Note. 

D'Iberville,  whose  name  occupies  a  large  space  in  the  early  history  of  our 
country,  and  especially  in  those  events  which  transpired  on  the  lower  Missis- 
sippi, was  no  ordinary  man.  He  was  a  Canadian  by  birth,  though  his  parents 
came  originally  from  Normandy.  He  possessed  great  courage  and  resolution  : 
in  the  midnight  attack  upon  Schenectady— at  Port  Nelson— at  Ne»vfoundland— 
and,  lastly,  at  Hudson's  Bay— he  showed  himself  to  be  a  man  as  well  as  a 
Christian.  But  no  where  did  he  display  himself  to  more  advantage,  than  in 
the  discovery  of  the  month  of  the  Mississippi,  tlie  last  great  act  i:  his  event- 
ful life.  He  set  sail  for  the  Mississippi  on  the  I7th  of  October,  1698,  with  two 
frigates,  two  small  vessels,  and  about  two  hundred  settlers.  When  they  ar- 
rived at  the  mouth,  they  found  it  greatly  obstructed  by  bars  and  floating  drifl. 
On  the  2d  of  March,  they  socceeded  in  entering  this  mighty  river  in  two  small 
barges  ;  they  probably  proceeded  as  far  as  the  mouth  of  Red  river,  and  then 
returned,  by  way  of  the  Bayou  which  bears  his  name,  and  Lakes  Pontchar- 
train  and  Maurepas,  to  St.  Louis  Bay.  After  building  a  fort  and  leaving  his 
two  brothers  in  command,  he  sailed  for  France.  About  this  time,  Henne- 
pin, under  the  patronage  of  William  IH,  of  England,  published  a  book,  in 
which  he  falsely  asserted  that  he  had  explored  the  Mississippi  to  its  mouth. 
An  expedition  soon  sailed  from  England  to  take  advantage  of  this  pretended 
discovery.  While  one  of  the  vessels  was  proceeding  on  her  way  up  the  river, 
in  search  of  a  safe  channel,  they  met  D*lberviile's  brother,  who  had  been 
sounding  the  river  a  little  below  the  present  site  of  New  Orleans.  He  told  the 
English  Captain  that  he  was  on  French  Territory,  and,  unless  he  retreated,  he 
would  be  compelled  to  use  the  force  at  his  command  to  prevent  their  advance. 
The  English,  believing  the  statement  true,  turned  back.  The  bend  in  which 
this  interview  occurred  is  called  English  Turn  till  this  day. 

In  December,  1699,  D'Iberville  returned  from  Europe,  with  new  plans  of 

colonization.    In  company  with  his  brother,  he  ascended  this  great  river  for 

the  purpose  of  selecting  a  site  for  a  town.    When  he  arrived  in  the  cooatry  of 

the  Natchez,  the  Great  Sun,  their  principal  chief,  came  out  to  welcome  them. 

I 


•WUfOWlMW  l»!l^iw|iw,i  f/^nt 


•v^ 


42 


ROUTE   OF   THE   MISSISSIPPI   RIVER. 


' 


n' 


A  high  blnfr,  on  which  Natchez  now  stands,  was  selcfcted^  and  called  Rosalie, 
in  honor  of  the  Countess  Pontchartrain.  The  fort,  however,  was  not  bu''t  till 
1716,  sixteen  years  after  the  selection  of  the  site.  Up  to  this  time,  no  perma- 
nent settlement  had  been  made  at  Natchez.  The  few  traders  and  hante.s  who 
had  taken  np  their  abode  among  the  Indians,  did  not  attempt  to  form  a  settle- 
ment. Bat  after  the  completion  of  the  fort,  the  tide  of  emigration  ponred  in 
so  rapidly,  that  it  soon  became  the  most  important  place  in  Louisiana. 

Vidaliay  Concordia  parish,  Louisiana,  is  a  small  place, 
situated  on  the  Mississippi,  opposite  Natchez.  It  is  the  county- 
seat,  and  contains  a  court  house  and  a  small  number  of  dwell- 
ings. 

£lliS  Cliffs  is  a  hi^h  ridge  on  the  east  side  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, about  twenty  miles  below  Natchez.  They  extend  for 
several  miles  along  the  river,  and  tend  to  relieve  the  eye  of  the 
low  and  monotonous  scenery  of  the  lower  Mississippi. 

FairvieiV,  Concordia  parish,  Louisiana,  is  a  small  town 
on  the  west  side  of  the  Mississippi,  a  short  distance  below 
Ellis  cliflFs. 

HomocllittO  River  rises  in  Mississippi  and  flows  west 
into  the  Mississippi,  twenty -six  miles  below  Ellis  cliSs.  It  is 
only  a  small  stream,  and  not  navigable. 

!Port  Actams,  Wilkinson  county,  Mississippi,  is  a  small 

town  on  the  river,  and  is  considered  the  port  of  Woodville,  a 

thriving  town,  a  short  distance  in  the  interior.    Population, 

300. 

Note. 

WOODVILLE,  capital  of  Wilkinson  county,  Mississippi,  is  situated  in  the 
south-western  part  of  the  State,  eighteen  miles  from  the  river.  It  is  a  neat 
and  flourishing  town,  containing  a  conrt  house,  market  house,  bank,  and  sev- 
eral churches.  It  is  connected  with  St«  Francieville  by  a  railroad.  Popula- 
tion, 1,500. 

Red  River  rises  near  the  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
in  the  mountainous  region  of  north-west  Texas.  After  pursu- 
ing an  easterly  course  of  fifteen  hundred  miles,  it  empties  into 
the  Mississippi.  It  receives  in  its  course  the  waters  of  several 
rivers,  the  largest  of  which  are  the  Blue  river  and  False  Wa- 
shita, or  Rio  Negro.  After  leaving  the  mountains,  it  flows 
through  extensive  prairies  of  rich,  red  soil,  which  impart  their 
color  to  the  water.  From  this  circumstance  it  received  the 
name  of  Red  river.  The  margin  of  the  river  is  covered,  in 
many  places,  with  fine  vines,  which  are  loaded  with  rich  fruits. 
The  bottoms  on  this  river  are  from  one  to  ten  miles  wide,  and 
are  well  timbered  with  willow,  locust,  cotton-wood,  pawpaw 
and  buckeye.  On  the  uplands,  elm,  ash,  hickory,  mulberry  and 
black- walnut  grow  in  great  abundance. 


■I 


ROUTE   OF   THE  MISSISSIPPI  RIVER. 


43 


About  one  hundred  miles  above  Natchitoches,  commences 
what  is  termed  the  "  Great  Raft."  It  consists  of  fallen  trees 
and  drift,  which  have  been  collecting  here  for  ages.  This  raft 
extends  for  seventy  miles,  and,  by  damming  up  the  waters,  causes 
the  river  to  expand  to  the  width  of  near  twenty  miles.  In  some 
places  soil  has  collected  upon  it,  and  willows  have  taken  root.  It 
was  so  cemented  together  that  horses  and  cattle  have  passed  over 
it  in  safety.  The  United  States  government  have  cut  awav,  at 
great  expense,  a  large  portion  af  this,  for  the  purpose  of  making 
a  safe  steamboat  channel  through  it;  but  it  appears  to  ac(i>'mu- 
late  as  fast  as  it  is  removed.  Along  the  river,  the  tjees  grow 
very  tall  and  thick;  in  some  places  their  branches  nearly  meet 
across  the  stream. 

Above  the  raft,  the  river  is  wide  and  deep,  and  navigable  for 
several  hundred  miles.  A  few  miles  below  Natchitoches,  the 
river  divides  into  a  number  of  channels,  and  extends  over  a 
large  tract  of  country,  filling  numerous  small  lakes.  The  bot- 
tom land  along  the  river  is  very  fertile,  producing  com,  cotton, 
tobacco,  and  sugar  cane,  in  great  abundance.  If  the  navigation 
of  this  river  was  once  permanently  opened,  the  country  would 
soon  fill  with  an  industrious  and  enterprising  population;  lands 
that  now  lie  in  waste  would  soon  be  under  cultivation;  and 
boats,  laden  with  the  rich  products  common  to  the  West  i*nd 
South-west,  would  glide  smoothly  along  its  reddened  waters, 
to  the  great  coftmiercial  depot  of  the  South. 

Notes. 

SHREVEPORT,  capital  of  Caddo  parish,  Louisiana,  is  situated  near  the 
boundary  of  the  State,  on  the  south  side  of  Red  river,  five  hundred  miles 
aliove  New  Orleans.  It  contains  a  court  house,  2  churches  and  several  stores. 
This  place  is  improving  rapidly.     Population,  2,500. 

NATCHITOCHES,  Natchitoches  parish,  Louisiana,  is  situated  on  Red  river, 
about  eighty  miles  above  Alexandria.  It  was  first  settled  by  the  French, 
under  a  grant  to  St.  Denis,  who,  in  1713,  established  a  trading  post  here.  In 
1722,  it  was  attacked  by  the  Natchez  Indians,  who  had  been  driven  from  their 
own  country,  after  the  great  massacre  of  the  28th  of  November,  1729.  After 
K  hard  fought  battle,  which  lasted  several  hours,  the  Indians  were  repulsed, 
leaving  ninety-two  of  their  bravest  warriors  on  the  field.  With  this  battle 
ends  the  existence  of  the  Natchez  as  a  distinct  nation.  Those  who  were  taken 
prisoners  w^e  conveyed  to  the  West  Indies,  there  to  enjoy  the  sweets  of 
Spanish  slavery.    Population,  2,300. 

ALEXANDRIA,  capital  of  Rapides  parish,  Louisiana,  is  on  Red  river,  one 
hundred  and  fifty  miles  from  its  mouth.  The  location  of  the  town  is  very 
beautiful.  The  surrounding  country  is  quite  level,  producing  cotton  in  great 
abundance.  The  town  consists  principally  of  one  long  street,  upon  which 
itands  the  court  house  and  several  fine  buildings.    Population,  1,500. 


14 


ROUTE   OF   THB   MISSISSIPPI    KIVER. 


f&cd  River  Island  and  €ut-off.— At  the  mouth  of 

Red  river,  the  main  channel  of  tlie  Mississippi  makes  quite  a 
long  bend,  leaving  a  verjr  narrow  strip  of  land  between.  Cap- 
tain Shreve,  of  the  United  States  Engineers,  cut  a  channel 
across  this  bend,  which,  upon  admitting  the  waters,  soon  be- 
came sufficiently  wide  and  deep  to  allow  the  largest  boats  to 
pass  with  ease. 

Note. 

From  this  point,  the  waters  of  the  Mississippi  no  longer  flow  in  one  regular 
channel,  but,  separating  into  a  number  of  brandies  or  bayous,  they  wend  their 
way  through  lakes  and  swamps  to  the  Gulf,  in  lines  nearly  parallel  with  the 
parent  stream,  thus  dividing  the  southern  part  of  the  State  into  a  number  of 
islands.  The  largest  of  these  bayou:i  is  Atchafalaya,  which  leaves  the  river 
about  three  miles  below  Red  river,  and  pursues  a  southern  course  till  it  falls 
into  Atchafalaya  Bay,  on  the  Gulf  coast.  At  Plaquemine,  one  hundred  and 
twenty-eight  miles  below,  there  is  another  bayou,  which  also  connects  with 
the  Gulf.  At  Donaldsonville,  eiglity-one  miles  above  New  Orleans,  the  justly 
celebrated  Bayou  La  Fourche  commences.  It  can  be  compared  to  nothing 
else  than  a  beautiful  ship  canal.  Tlie  plantations  along  this  bayou  are  so 
thick,  that  they  resemble  one  continuous  town  stretching  from  one  extremity  to 
the  other.  On  the  east,  the  principal  out-let  is  the  Iberville,  which  communi- 
cates with  the  Gulf,  through  Lakes  Maurepas,  Pontchartrain  and  i^orgne.  The 
land  included  between  these  bayous  is  called  the  del'a  of  the  Mississippi, 
from  its  resemblance  to  the  Greek  letter  A  {delta).  This  land  is  frequently  in- 
undated, and  amounts  to  several  thousand  square  miles.  To  prevent  these 
overflows  as  much  as  possible,  embankments  have  been  thrown  up  along^the 
river,  called  the  levee.  On  the  east  side,  the  embankment  commences  about 
sixty  miles  above  New  Orleans,  and  extends  for  near  one  hundred  and  thirty 
miles  ;  on  the  west  side  it  begins  at  Point  Coupee,  one  hundred  and  seventy- 
two  miles  above  New  Orleans.  From  this  point  down  to  New  Orleans,  the 
river  is  lined  with  beautiful  plantations,  upon  which  are  many  fine  and  costly 
residences.  They  have  narrow  fronts  on  the  river,  ornamented  with  beautiful 
flowers  and  shrubbery,  but  extend  back  into  the  interior  for  several  miles. 
The  whole  has  the  appearance  of  a  town,  extending  along  the  margin  of  the 
river. 

ICed  River  Landings,  Point  Coupee  parisli,  Louisiana, 
is  a  small  place,  where  those  going  up  Red  river  usually  stop, 
It  contains  but  few  houses,  and  is  of  but  little  importance. 

Raccourci  Bend. — The  cut  off  here,  was  made  about 
three  years  ago,  by  order  of  the  State.  The  distance  by  the 
main  channel  is  near  thirty  miles — by  the  cut-ofF  it  is  only 
about  half  a  mile.  The  width  of  the  channel  is  four  hundred 
yards,  and  sufticiently  deep  to  admit  the  largest  boats. 

Tunica  Bend  is  a  large  bend  a  few  miles  below.  Island 
number  122  is  in  the  lower  part  of  this  bend. 

Bayon  Sara,  West  Feliciana,  Louisiana,  is  a  noted  place 


1 


)uth  of 
quite  a 
Cap- 
hannel 
pon  be- 
oats  to 


ROUTE   OF   THE    MISSISSIPPI   RIVER. 


46 


for  shipping  cotton.    It  is  in  the  midst  of  a  thickly  settled  and 
well  cultivated  country,  a  short  distance  from  St.  Francisville. 

St.  Francisville,  capital  of  West  Feliciana  parish,  is  a 
pleasant  j)lace,  being  built  mostly  on  a  hill,  about  one  mile 
from  the  river.  It  is  connected  with  Woodville,  a  distance  of 
twenty-eieht  miles,  by  a  railroad.  That  portion  of  the  town 
that  stands  on  the  hill  is  well  built,  and  contains  several  fine 
houses.  Along  the  margin  of  the  river,  there  are  a  number  of 
large  ware-houses,  from  which  a  large  amount  of  cotton  is  an- 
nually shipped.     Population,  500. 

Point  t^oupec,  capital  of  Point  Coupee  parish,  Louisi- 
ana, is  on  the  Mississippi,  opposite  St.  Francisville.  It  is  a 
settlement  of  wealthy  planters,  mostly  French,  and  extends  for 
several  miles  along  the  river.  At  this  place,  the  Grand  Levee 
or  embankment  commences.  This  embankment  was  made  to 
protect  the  plantations  along  the  river  against  the  frequent 
overflows.  By  recent  accounts,  it  appears  to  have  broken  away 
at  Coupee  to  such  an  extent  as  to  threaten  the  neighboring 
plantations,  for  miles  below,  with  complete  inundation.  The 
t<indency  of  lower  Mississippi  to  seek  new  channels  to  the 
Gulf,  has  been  apparent  for  a  long  time.  The  cut-offs  that  have 
been  made  above,  though  they  have  shortened  the  distance  sev- 
eral miles,  have,  by  giving  the  water  a  more  direct  course, 
greatly  increased  its  rapidity,  voIunie,and  pressure  against  its 
banks.  This  is  yo  doubt  the  cause  of  th^  crevasse,  which  has 
often  been  the  means  of  destroying  entire  plantations,  and 
burying  villages  in  water.  The  land  on  the  river,  from  this 
point  to  the  Gulf,  is,  with  few  exceptions,  below  the  surface  of 
the  water,  even  at  its  ordinary  stage.  From  this  and  other  cir- 
cumstances, it  appears  that  the  whole  of  this  lower  country, 
was  once  either  a  great  lake,  or  an  arm  of  the  sea,  which  has 
become  filled  up  by  the  immense  and  rapid  deposits  of  the 
Mississippi. 

lil^aterloo,  Point  Coupee  parish,  Louisiana,  is  situated  on 
the  Mississippi,  at  the  outlet  of  False  river.  It  is  a  handsome 
settlement,  surrounded  by  rich  and  beautiful  plantations.  Pop- 
ulation, 200. 

Thompson's  Creek  enters  the  Mississippi  from  the 
east,  a  short  distance  above  Port  Hudson. 

Note. 

JACKSON,  East  Fei'ciana  parish,  Louisiana,  is  situated  on  tiie  east  side 
of  Thompson's  creek,  abcnt  twelve  miles  from  St.  Francisville.  It  is  the 
seat  of  Louisiana  College,  founded  in  1825,  which  has  an  able  faculty  of  9 
professors,  over  100  students,  and  about  2,000  volumes  in  its  libraries.  The 
annual  commencement  is  on  the  first  Wednesday  in  June.  The  town  con- 
tains several  churches,  3  academies,  and  a  population  of  1,000. 


"liUPWPW*""!-'-!'"!    Vll 


Ik    1 


46 


ROUTE    OF    THE    MISSISSIPPI    RIVER. 


Port  Hudson,  East  Feliciana  parish,  Louisiana,  is  a 
!^niall  place  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Mississippi.  Thi^^  plnce  is 
built  on  White  Cliffs,  which  rise  a  short  distance  above  the 
river. 

Thoinas'S  Point  is  situated  in  an  acute  bend  of  tlie 
river,  thirteen  miles  below  Port  Hudson. 

.^aton  ffOUg'C,  the  present  capital  of  Louiuana  and  scat 
of  justice  for  East  Baton  Rouge  parish,  is  pleasantly  situated 
on  a  beautiful  bluff,  rising  in  regular  swells  to  the  height  of 
forty  feet  above  the  waters  below.  From  Baton  Rouge  to  NeAv 
Orleans,  the  "coast,"  as  it  is  called,  is  lined  with  as  fine  plant- 
ations as  there  are  in  the  South.  Every  spot,  susceptible  of 
cultivation,  is  transformed  into  a  beautiful  garden,  containing 
specimens  of  all  those  choice  fruits  and  flowers  which  flourish 
only  in  tropical  climes. 

This  place  contains  a  U.  States  barracks,  which  is  the  finest  and 
most  commodious  in  the  Union.  It  became  the  State  capital  in 
1^48,  and  contains  a  court  house,  penitetitiary,  and  many  fine  res- 
idences. The  penitentiary  is  a  fine  brick  building,  three  hundred 
and  twenty  feet  long,  three  stories  high,  and  contains  two  hundred 
and  forty  cells  for  convicts.  Baton  Rouge  college  has  4  profes- 
sors, 50  students,  and  a  library  of  10,00(1  volumes — the  annual 
commencement  is  in  December.  It  also  contains  several  cliurchcs, 
2  academies,  and  a  number  of  scliools.     Population,  2,500. 

liVest  Baton  Kouge,  is  a  small  place  on  the  opposite 
side  of  the  river. 

ITIancliac,  or  Iberville,  East  Baton  Rouge  parish,  Louisi- 
ana, is  a  small  place  at  the  mouth  of  Bayou  Iberville,  or  Man- 
chac  pass. 

ll>ervllle  Bayon  leaves  the  Mississippi  fourteen  miles 
below  Baton  Rouge.  About  twenty  miles  from  tlie  river  it  is 
connected  with  the  Amite  river,  and  by  means  of  Lakes  Mau- 
repas,  Pontchartrain  and  Borgne,  opens  i  communication  with 
the  Gulf.  It  marks  the  course  of  the  great  D 'Iberville,  when 
he  was  returning  from  his  excursion  up  the  Mississippi. 

Churcll  Of^St.  Oabriel,  Iberville  parish,  Louisiana,  is 
on  the  Mississippi,  a  short  distance  below  tlie  bayou. 

Plaqucmine,  capital  of  Ibarville  parish,  Louisiana,  is  at 
the  mouth  of  Plaquemine  bayo\i,  twenty-three  miles  below 
Baton  Rouge.  It  contains  a  court  house  and  20  stores.  Pop- 
ulation, 500. 

Bayou  Oonid,  Iberville  parish,  Louisiana,  is  situated 
on  the  west  side  of  the  Mississippi.  It  is  a  small  place,  and 
of  but  little  importance. 

B|iyou  I^a  Fourclie  leaves  the  Mississippi  at  Donald- 


^lana,  is  a 
i«  plMco  is 
above  the 

nd  of  tlie 

a  and  seat 
y  situated 
height  of 
;e  to  NeAv 
iiie  plant- 
ptible  of 
ontainin^n^ 
h  flourish 

finest  and 
capital  in 
y  nnc  res- 
i  hundred 
)  hundred 
4  profes- 
le  annual 
eliurchcs, 
>,500. 

opposite 

1,  Louisi- 
or  Man- 
en  miles 
iver  it  is 
:es  Man- 
ion  with 
le,  when 
I. 
siana,  is 

ma,  is  at  | 
3    below 
J.     Pop- 

sitnated 
ice,  and 

Oonald- 


ROUTE    OF    THE    MISSISSIPPI    RIVER. 


47 


Ronville,  and  flows  in  a  direct  line  to  the  Gulf.  It  is  verv 
thickly  settled  on  both  sides,  by  some  of  the  richest  planters 
in  the  State.  It  is  navigable  during  most  of  the  year  for  a  dis- 
tance of  sixty  miles. 

l>onal(lSOnville,  Ascension  parish,  Louisiana,  is  just 
below  the  mouth  of  the  Bayou  La  Fourche,  and  was  formerly 
the  capital  of  the  State.  It  is  now  the  capital  of  the  parish, 
and  contains  a  court  house,  several  churches  and  aeaoemies, 
and  a  land  oflice.  Since  the  removal  of  the  capital,  this  town 
has  somewhat  declined.  It  is  a  place  of  considerable  wealtli 
and  trade,  and  is  the  most  important  town  near  New  Orleans. 
Population,  1,200. 

Jelt<;r$Oll  €olIeg:c,  founded  in  18.31,  is  a  thriving  in- 
stitution, sixteen  miles  below  Donaldsonville. 

ISring^crs,  St.  James  parish,  Louisiana,  is  on  the  south 
side  of  the  Mississippi.  It  contains  a  court  house  and  a  num- 
ber of  dwellings,  located  mostly  on  the  river. 

Bonnet  ^iiarre  Church,  St.  James  Parish,  Louisi- 
ana, is  on  the  Mississippi,  twenty-four  miles  below  Bringers. 
It  is  merely  a  church  with  a  few  planters'  residences  around  it. 

Red  Church,  St.  John  the  Baptist  parish,  Louisiana,  is 
on  the  east  side  of  the  river.  This,  also,  is  merely  a  church, 
surrounded  by  a  fine  settlement  of  planters. 

Carrol Iton,  Jefferson  parish,  Louisiana,  is  a  flourishing 
town,  situated  on  the  Mississippi,  seven  miles  above  New  Or- 
leans, with  which  it  is  connected,  by  a  railroad  that  runs  to  the 
center  of  the  city.  This  is  the  residence  of  many  merchants, 
who  pass  to  and  from  the  city  upon  the  cars,  which  run  every 
few  minutes,  during  the  day  and  evening.  The  Carrollton 
Gardens  are  much  admired  by  all  who  visit  them.  They  are 
public,  and  laid  out  with  great  taste,  having  a  hotel  attached 
which  provides  visitors  with  excellent  accommodations.  Hun- 
dreds of  visitors,  both  young  and  old,  come  up  daily  from  the 
city,  during  the  summer  months,  to  spend  a  few  hours  in  the 
quiet  shades  of  this  delightful  spot.  Here  you  can  amuse 
yourself  in  a  variety  of  ways:  you  will  see  flowers,  shrubbery, 
vines  and  fruits,  of  almost  every  variety ;  while  birds  of  the 
richest  plumage  will  enchant  the  ear  with  the  sweetness  of 
their  music.  After  leaving  the  dust  and  bustle  of  such  a  city 
as  New  Orleans,  and  coming  to  a  place  like  this,  one  would 
almost  fancy  himself  in  the  gardens  of  Paradise,  listening  to 
that  unwritten  music  which  comes  from  the  spirit- voices  of  the 
dead. 

IjRrayette  City,  capital  of  Jefferson  parish,  Louisiana, 
is  but  a  continuation  of  New  Orleans,  though  it  is  under  a 


! 


T 


■    I 


48 


ROUTE    OP    THE    MISSISSIPPI    RIVER. 


separate  government.  It  contains  a  court  house  and  other 
county  buildings,  several  churches  and  a  market  house.  The 
railroad  leading  from  New  Orleans  to  CarroUton,  passes,  in 
Naides  street,  through  this  city^.  A  steam  ferry  is  constantly 
running  from  this  to  the  opposite  shore,  while  another  one  runs 
to  New  Orleans,  a  distance  of  two  miles.  Most  of  the  flat- 
boats,  bound  for  New  Orleans,  land  at  Lafayette.  It  contains  2 
academies  and  4  schools.     Population,  5,000. 


NEW  ORLEANS  FROM  THE  MISSISSIPPI. 


New  Orleans,  Orleans  parish,  Louisiar 
the  Mississippi  river,  near  the  southern  extn       y 
ippi  valley,  in  29*  57'  north  latitude  and  90"  T 


is  situated  on 
of  the  Mis- 
sissippi valley,  in  •^ii"  o/  norm  laiiuuic  ana  »u'  /  west  longi- 
tude. It  is  the  great  commercial  capital  of  the  South,  and  is, 
by  the  river,  about  one  liundrcd  miles  from  the  Gulf.  New 
Orleans  is  the  seat  of  justice  for  Orleans  parish,  and  was,  until 
recently,  the  capital  of  the  State.  This  city  is  built  on  a  low 
strip  of  marshy  land  lyiug  between  Lake  Pontchartrain  and 
the  Mississippi  river.  The  ground  gradually  falls  back  toward 
the  lake,  ancl  in  no  part  of  the  city  is  it  sufficiently  elevated 
to  throw  the  waste  water  into  the  river.  In  time  of  heavy 
rains  many  of  the  streets  are  flooded  with  water,  and  in  some 
places  it  covers  the  first  floors  of  the  houses. 

Above  New  Orleans,  and  joining  it,  is  the  city  of  Lafayette, 
which  is  fast  becoming  an  important  place.  On  the  opposite 
side  of  the  river,  is  the  town  of  Algiers.  This  place  is  exten- 
sively engaged  in  ship  building;  it  contains  several  large  ship- 
yards, which  employ  a  great  number  of  hands.  Above  and 
telow  the  city,  as  well  as  in  the  rear,  there  are  several  small 
villages,  called  Fauxbourgs,  which  are  properly  a  part  of  New 
Orleans,  though  under  different  governments.  The  principal  of 
these  are  St.  Mary,  Annunciation,  Marigny,  Franklin,  Wasning- 
ton,  St.  Claude,  Ac. 


w 


i|M>  ■«W  II  ,  p 


nd  other 
ise.  The 
)a8ses,  in 
onstantly 
' one  runs 
the  flat- 
lontains  2 


tiiated  on 
the  Mis- 
est  longi- 
1,  and  IS, 
ilf.  New 
ras,  until 
on  a  low 
Tain  and 
k  toward 
'  elevated 
of  heavy 
in  some 

jafayette, 
opposite 
is  exten- 
rge  ship- 
)ove  and 
ral  small 
t  of  New 
incipal  of 
fVasning- 


ROUTE   OP   THE   MISSISSIPPI    RIVER. 


49 


In  1836,  the  Legislature  divided  the  city  into  three  munici- 
palities, each  having  a  distinct  council  for  the  management  of 
its  internal  aJairs,  in  conformity  to  the  regulations  of  the  gen- 
eral government.  The  first  municipality  occupies  the  center, 
and  extends  from  the  river  to  Lake  rontcnartrain.  The  second 
embraces  the  upper  part  of  the  city,  and  the  third,  the  lower. 
The  Carondelet,  or  old  canal,  is  in  the  first  municipality.  This 
canal  runs  in  a  line  with  Orleans  street,  the  center  street  of  the 
city,  to  Bayou  St.  John.  The  canal  is  about  two  miles  long, 
and  from  twenty-five  to  thirty  feet  in  width,  and  from  four  to 
seven  feet  in  depth.  The  basin  is  in  the  center  of  the  city, 
nt^r  the  Catholic  cemetery.  It  is  about  five  miles  from  the 
canal,  down  the  bayou,  to  its  junction  with  Lake  Pontchartrain, 
where  there  is  a  large  dam  about  three-quarters  of  a  mile  in 
extent;  at  the  extr'^nnty,  there  is  a  light  house,  from  which 
vessels  commence  ti-oir  voyages  to  various  parts  of  the  world. 
By  this  canal,  is  brought  cotton,  tobacco,  lumber,  wood,  lime, 
brick,  pitch,  bark,  sand,  oysters  and  produce,  to  the  New  Or- 
leans markets.  There  is  another  canal  running  through  the 
city  to  the  lake,  which  does  a  large  amount  of  business.  The 
New  Orleans  and  La  Fourche  canal  extends  through  Algiers  to 
Bayou  La  Fourche,  r>  distance  of  eighty -five  miles.  This  is  a 
very  important  work,  as  it  brings  in  communication  with  New 
Orleans,  some  of  the  richest  agricultural  portions  of  the  State. 
There  are  three  railroads  in  this  city:  the  Orleans  and  Carroll- 
ton  railroad,  which  runs  through  most  of  the  second  municipal- 
ity, to  Carrollton,  a  distance  of  seven  miles;  the  New  Orleans 
street  railroad,  which  starts  near  the  river,  in  the  lower  part  of 
the  city,  and  extends  to  Lake  Pontchartrain,  a  distance  of  six 
miles.    This  road  is  in  connection  with  a  line  of  superb  steam 

Eackets,  which  run  regularly,  via  Lake  Pontchartrain,  to  Mo- 
ile.  The  third  and  last  railroad  is  the  Mexican  Gulf  railway, 
which  starts  off  at  right-angles  from  the  Pontchartrain  road, 
at  the  corner  of  the  Ehrsian  Fields  and  Good  Children  streets, 
and  runs  eastward  to  Lake  Borgne,  a  distance  of  twenty-seven 
miles.  It  is  designed  to  continue  this  road  to  the  Gulf.  The 
fare  from  New  Orleans  to  Lake  Borgne  is  seventy-five  cents, 
which  is  certainly  high,  considering  the  bad  state  of  the  road. 
The  shell  road  is  the  pride  of  New  Orleans.  It  extends  to 
the  lake,  and  runs  along  side  of  the  new  canal.  This  road  is 
made  of  small,  white  sea-shells,  which  soon  become  broken 
and  cemented  together.  It  presents  a  beautiful  appearance, 
being  as  smooth  as  a  parlor  floor.  This  road  well  deserves  the 
attention  of  strangers. 
The  public  buildings  of  New  Orleans  are  not  numerous,  con- 


sidering  the  size  and  importance  of  the  place.    St.  Charles  hotel, 
built  in  1^36,  Is  one  of  the  finest  buildings  in  the  city.     It  is  sit- 
uated on  St.  Charles  street,  and  extends  from  Gravier  to  Cc  inmon 
street.    It  is  built  of  freestone,  and,  in  architecture,  resCi' bles 
the  Capitol  at  Washington.     The  Verandah,  at  the  corner  of 
St.  Charles  and  Common  streets,  is  another  fine  building.     It 
is  built  perfectly  square  and  plain,  presenting  nothing  very  at- 
tractive m  its  appearance.     The  new  Hall  of  the  second  muni- 
cipality is  one  of  the  most  splendid  buildings  in  the  city.    The 
front  is  of  fine  white  marble.     The  new  Custom  House  is  one  of 
the  largest  buildings  of  the  kiri  in  the  Union.     It  is  built  of 
New  England  granite,  which  is  brought  in  vessels  from  Boston. 
Tn  fact,  most  of  the  building  stone  used  here,  is  brought  from 
Boston  and  other  eastern  cities.     The  United  S^  itejj  Branch 
Mint  is  a  large  edifice  of  the  Ionic  order,  two  hundred  and 
eighty -two  feet  long  and  one  hundred  and  sixty-eight  feet  deep. 
Tije  Catholic  Cathedral  is  also  a  large  and  splendid  building. 
The  United  States  Marine  E  spital  is  on  the  opposite  side  of 
the  river.     It  consists  of  a  large  main  building  with  two  wings, 
and,  at  a  distance,  resembles  a  castle  of  ancient  times.     The 
markets  also  deserve  attention.     They  are  conducted  on  a  dif- 
ferent plan  from  those  of  most  of  our  western  cities.     There 
are  stands  erected  along  the  sides  of  the  market  house  for  the 
sale  of  coffee,  chocolate,  cakes,  pies,  <fec.     These  are  the  board- 
ing places  of  hundreds  of  people  who  wander  about  without 
any  fixvd  place  of  residence.     The  city  contains  several  public 
squares,  which  are  ornamented  with  fine  trees  and  slirubbeiy. 
Alo»»g  the  sides  of  several  of  the  principal  streets,  there  have 
been  planted  rows  of  fine  trees,  wl)ich  make  delightful  prom- 
enades.   The  Post  Office,  on   Roval  street,  a  short  distance 
above  the  St.  Charles,  is  well  ceiiiuoD^d,  and  probably  one  of 
the  best  arranged  ofl^ces  in  the  country.     The  University  of 
Louisiana  was  founded  in  1835,  and  has  an  elegant  building  at 
the  corner  of  Common  and  Philippe  streets.     It  has  7  profes- 
sors and  40  students.     There  is  a  department  of  medicine,  law, 
political  economy,  and  commerce,  with  able  professors  in  each, 
connected  with  this  institution,  which  render  it  one  of  the 
most  'lesirable  places  in  the  State  for  obtaining  a  thorough  ed- 
ucation.    The  annual  lectures  of  this  institution  commence  on 
the  20th  of  November,  at  the  college  edifice.     New  Orleans 
has  quite  a  number  of  excellent  public  schools,  in  which  seve- 
ral thousand  children  daily  receive  in.struction. 

The  cemeteries  of  New  Orleans  attract  considerable  notice. 
On  account  of  the  marshy  state  of  the  soil,  all  the  graves  are 
above  ground.     The  conius  are  placed  in  a  kind  of  vault, 


rles  hotel, 
It  is  sit- 
Ccixim«yn 
resei' bles 
corner  of 
ding.  It 
»  very  at- 
nd  muni- 
ity.  The 
3  is  one  of 
is  built  of 
n  Boston, 
ight  from 
$5  Branch 
drcd  and 
feet  deep, 
building. 
:e  side  of 
vo  wings, 
les.  The 
on  a  dif- 
8.  There 
e  for  the 
he  board- 
t  without 
•al  public 
irubbeiy. 
lere  have 
ul  prom- 
distance 
ly  one  of 
versity  of 
lilding  at 
7  profes- 
;ine,  law, 
J  in  each, 
e  of  the 
ough  ed- 
[nence  on 
Orleans 
ich  seve- 


m 


ROUTE   OF   THE   MISSISSIFFY   RIVER. 


61 


n 


closed  with  cement.  The  custom  prevails  here,  to  a  consider- 
erable  extent,  of  planting  flowers  on  the  graves  of  departed 
friends.  Fine  wreaths  are  hung  on  the  bushes  about  the  graves, 
and  cut  flowers,  placed  in  vases,  are  tastefully  arranged,  around, 
and  renewed  with  as  much  care  as  though  they  were  placed  on 
a  parlor  mantel.  Thus,  ere  the  morning  sun  pencils  with  radi- 
ant light  the  eastern  sky,  a  father  or  a  sister,  a  brother  or  a 
husband,  a  wife  or  a  mother,  moves  with  slow  paces  to  these 
receptacles  of  the  dead,  there  to  bestow  some  twig,  or  flower 
(frail  memento  of  departed  kindred),  upon  the  grave  of  whom 
they  loved.  But,  as  if  emblematic  of  the  forms  that  there  lie 
entombed,  how  soon  do  they  wither  and  fade  away.  It  mat- 
ters but  little  to  us,  whether  our  graves  be  planted  with  flowers 
or  thorns — whether  a  board  or  marble  slab  Dears  our  epitaph — 
whether  our  graves  be  made  in  the  ocean  or  on  the  land — pro- 
vided we  have  erected  in  this  life,  by  the  good  we  have  done, 
a  lasting  monument  of  our  existence. 

New  Orleans  is  built  upon  the  convex  shore  of  a  large  bend 
which  resembles  a  crescent  or  new  moon ;  for  this  reason  it  is 
often  called  the  crescent  city.  The  city  proper  contains  sixty- 
six  complete  squares,  each  having  a  front  of  three  hundred  and 
nineteen  feet.  The  streets,  with  a  few  exceptions,  are  less  than 
forty  feet  in  width.  The  population  consists  mostly  of  French, 
Spanish  and  Americans;  but  you  can  find  men  here  from  almost 
every  nation  in  the  civilized  world,  dressed  in  the  fashions  of 
their  own  land,  speaking  the  language  of  their  own  country. 

Ill  1718,  Bienville  selected  the  site  of  New  Orleans,  and  de- 
termined to  make  it  the  capital  of  Louisiana.  It  increased  but 
slowly  at  first:  in  1723,  it  contained  one  hundred  cabins,  a 
small  chapel,  and  about  two  hundred  inhabitants.  In  1769,  it 
suffered  greatly  from  the  yellow  fever;  in  1788,  a  disastrous 
fire  swept  over  the  city,  and  destroyed  near  one  thousand 
houses;  in  1803,  it  passed,  by  purchase,  into  American  hands, 
since  which  time  it  has  been  steadily  advancing  in  commerce 
and  population.  The  business  of  New  Orleans  is  done  mostly 
between  the  months  of  November  and  June,  which  is  the 
healthy  season.  The  population  at  this  season  is  about  200,- 
000,  while  in  July,  Augur.t  and  September,  it  does  not  exceed 
120,000. 

The  situation  of  this  city  for  commerce,  is  not  surpassed  by 
any  in  the  Union.  The  Mississippi  and  its  tributaries,  alone, 
aflord  at  least  ten  thousand  miles  of  steam  navigation,  which, 
independent  of  the  communication  with  the  ocean,  would  soon 
bulla  up  a  great  commercial  city.  The  exports  of  New  Or- 
leans are  nearly  equ£d  to  those  of  New  York,  while  the  imports 


4 


A|!f^^nis     ''" 


"  '"-^  MJ  ^■■iiMA^yf  Jwti 


62 


ROTJTK   OF   THE   MISSISSIPPI   RIVER. 


are  much  less.  fc  is  the  third  city  in  the  United  States  in  pop- 
ulation, and  the  second  in  comraere.  The  exports  and  imports 
amount  to  nearly  $175,000,000 — a  little  short  of  the  whole  for- 
eiffii  commerce  of  the  country  a  few  years  a^o.* 

There  is  a  regular  line  of  steam  packets  plying  between  New 
Orleans  and  Galveston,  Texas,  which  is  about  four  hundred  and 
fifty  miles  distant.  Packets  run,  also,  regularly  to  all  the  At- 
lantic cities,  Mexico  and  South  America.  Steamboats  start 
daily  for  St.  Louis,  Louisville,  Cincinnati  and  Pittsburgh,  and 
all  intermediate  ports. 

MAP  OF  THE  TTCINITT  OF  NEW  OBLEANS. 


;;  •- 


Rates  of  fare  from  New  Orleans  to  the  following  places. — To  St» 
Louis,  $14  00,  St.  Anthony's  Falls,  $22  00;  Louisville,  in  Nev^ 


*  See  De  Bow'a  Commercial  Review  for  Jane,  1850. 


3  in  pop- 
[  imports 
hole  for- 

ecn  New 
clred  and 
I  the  At- 
ats  start 
rgh,  and 


\ 


,— To  St. 

,  in  Nev/^ 


i'm   , 


L 


ROUTB   OF   THE   MISSISSIPPI   RIVER. 


63 


Orleans  boats,  $20  00 — in  Cincinnati  boats,  $12  00;  Cincinnati, 
$10  00;  Pittsburgh  (by  changing  boats  at  Cincinnati),  $16  00; 
Mobile,  $5  00;  Galveston,  $20  00;  Savannah,  $25  00;  Charleston, 
$30  00;  Baltimore,  $50  00;  Philadelphia,  $60  00;  New  York, 
$6000—(by  steamship),  $75  00;  Boston,  $70  00;  Havanna,  $25  00; 
Vera  Cruz,  $30  00;  Liverpool,  $120  00;  London,  $125  00;  Havre, 
$120  00. 

Note. 
This  table  contains  the  distances  of  places  on  the  Mississippi,  from  New 
Orleans  to  the  Gulf. 


Battle  Ground 6 

English  Tarn, 12  18 

Poverty  Point, 20  38 

Wilkinson's, 8  46 

Johnson's ' 7  53 

Fort  Jackson  and  St.  Philip,. .  .12  65 


S^onth-west  Pass, 25    90 

Onter  Pass, 4    94 

Balize,  5    99 

Parat  Soath  Pass  and  ) 
Galf  of  Mexico,      ) 


5  104 


The  Battle  Ground.— In  order  to  give  any  thing  like 
a  connected  account  of  the  battle  of  New  Orleans,  which  took 
place  here  on  the  8th  of  January,  1815,  and  of  the  circum- 
stances connected  with  it,  it  will  be  necessary  to  go  back  a  few 
years,  and  take  up  the  history  in  regular  order. 

In  1759,  Great  Britain  had  over-run  most  of  the  province  of 
New  France,  and  obtained  possession  of  Quebec,  Ticonderoga, 
Crown  Point  and  Niagara.  During  this  war,  Spain  had  formed 
a  family  compact  with  France,  and  taken  sides  against  Eng- 
land. In  1762,  hostilities  ceased  between  the  three  powers, 
and  peace  was  restored  by  the  ratification  of  the  treaty  of  Pa- 
ris, dated  FebriK"-y  10th,  1763.  Bv  this  treaty,  England  ob- 
tained possession.  ^  Canada  and  all  the  posts  along  the  St. 
Lawrence.  France  al.^o  ceded  to  her  al  of  that  portion  of 
Louisiana,  extending  frort'  the  source  of  the  Mississippi,  on  the 
east  side,  to  the  mouth  of  the  Bayo  Iberville;  thence,  along 
the  bayou,  to  Lake  Maurepas;  thence,  along  the  center  of  the 
lakes,  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  including  A\e  port  and  river  of 
Mobile.  The  navigation  of  the  M  sssissippi  was  to  remain  for- 
ever free  to  both  powers.  At  the  .^ame  time,  the  French  King 
formed  a  secret  treaty  with  Spain,  b}^  which  he  agreed  to  deliver 
to  the  Spanish  government  the  remain*^  r  of  Louisiana,  includ- 
ing the  Island  of  New  Orleans.  '  lus  ends,  for  a  time,  the 
jurisdiction  of  France  in  America.  Two  or  three  years  elapsed 
before  Spain  took  possession  of  this  valuable  territory.  The 
French  population  were  very  much  dissatisfied  at  the  change; 
and,  in  order  to  prevent  an  outbreak,  it  was  deemed  necep;sary 
to  keep  a  large  military  force  constantly  at  New  Orleans.    The 


1 


64 


ROUTE   OP   THE   MISSISSIPPI    RIVER. 


laws  of  Spain  were  very  despotic  and  unpopular.  Morales, 
the  intendant,  knowing  tnat  Spain  could  not  long  maintain  her 
position  on  the  Mississippi,  determined  to  exercise  his  vindic 
tive  feelings  against  the  Americans,  by  denying  them  the  right 
to  deposit  goods  and  produce  in  New  Orleans.  This  act  so 
completely  aroused  the  people  of  the  Western  States,  that  it 
was  with  great  difficulty  that  the  general  government  was  able 
to  restrain  them  from  the  conquest  of  the  country.  This  sus- 
pension of  trade  brought  the  people  of  Now  Orleans  on  the 
verge  of  famine.  Accordingly,  to  modily  the  evil,  without 
fully  removing  the  cause,  Morales  issued  an  order,  that  western 
people  mi^ht  have  the  privilege  of  sending  flour  into  the  terri- 
tory, provided  they  paid  a  duty  of  six  per  cent,  ad  valorutn,  and 
shipped  it  in  Spanish  vessels.  But  the  Americans  respectfully 
declined  to  avail  themselves  of  the  privileges  of  tins  order. 
The  King,  however,  so  far  revoked  the  acts  of  ufiorales,  as  to 
again  restore,  in  1803.  the  free  navigation  of  the  river,  and  the 
right  to  deposit  at  New  Orleans. 

After  the  overthrow  of  the  Bourbon  dynasty,  the  French 
people  began  to  cast  their  eyes,  for  the  first  time,  over  the  ereat 
western  ocean  to  their  brethren  in  Louisiana,  who  had  been 
suffering  for  so  many  years  under  the  galling  yoke  of  Spanish 
tyranny.  Accordingly,  on  tlie  1st  of  October,  ItOO,  the  King 
of  Spain  formed  a  secret  treaty  Avith  the  First  Consul,  bv  which 
he  agreed  to  deliver,  within  six  months,  the  province  of  Louis- 
iana to  the  French  authorities.  In  consideration  of  this  act  of 
Spanish  generosity,  the  Frencli  established  on  tlie  throne  of 
Tuscany,  the  Prince  of  Parma,  son-in-law  of  the  King  of  Spain. 
Napoleon  now  began  to  make  extensive  preparations  to  extend 
his  authority  over  this  rich  and  valuable  territory.  A  largo 
fleet  and  an  army  of  twenty-five  thousand  men  were  soon 
ready  to  sail  for  the  Mississippi.  After  spending  a  year  in  the 
various  ports  of  Holland,  continually  watched  by  the  English, 
Napoleon  determined  to  abandon  the  enterprise,  and  transfer, 
if  possible,  the  territory  to  the  United  States.  Near  the  close 
of  the  year  1802,  he  din  cted  his  minister,  M.  Talleyrand,  to 
open  negotiations  with  Mr.  Livingston,  United  States  minister 
at  Paris.  While  this  correspondence  was  ^oing  on,  Mr.  Jeffer- 
son, then  President,  deeming  the  possession  of  New  Orleans 
and  Florida  of  vast  importance  to  the  whole  Union,  sent  over 
Mr.  Monroe,  with  instructions  to  make  some  arrangement,  if 

Eossible,  for  its  purchase.  When  Mr.  Monroe  arrived  in  Paris, 
e  was  somewhat  surprised  to  find  Napoleon  so  willing  to  part 
with  Louisiana.  His  willingness,  however,  was  the  result  of 
necessity,  as  it  must  soon  have  passed  into  the  hands  of  Great 


0  rales, 
lin  her 
dndic 
B  right 
act  so 
that  it 
LS  able 
is  sus- 
on  the 
without 
western 
B  terri- 
m,  and 
ctfully 
order. 
.,  as  to 
nd  the 

French 

e  great 

d  Deen 

Spanish 

e  King 

which 

Lou  is - 

act  of 

rone  of 

Spain. 

extcn<l 

largf 

soon 
in  tlic 
nglish, 
ansfer, 

close 
md,  to 
inister 
Jeffer- 
)rleans 
it  over 
lent,  if 

Paris, 
to  part 
3ult  of 
'  Great 


ROUTE    OF    THE    MISSISSIPPI    RIVER. 


65 


Britain,  had  he  not  sold  it  to  the  United  States.  The  only  thing 
then  for  the  American  Commissioners  to  arrange,  was  to  fix 
the  price  to  be  paid.  Napoleon  wanted  125,000,000  francs  ;  but 
the  commissioners,  thinking  it  by  far  too  high,  offered  only 
50,000,000.  After  some  time  spent  in  consideration,  they  agreed, 
on  their  own  responsibility,  to  pay  80,000,000.  Their  course  was 
fully  approved  by  the  President  and  his  Cabinet,  and  confirmed 
by  the  Senate  of  the  United  States.  On  the  20th  of  December, 
1803,  the  Province  of  Louisiana  was  officially  delivered  over  to 
the  constituted  authorities  of  the  United  States.*  Thus  was  a 
vast  empire  Wvin  for  freedom,  without  sacrificing  a  drop  of  human 
blood. 

The  Spanish  Government  were  very  much  displeased  at  this 
transfer  of  Louisiana,  but  finally,  in  1804,  became  reconciled. 
Spain,  however,  still  retained  possession  of   Florida  till  1820, 
when  it  was  purchased  by  the  United  States.    Immediately  after 
the  United  States  obtained  possession  of  Louisiana,  it  was  formed 
into  a  territorial  government ;    not,  however,  on  quite  as  liberal 
principles   as  the   people  anticipated.     The  Governor  had   the 
appointment  of  the  Legislative  Council,  which  was  to  consist  of 
thirteen  of  the  ablest  men  in  the  Territory.     In  1811,  the  people 
were  authorized  by  Congress,  to  form  a  state  constitution ;  and 
in  1812,  Louisiana  was  admitted  into  the  Union,  with  full  privi- 
leges, as  a  sister  state  of  this  Great  Western  Republic.     In  1812, 
war  was  declared  between  England  and  the  United  States,  and 
the  British  Ministry  resolved,  if  possible,  to  possess  themselves 
of  Orleans,  and  thereby  control  the  entire  navigation  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi.    New  Orleans  was  in  imminent  danger  ;  the  city  was 
without  defenses,  and  the  Spaniards,  at  Mobile  and  Pensacola, 
were  ready  to  receive  a  British  army  with  open  arms.    This  state 
of  things,  was  repeatedly  urged  upon  the  consideration  of  the 
President  and  his  Cabinet,  but  nothing  was  done,  till  the  arrival 
of  General  Jackson,  in  the  autumn  of  1814,     Had  the  diff^erent 
passes  on  the  Gulf  been  properly  guarded,  and  forts  built,  as 
recommended  by  General  Wilkinson,  the  British  army  would 
never  have  found  their  way  to  the  "  Plains  of  Chalmette.^*     They 
would  have  gone  to  rest  beneath  the  waves  of  the  ocean,  without 
effecting  a  landing  on  the  coast.     But  this  was  not  the  case  ; 
Louisiana  was  soon   called  upon,  to  check  the   advance   of  a 
powerful  British  army,  who  adopted  for  their  watchword  "  Booty 
and  Beauty;"   an  army,  who  were  well  clothed,  and  provided 
with  everything  ;  while  her  own  feeble  little  band,  were  destitute 
of  almost  every  necessary  of  life.     And  had  it  not  been  for  the 

*  See  Americaa  State  Papers.    Also,  Martin's  Louisiana. 


-TI»'''*™"W"^*!W?)F''W'W'*«||f!WwjiPT(fi»;»^^ 


I 


Hi 


t', 


lii 


vn 


patriotism  of  the  ladies  of  New  Orleans,  who  supplied  the  army 
with  clothing,  they  must  all  have  perished  from  the  inclemency 
of  the  weather. 

On  the  12th  of  December,  1814,  the  British  fleet  made  their 
appearance  off  Cat  Island,  near  the  entrance  of  lake  Borgne. 
Commodore  Patterson  dispatched  a  flotilla  of  five  gun-boats,  to 
observe  the  movements  of  the  enemy,  and  oheck  if  possible,  his 
advance.  On  the  14th,  the  boats  were  attacked  by  a  superior 
force  of  forty-three  barges,  and  twelve  hundred  men,  and  after  a 
gallant  struggle  of  one  hour,  they  were  overpowered  and  com- 
pelled to  surrender.  In  this  engagement,  the  Americans  lost  but 
six  killed  and  thirty-five  wounded,  while  the  British  loss  could 
not  have  been  lestj  than  three  hundred  in  killed  and  wounded. 

General  Jackson,  on  reviewing  the  militia  and  defenses  of  the 
city,  found  that  there  were  a  large  number  of  persons  wandering 
about,  who  were  entirely  indifiTerent  as  to  the  final  issue  of  the 
coming  contest.  For  this,  and  other  reasons,  he  deemed  it  neces- 
sary to  proclaim  martial  law^  which  no  doubt  saved  the  city. 
This  measure  was  very  much  opposed  at  the  time.  Judge  Hall, 
an  Englishman  by  birth,  took  upon  himself  the  responsibility  to 
impose  upon  the  General,  after  the  battle,  a  fine  of  $1000,  in 
consequence  of  the  suspension  of  the  habeas  corpus  act.  The 
Judge  undertook  to  interfere  with  the  military  arrests,  and  Jack- 
son ordered  him  beyond  the  limits  of  the  camp.  This  fine,  which 
the  General  promptly  paid  from  his  own  resources,  viras  refunded 
by  Congress  with  interest,  a  short  time  before  his  death. 

On  the  22d,  a  division  of  the  British  army,  under  General 
Keane,  succeeded  in  passing  from  lake  Borgne  into  Bayou  Bien- 
venu,  which  extends  neariy  to  the  Mississippi,  by  the  aid  of  some 
Spanish  fishermen,  whom  they  employed  as  guides.  The  British., 
supposing  themselves  perfectly  secure,  and  that  the  whole  coun- 
try would  soon  fall  into  their  hands,  concluded  to  encamp  near 
the  banks  of  the  river.  The  American  general  determined  to 
attack  them  in  their  new  position.  He  accordingly  collected  his 
whole  force,  which  was  less  than  2,000,  and  marched  to  attack 
the  English,  who  were  not  less  than  3,000  strong.  The  schooner 
Caroline,  and  the  Louisiana,  were  sent  down  the  river,  with 
orders  to  commence  the  attack  when  the  proper  signal  should  be 
given.  The  action  commenced  at  half-past  seven  in  the  evening, 
by  a  heavy  discharge  of  grape  and  cannister,  which  was  the  first 
warning  the  enemy  had  of  the  ^proach  of  the  American  army. 
Jackson  commanded  here  in  person  ;  and  so  complete  was  the 
surprise  of  the  enemy,  that  hundreds  were  cut  down,  without 
even  an  opportunity  of  oflering  any  resistance.  The  British  lost 
near  four  hundred,  in  killed,  wounded,  and  prisoners. 


* 


-I 


ROUTE   OF    THE   MISSISSIPPI   RIVER. 


67 


General  Jackson  fell  back  within  five  or  six  miles  of  the  city; 
where  he  commenced  fortifying  himself  on  a  narrow  strip  of  land, 
lying  between  a  low  swamp  and  the  river.  The  General  deter- 
mined to  build  a  breastwork  of  cotton- bales  and  earth,  extending 
from  the  swamp  to  the  river,  a  distance  of  nearly  a  mile.  He 
accordingly  ordered  all  the  drays  and  wagons  in  the  city,  to  com- 
mence hauling  the  cotton  from  the  warehouses;  which  orders  they 
were  compelled  to  obey,  at  the  peril  of  their  lives.  The  front  of 
this  cotton  breastwork  was  protected  by  a  deep  ditch,  filled  with 
water.  On  the  28th,  a  skirmish  occurred  a  short  distance  from  the 
American  lines,  which  lasted  several  hours  ;  in  this  the  English 
lost  about  two  hundred  and  fifty,  and  the  Americans  only  seven.* 

The  British  army  under  Packingham,  encamped  near  the 
American  lines,  waiting  several  days  for  reinforcements.  The 
Americans  numbered  six  thousand,  and  the  British  fifteen  thou- 
sand. At  length  the  anxious  night  of  the  7th  hud  passed  away, 
and  the  dawn  of  the  glorious  8th,  had  just  shed  its  mellow  light 
on  the  extended  lines  of  the  two  reposing  armies.  Packingham, 
after  sending  eight  hundred  of  his  men,  under  Colonel  Thorton,  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  arranged  the  remainder  of  his  army 
into  two  divisions,  of  sixty  deep;  the  right  under  General  Gibbs, 
and  the  left  uit  ;dr  General  Keaue.  The  English  moved  slowly  to 
the  attack  ;  but  when  w.itiiiii  a  short  distance,  the  batteries  along 
the  American  lines  opened  upon  them  such  a  destructive  fire,  that 
their  ranks  were  broken  almost  as  fast  as  they  wore  closed  up. 
But  when  they  came  within  reach  of  the  muskets,  the  whole 
American  line  opened  upon  them  such  a  discharge  of  musketry, 
that  they  soon  retired  in  confusion  from  the  field.  Packingham 
was  killed  In  front  of  his  troops,  endeavoring  to  encourage  them 
by  his  presence.  The  officers  succeeded  in  bringing  the  troops 
to  a  second  attack,  but  this  was  even  more  disastrous  than  the 
first  They  soon  gave  way,  leaving  more  than  2,000  lying  on  the 
field.    The  American  loss  was  only  seven  killed  and  six  wounded. 

The  battle  of  New  Orleans,  one  of  the  most  important  in  the 
history  of  our  country,  was  the  closing  scene  of  the  war  of  1812. 
This  war  cost  the  United  States  near  $75,000,000,  and  the  lives 
of  several  thousand  of  her  best  troops.  The  loss  to  England  was 
immense  ;  in  her  Louisiana  campaign  alone,  she  lost  at  least  five 
thousand  men,  besides  a  very  large  amount  of  military  and  naval 
stores.  Notwithstanding  this  heavy  loss  of  the  United  States,  the 
war  of  1812  was  no  doubt  a  good  thing  for  the  country,  as  it 
gave  greater  security  to  our  commerce,  and  established  throughout 
the  world  a  name  and  influence  that  even  England  herself  fears. 

*  See  Breckenridge'  History  of  the  War. 


58 


ROUTE   OF   THE   MISSISSIPPI  RIVER. 


The  battle  of  New  Orleans,  was  fought  after  the  signing  of  the 
treaty  of  peace  ;  yet  both  parties  were  entirely  ignorant  of  it ;  as 
it  was  not  officially  known  in  New  Orleans,  till  the  middle  of  the 
following  February.  This  treaty  was  concluded  at  Ghent,  on  the 
24th  of  December,  by  John  Quincy  Adams,  James  A.  Bayard, 
Henry  Clay,  Jonathan  Russell,  and  Albert  Gallatin,  as  Envoys 
Extraordinary,  on  the  part  of  the  United  States  ;  and  Lord  Gam- 
bier,  Henry  Goulburn,  and  William  Adams,  on  the  part  of  Great 
Britain. 

Fort  St«  Eieon  is  on  the  Mississippi,  seventeen  miles  below 

New  Orleans. 

Eng^lish  Turn,  is  a  bend  in  the  river,  opposite  Fort  St. 
Leon.  It  is  the  point  where  the  English  vessels,  sent  to  explore 
and  take  possession  of  the  Mississippi,  met  the  French,  who 
informed  them  that  they  were  in  the  dominions  of  his  majesty, 
the  King  of  France,  and  unless  they  retreated,  the  large  force, 
which  they  alledged  was  but  a  short  distance  up  the  ri^'er,  would 
be  brought  against  them.  The  English  reluctantly  turned,  and 
sailed  down  the  river. 

Forts  St.  Philip  and  Jackson,  are  on  the  Missis- 
sippi, about  seventy  miles  below  New  Orleans.  It  was  the  design 
61  the  British  commander,  to  reduce  these  forb,  which  had  been 
previously  garrisoned  by  Jackson,  so  he  could  have  the  aid  of  the 
squadron  in  a  grand  attack  upon  New  Orleans.  But  the  squadron, 
which  consisted  of  two  bomb-vessels,  a  brig,  a  sloop,  and  a 
schooner,  all  well  manned,  did  not,  from  the  difficulties  of  navi- 
gation, arrive  before  Fort  St.  Phil«n  till  the  morning  of  the  9th 
of  January.  They  soon  commenced  a  tremendous  cannonade, 
which  was  answered  by  such  a  well-directed  fire  from  the  fort, 
that  the  vessels  were  compelled  to  fall  back  a  distance  of  two 
miles.  And  finally  on  the  18th  of  January,  after  trying  in  vain 
to  take  the  fort,  they  concluded  to  abandon  the  enterprise.  The 
fort  was  defended  by  less  than  four  hundred  men,  under  the 
command  of  Major  Overton. 

The  mouths  of  the  lUississlppl.— -We  have  now 
arrived  at  the  poini  where  this  mighty  river,  separating  into  a 
number  of  branches,  resembling  a  large  hand  with  extended 
fingers,  discharges  its  waters  into  the  Gulf.  The  sediment  which 
is  annually  deposited  here,  is  about  jt^jj  of  the  quantity  of  water 
by  weight.  This  affords  a  great  obstruction  to  navigation,  espe- 
cially in  low  water.  This  water  is  found,  by  actual  experiment, 
to  contain  carbonic  acid,  chlorine,  lime,  oxide  of  iron,  magnesia, 
soda,  and  several  other  substances,  which  are  the  canse  of  its 
deleterious  effects. 


:n 


r  of  the 
r  it ;  as 
)  of  the 

M    1 

ft 

1 


ROUT£S    ON   THR    GULF    OF   MEXICO. 


69 


The  North-east  Pass,  latitude  2SO  T  N.,  and  longitude  89°  10' 
W.,  is  the  principal  pass.  It  is  through  this  pass,  that  the  English 
fleet,  that  was  to  have  assisted  at  the  attack  on  New  Orleans, 
entered  the  river.  The  word  Balize,  means  a  level ;  at  the  mouth 
ot  the  pass,  there  is  a  small  settlement  of  pilots,  known  as  the 
Balize  settlement.  The  other  passes,  are  the  Outlet  Pass,  the 
South-east,  the  South,  the  South-west,  and  the  West. 

KOUTES  ON  THE  GULF  OF  MEXICO. 

A  brief  account  of  those  cities  adjacent  to  New  Orleans,  which 
are  connected  with  it,  by  regular  lines  of  steamers. 

JTIOlliley  Mobile  county,  Alabama,  is  situated  on  the  west 
side  of  Mobile  bay,  about  thirty  miles  from  the  sea,  and  one  hun- 
dred and  sixty-seven  from  New  Orleans.  It  is  the  commercial 
capital  of  the  State,  and  next  to  New  Orleans,  the  greatest  cotton 
market  in  the  Union —  320,000  bales  have  been  exported  in  a  sin- 
gle year.  The  situation  is  considered  very  healthy;  being  built 
on  a  plain,  that  rises  near  fifteen  fret  above  tide-water.  The 
breezes  from  the  sea,  render  the  atmosphere  pure,  which  together 
with  the  climate,  make  it  the  resort  of  great  numbers  of  invalids, 
from  various  parts  of  the  world.  The  city  is  supplied  with  water, 
brought  from  a  neighboring  hill,  and  distributed  through  the  town 
in  iron  pipes.  This  city  contains  a  naval  hospital,  city  hospital, 
four  banks,  a  theater.  Burton  Academy,  and  several  churches. 
There  is  a  railroad  in  progress,  from  this  place  to  the  mouth  of 
the  Ohio.  If  this  road  is  ever  completed,  it  will  throw  into 
Mobile  a  very  large  proportion  of  the  western  trade,  that  now 
goes  by  way  of  Orleans.  This  road  will  be  able  to  compete  with 
the  steam  navigation  of  the  Mississippi,  by  shortening  the  dis- 
tance, from  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio  to  the  Gulf,  near  five  hundred 
miles,  and  gaining  about  twenty  hours  in  time,  at  a  saving  of  five 
dollars  in  fare.*  About  two  railes  from  Mobile,  is  Spring  Hill 
College,  incorporated  in  183U,  which  has  a  president  and  twelve 
instructors,  one  hundred  students,  and  a  libraiy  of  four  thousand 
volumes.  Annual  commencement,  first  day  of  February.  Popu- 
Ittion  of  the  city,  73,000. 

•  The  Bay  of  Mobile,  is  the  outlet  of  one  of  the  most  prolific 
cotton-growing  regions  in  the  south.  At  present,  an  annual  pro- 
duct of  over  500,000  bales,  is  sent  through  this  bay  to  various 
European  markets.  The  value  of  this  product,  is  estimated  at 
$17,000,000.t 

Steamboats  arrive  and  depart  daily  for  New  Orleans,  by  way 
of  the  lakes  ;  fare,  on  regular  line  five  dollars;  in  other  boats,  four 


*  See  De  Bow's  Commercial  Review,  vol.  7,  p.  459.       f  Ibid.  p.  286. 


1 


60 


ROUTES    ON    THE    GULF    OF  MEXICO. 


dollars.  BoatR  run  also,  regularly  to  Montgomery,  on  the  Ala- 
bama river,  where  they  connect  with  the  cars  on  the  Montgomery 
and  West  Point  railroad.  The  fare  to  Montgomery  is  ten  dollars, 
and  the  time,  fifty  hours.  From  this  point,  there  Is  a  daily  line  of 
stages,  that  run  through  Greenville  and  La  Grange,  to  Griffin,  on 
the  Georgia  Central  Railroad,  a  distance  of  about  seventy-five  miles; 
this  road  connects  at  Atlantic,  with  the  Charleston  and  Georgia 
railroad.  The  distance  from  Charleston  to  Montgomery  is  five 
hundred  and  twenty  miles ;  fare,  $26.50,  and  time  fifty-three 
hours.  A  line  of  sailing  vessels  plies  regularly,  between  Mobile 
and  New  York. 

Notes. 

FORT  BOWYER  (Morgan)  that  oommands  the  entrance  of  the  bay  of  Mo- 
bile, is  built  upon  a  low,  sandy  point,  just  opposite  Dauphin  Island.  This 
fort  is  noted  as  being  the  place  where  the  retreating  British  army,  under 
Cockburn,  after  they  had  received  oflScial  intelligence  of  the  signing  of  the 
Treaty,  determined,  by  the  direction  of  their  unprincipled  commander,  to 
glut  their  vengeance  on  the  feeble  garrison,  of  three  hundred  men — which, 
but  a  few  months  before,  had  destroyed  a  large  amount  of  their  shipping. 
After  »  bonibardment  of  four  days,  they  were  compelled  to  surrender  to  the 
British  forces,  which  amounted  to  tweuty-five  sail,  and  five  thousand  troops. 

The  name  of  the  present  city  of  Mobile  was  derived  from  that  of  the  Indian 
town  of  Mauville,  which  was  situated  on  the  Alabama,  near  its  junction  with 
the  Tombigbee.  De  Soto,  of  whom  we  have  had  occasion  to  speak  in  a  former 
part  of  this  work,  during  his  wandering  through  the  southern  part  of  the 
United  States,  came,  in  1540,  to  the  border  of  the  territory  of  Tuscaluza,  a 
proud  and  warlike  chief.  This  chieftain  was  disposed  to  treat  the  Spaniards 
with  kindness,  and  render  them  all  the  assistance  in  his  power.  De  Soto, 
under  the  guise  of  friendship,  obtained  possession  of  his  person,  and  held  him 
a  close  prisoner,  during  his  march  through  the  country  over  which  he  pro- 
sided.  Tuscaluza  obtained  permission  to  dispatch  some  of  his  attendants  in 
advance  to  Manville,  in  order  to  make  preparations  for  the  arrival  of  his  dis- 
tinguished strangers.  But  these  preparations,  were  preparations  of  war. 
As  soon  as  they  learned  the  condition  of  their  chief,  the  warriors  of  his  own 
and  neighboring  tribes  collected  in  the  town  of  Manville,  there  to  awadt  the 
orders  of  their  cacique. 

De  Soto,  leaving  the  main  part  of  his  army  behind,  under  Moscoso,  pushed 
rapidly  on  to  Manville,  where  he  arrived  on  the  18th  of  October.  He  was 
met  by  a  large  party  of  warriors,  preceded  by  a  band  of  music,  and  conducted 
into  the  town.  De  Soto  found  it  a  strongly-fortified  place,  surrounded  by  a 
wall,  made  of  pickets,  with  but  two  gates — one  on  the  east  side,  and  one  on 
the  west;  the  houses  were  mere  sheds,  covered  with  reeds  and  straw.    After 


i  the  Ala- 
ntgomery 
en  dollars, 
aily  line  of 
Griffin,  on 
five  miles; 
d  Georgia 
?ry  is  five 
fifty- three 
eu  Mobile 


5  bay  of  Mo- 
land.  This 
rmy,  under 
ning  of  the 
mander,  to 
len — which, 
ir  shipping, 
nder  to  the 
and  troops. 

the  Indian 
notion  with 
in  a  former 
part  of  the 
Qscaluza,  u 
Spaniards 
De  Soto, 
Iheld  him 
ich  he  pre- 
sndants  in 
of  his  dis- 
IS  of  war. 
)f  his  own 
await  the 


10,  pushed 
He  was 
jonducted 
ided  by  a 
ad  one  on 
w.    After 


ROUTES    ON    THE    GULF    OP    MEXICX). 


TiT 


the  soldiers  had  been  supplied  comfortable  quarters,  Tuscaluza  informed  Dc 
Soto  that  he  wished  to  retire  a  short  distance,  to  make  further  preparations 
for  his  army.  But  he  was  making  preparations  for  himself.  Soon,  the  town 
was  filled  with  a  multitude  of  warriors ;  and  over  the  surrounding  plain,  as 
far  as  the  eye  could  reach,  nothing  could  be  seen,  but  one  vast  assemblage  of 
Indians.  Scarce  had  the  echo  of  the  warwhoop  died  on  the  ear,  than  th«' 
Spaniards  and  Indians  became  engaged  in  one  general  melee.  The  Spaniards, 
perceiving  that  the  Indians  had  the  advantage,  retreated  to  the  plain  without 
the  walls.  After  the  battle  had  raged  furiouaiy  up  and  down  the  plain  for 
several  hours,  the  Spaniards  determined  to  destroy  the  walls,  and  burn  the 
houses.  Soon  the  whole  town  was  one  sheet  of  fire.  Thousands  of  females 
and  children  were  consumed  in  the  houses  where  they  had  taken  shelter. 
This  was  a  critical  moment.  Had  it  not  been  for  the  arrival  of  the 
main  body  of  the  army,  the  Spaniards  would  certainly  have  lost  the  day. 
The  battle  now  began  with  renewed  fury,  and  ceased  only  with  the  set- 
ting sun  —  and  seldom  did  he  ever  set  on  a  more  desolate  scene.  The 
streets  of  the  town  were  blockaded  with  the  dead ;  the  houses  were  about 
ail  consumed,  and  with  them  the  clothing  and  baggage  of  Spaniards.  About 
fifty  of  the  Spaniards  had  been  killed,  all  of  them  more  or  less  wounded,  and 
seventeen  hundred  wounds  required  a  surgeon's  care.  The  plain  around  was 
strewed  with  more  than  twenty-five  hundred  Indian  bodies,  besides  those  who 
perished  by  the  flames  within  the  walls.  The  situation  of  the  Spaniards  was 
beyond  description  —  with  no  medicine,  no  food,  no  baggage,  and  not  even  a 
shed  to  protect  their  wounded  bodies  from  the  dampness  of  the  midnight  air, 
they  were  compelled  to  lie  down  upon  the  field  of  battle,  with  no  other  con- 
solation than  having  destroyed  a  populous  village  and  thousands  of  innocent 
lives.  ^ 

Pensacola«  Escambia  county,  Florida,  is  situated  on  Pen- 
sacola  Bay,  ten  miles  from  the  sea.  The  town  is  built  on  a  sandy 
plain,  about  forty  feet  above  the  waters  of  the  Bay.  It  is  regu- 
larly laid  out,  and  contains  a  court  house,  custom  house,  and  two 
public  squares.  Eight  miles  below  the  city,  there  is  a  United 
States'  Navy  Yard,  which  covers  eighty  acres  of  ground.  Popu- 
lation, 3,000. 

Stages  leave  three  times  a  week  for  Mobile,  Alabama,  and  Tal- 
lahassa,  Florida, 

Oalveston,  Texas,  is  the  most  important  city  in  the  State. 
It  is  situated  on  the  eastern  part  of  Galveston  Island,  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  Bay.  It  was  first  settled  in  1837,  since  which  time 
it  has  rapidly  increased  in  commerce  and  population.  It  contains 
a  large  number  of  stores  and  commission  houses,  four  cotton 
presses,  two  high  schools,  one  university,  and  six  churches.  It 
nas  an  excellent  harbor,  with  sufficient  depth  of  water  to  float  all 


62 


ROUTES    ON    THE    GULF    OF    MEXICO. 


ordinary  vessels,  and  is  by  far  the  most  flourisliing  place  in  tho 
State.    Population,  6,000. 

There  is  a  regular  line  of  steam  packets  running  weekly  to 
New  Orleans  ;  also,  a  daily  line  to  Houston,  eighty-five  miles  dis« 
tant.  Boats  are  constantly  running  to  the  Brazos,  Trinity,  and 
Sabine  rivers,  and  to  Corpus  Christi. 

Vera  Cruz,  capital  of  the  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico,  is 
situated  on  the  south-west  shore  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  19<^ 
12'  north  latitude,  and  96*^  9'  west  longitude,  and  has  an  average 
annual  temperature  of  77*^.  It  is  tlie  principal  seaport  of  Mexico, 
and  is  one  of  the  oldest  Spanish  towns  on  the  continent.  The 
present  city  of  Vera  Crut  was  founded  by  Count  de  Monterey, 
near  the  close  of  the  sixteenth  century,  and  is  situated  about  fif- 
teen miles  from  the  old  town  planted  in  1519,  by  Cortes,  who, 
guided  by  religious  superstition,  named  it  "  La  Villa  Vica,"  or, 
The  rich  town  of  the  true  Cross.  Before  approaching^  the  city, 
the  lofty  peak  of  Orizaba  comes  in  view,  with  its  cap  of  eternal 
snow,  rearing  its  hoad  far  above  the  region  of  the  drifting  clouds, 
which  hover  around  its  summit. 

The  city  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  the  streets  are  wide,  regular, 
well-paved,  and  lighted  by  two  hundred  and  thirty-two  lamps. 
Tho  houses  are  mostly  two  stories  high,  with  flat  roofs,  and  built 
of  submarine  stone,  obtained,  from  the  seashore.  The  red  and 
white  cupolas,  numerous  towers,  and  battlements,  ^>resent  u 
beautiful  appearance  when  viewed  from  the  sea.  Ti':  l.arbor  is 
very  insecure,  on  account  of  the  rocky  state  o  the  coast,  and 
the  severity  of  the  gales  that  prevail  here  during  a  large  portion 
of  the  year.  The  public  buildings  consist  of  hospitals,  churches 
and  convents,  and  a  custom  house,  all  remarkable  for  their  size 
and  solidity,  rather  than  for  their  architectural  beauty.  The  cli- 
mate of  the  city,  owing  to  the  reflected  heat  from  the  numerous 
sand  hills  without  the  walls,  and  the  scarcity  of  water,  is  ex- 
tremely unhealthy,  especially  to  foreigners.  It  is  perhaps  more 
subject  to  yellow  fever  than  any  other  place  on  the  coast. 

The  country  in  the  vicinity  of  Vera  Crr.z,  produces  everything 
in  abundance.  Cattle  roam  in  vast  numbers  over  the  plains, 
which,  when  properly  cultivated,  yield  annually  two  abundant 
crops  of  corn,  and  tropical  fruit  of  a  superior  quality.  The  table- 
lands vary  so  little  in  temperature,  that  they  will  produce  most  of 
the  grains  and  fruits  common  to  both  temperate  and  torrid  zones. 

Vera  Cruz  has  been  besieged  and  taken  near  ten  times — t>nce 
by  a  band  of  robbers — twice  by  the  independent  and  ministerial 
troops  —  three  or  four  times  by  the  Spaniards — once  by  the 
French — and  lastly  by  the  Americans,  under  General  Scott. 
The  castle  of  San  Juan  de  Ulloa  commands  the  entrance  of  the 


ROUTES    ON    THE    GULP   OF   MEXICO. 


63 


ilace  in  the 

weekly  to 
e  mileo  dis- 
'rinity,  and 

Mexico,  is 
[ico,  in  190 
an  average 
of  Mexico, 
lent.     The 

Monterey, 
i  about  fif- 
ortes,  wlio, 

VicA,"  or, 
T  the  city, 
•  of  eternal 
ing  clouds, 

ie,  regular, 
two  lamps. 

and  built 
le  red  and 
^jresent  u 
0  I- arbor  is 
coast,  and 
•ge  portion 
,  churches 

their  size 
The  cli- 
numerous 
ter,  is  ex- 
laps  more 
ist. 

jvery  thing 
le  plains, 

abundant 
The  table- 
^e  most  of 
rrid  zones, 
les — t)nce 
ninisterial 
;e  by  the 
iral  Scott, 
ice  of  the 


1 


harbor,  and  is  the  most  celebrated  fortress  in  America.  It  was 
commenced  in  1582,  on  a  smull  island  or  bar,  a  little  more  than 
one  thousand  yards  distant  from  tiie  town.  This  island  received 
the  name  of  Juan,  from  Junn  de  Grijalout  who  landed  here  pre- 
vious to  the  arrival  of  Cortes  upon  the  continent.  There  was  an 
Indian  temple  upon  this  island,  in  whicii  the  natives  offered  hu- 
man sacrifice  to  their  gods,  in  obedience  to  the  commands  of 
Acolhua,  one  of  their  kings,  whose  name  became  attached  to  the 
island,  and  was  soon  abbreviated  into  the  word  Ulloa.  The 
cost  of  this  great  work,  whoso  foundations,  buried  deep  in  the 
sea,  have  resisted  for  near  three  ciMituries  the  lashing  of  its  waves, 
and  the  fleets  of  the  most  powerful  nations,  is  estimated  at  forty 
millions  of  dollars.  The  fortress  is  made  of  Madrepora  Astrea,  a 
kind  of  coral  that  is  found  in  great  abundance  on  the  neighboring 
islands.  The  walls  are  from  four  to  five  yards  in  thickness,  with 
a  course  of  harder  stone  for  the  exterior.  There  are  seven  large 
cisterns  within  the  castle,  which  contain  ninety-three  thousand 
seven  hundred  atid  sixty-seven  cubic  feet  of  water.  Its  full 
equipment  of  artillery  pieces  is  three  hundred  and  sixty-seven. 

The  population  of  Vera  Cruz  is  15,000,  and  its  commerce,  very 
extensive.  Most  of  the  goods  for  the  interior  pass  through  this 
place.  It  is  connected  with  the  city  of  Mexico,  by  an  excellent 
road,  along  which  stages  and  merchandise  are  constantly  passing. 
A  regular  communication  is  kept  up  by  sea,  with  the  various 
United  States  and  European  ports.  British  steamers  on  their 
way  to  Vera  Cruz,  usually  arrive  at  ship  island  on  the  21st  or 
22d  of  each  month. 

Cliag^res  and  Panama,  situated  in  the  republic  of 
New  Greneda,  on  opposite  sides  of  the  Isthmus  of  Darien,  are, 
from  the  great  amount  of  travel  to  California,  fast  becoming  im- 
portant places.  Chagres  is  on  the  Chagres  river,  seven  miles 
from  its  mouth,  and  is  the  landing  place  of  all  those  who  are 
going  to  California,  by  way  of  the  Isthmus.  The  Chagres  river 
is  navigable  as  far  as  Cruzes,  which  is  but  fifteen  miles  from 
Panama.  The  passage  across  the  Isthmus  is  usually  performed 
on  mules,  and  during  the  rainy  season  is  extremely  difficult. 
The  climate  is  very  unhealthy,  and  few  foreigners  think  of  re- 
maining long  in  the  place. 

Panama,  on  the  bay  of  Panama,  Pacific  coast,  is  a  fortified 
town,  having  considerable  trade. 

The  population  of  Chagres  is  2,000,  and  of  Panama  10,000. 

The  price  of  passage  from  New  York  to  Chagres,  varies  from 
$50,  to  $150.  From  Chagres  to  Panama,  with  two  hundred 
pounds  of  baggage,  it  is  about  $10.  From  Panama  to  San 
Francisco,  $150  to    $300,  according  to   the  accommodations. 


atr 


Iririgi 


i 


li' 


is. 


•(^ 


i^ 


t  .• 


» 


« 


Through  tickets  can  be  obtained  in  New  York  and  Philadelphia 
for  $200,  (steeragCi)  and  $400,  (cabin,)  in  the  regular  Uno  of 
steamers. 

Havana,  the  capital  of  the  island  of  Cuba,  is  situated  in 
the  north-western  part  of  the  island,  in  23^  9'  north  latitude,  and 
82^  23'  west  longitudo.  This  city  has  one  of  the  most  secure  and 
commodious  harbor^  in  the  world.  Its  entrance  is  through  a 
small  channel,  admitting  but  a  single  ship  ;  but  within  the  basin 
it  will  contain  a  thousand  ships.  The  harbor  is  sheltered  from 
the  wind  by  the  surrounding  hights,  and  the  channel  which 
communicates  with  the  sea,  is  eight  or  ten  fathoms  deep.  On 
the  hills  opposite  the  city,  there  is  a  continuous  row  of  forts, 
from  whose  outer  parapet,  elevuted  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea,  a  beautiful  view  of  the  city  and  its 
environs  can  be  obtained.  These  works  are  said  to  have  cost 
forty  millions  of  dollars. 

The  greatest  object  of  attraction  in  Havana,  is  the  cathedral. 
It  is  situated  in  the  oldest  part  of  the  city,  near  the  entrance  of 
ths  port.  ExternoUv,  it  presents  nothing  attractive.  It  is  built 
of  coral  rock  of  a  yelloi/ish  color,  which  gives  it  an  appearance  of 
great  age.  The  interior  is  adorned  with  paintings  and  the  shrines 
of  saints.  The  windows  being  small  and  near  the  ceiling,  ad- 
mit but  little  light,  giving  the  whole  interior  the  appearance 
of  a  place  of  great  solemnity.  In  this  cathedral  arc  deposited 
the  remains  of  Columbus,  who  gave  a  new  continent  to  the 
world.  His  bones  rest  on^the  right  hand  of  the  altar,  in  a  small 
recess  in  the  wall.  On  the  left  hand  side  of  the  altar  hangs  the 
pdintiig  which  was  the  constant  companion  of  Columbus  during 
his  eventful  voyages.  Columbus  died  at  Valladolid,  May  20th, 
1506,  and  his  body  was  deposited  in  the  Convent  of  St.  Francisco. 
In  1513,  his  remains,  and  those  of  his  son,  were  removed  to 
Seville-  In  1536,  they  were  removed  to  Hispaniola,  where  they 
remained  till  1795.  His  remains  were  then  collected  and  carried 
in  great  pomp  to  Havana,  where  they  now  rest. 

Moro  and  Punta  castles  are  very  strong  works,  but  they  yielded 
to  the  English  in  1762,  whc  captured  nine  vessels,  and  goods  to 
the  amount  of  £3,000,000.  The  arsenal  and  dockyard  are  also 
on  a  grand  scale.  The  city,  when  viewed  Irom  a  distance,  pre- 
sents a  most  beautiful  appearance.  Its  numerous  churches,  with 
their  lofty  spires  pointing  upward  to  the  heaven  they  profess  to 
iove  —  its  beautiful  gardens,  ornaaiented  with  all  the  beauties  of 
tropical  climes  —  and  its  numerous  beautiful  and  costly  mansions 
all  conspire  to  impress  the  mind  with  the  idea  of  its  wealth  and 
magnificence.  But  when  one  wanders  for  a  short  time  about  the 
t^.vn,  thes^  visions  of  beauty  soon,  in  a  great  measure,  fade 


Philadelphia 
liar  line  of 

situated  in 
atitude,  and 
t  secure  and 

through  a 
in  the  basin 
altered  from 
nnel  which 

deep.  On 
BW  of  forts, 
nd  fifty  feet 
city  and  its 

0  have  cost 

e  cathedral, 
entrance  of 
It  is  built 
•pearance  of 
i  the  shrines 
ceiling,  ad- 
appearance 
iro  deposited 
nent  to  the 
r,  in  a  small 
ar  hangs  the 
nbus  during 
I,  May  20th, 
t.  Francisco, 
removed  to 
,  where  they 
and  carried 

they  yielded 
ind  goods  to 
ard  are  also 
istance,  pre- 
urches,  with 
ey  profess  to 

1  beauties  of 
tly  mansions 
s  wealth  and 
ne  about  the 
easure,  fade 


BOUTBS  ON  THE  GULF  OF  MEXICO. 


65 


away,  as  the  abodes  of  the  poor  present  a  striking  contrast  with 
the  palaces  of  the  rich.  The  streets  are  narrow  and  poorly 
paved.  The  commerce,  which  is  considerable,  consists  mostly  of 
sugar,  and  tropical  fruits.  Population,  140,000.  Vessels  run 
regular  to  New  Orleans,  and  most  of  the  Atlantic  ports.  Also, 
to  all  the  important  seaports  of  Europe. 


STEAMBOAT,  RAILROAD,  AND  STAGE  ROUTES. 

ROUTES  FROM  THE  PRINCIPAL  PLACES  ON  OR  NEAR 
THE  MISSISSIPPI,  AND  GULF  OF  MEXICO,  TO  VA- 
RIOUS POINTS  IN  THE  INTERIOR,  W^ITH  THEIR 
INTERMEDIATE  DISTANCES. 

Front  Dubuke  to  Davenport f  hy  Stage. 

Distance  to  Andrew,  27  miles  ;  to  De  Witt,  26  miles  ;  to  Daven- 
port, 21  miles.     Total  distance  to  Davenport,  74  miles. 

From  Galena  to  Chicago,  hy  Stage, 

Distance  to  Elizabeth,  15  miles  ;  to  Burr-oak  Grove,  18  miles  ; 
to  Freeport,  13  miles  ;  to  Silver  Creek,  6  miles  ;  to  Vanceburgh, 
9  miles  ;  to  Rockford,  12  miles  ;  to  Cleveland,  7  miles  ;  to  Belvi- 
dere,  7  miles ;  to  Amesville,  7  miles ;  to  Marengo,  5  miles ;  to 
Coral,  4  miles  ;  to  Hampshire,  6  miles ;  to  Udina,  8  miles ;  to 
Elgin,  6  miles ;  to  Bloomingdak ,  12  miles ;  to  Cazenovia,  13 
miles  ;  to  Chicago,  12  miles.  Total  distance  to  Chicago,  160  miles. 
Daily  lines,  fare  $8.  The  Galena  and  Chicago  Railroad  is  now 
in  operation  between  Elgin  and  Chicago,  a  distance  of  about 
forty  miles. 

From  the  mouth  of  the  Illinois  to  Chicago. 

Distance  to  Montezuma,  5  miles  ;  to  Augusta,  10  miles ;  to 
Naples,  8  miles ;  to  Meradosha,  16  miles  ;  to  Beardstown,  33 
miles;  to  Havana,  31  miles;  to  Pekin,  9  miles;  to  Peoria,  15 
miles ;  to  Rome,  13  miles ;  to  Lacon,  17  miles  ;  to  Hennepin, 
15  miles  ;  to  Peru,  5  miles  ;  total  distance  by  the  river  to  Peru, 
202  miles.  By  the  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal  from  Peru  to 
La  Salle,  2  miles  ;  to  Utica,  4  miles ;  to  Ottawa,  9  miles  ;  to 
Marseilles,  8  miles;  to  Clarkson,  12  miles  -.  to  Morristina,  4  miles; 
to  Dresden,  9  miles  ;  to  Dupage  River,  4  miles ;  to  Joliet,  10 
miles ;   to  Lockport,  6  miles ;   to  Keepotaw,  5  miles ;    to  Des 


,yi.n  'III  in  m  I 


■iHii 


I 

i 


M 


66 


STEAMBOAT,    RAILROAD,    AND    STAGE   ROUTES. 


Plaines,  5  miles  ;  to  Summit,  10  miles;  to  Caniielport,  8  miles; 
to  Chicago,  4  miles.  Total  distance  to  Chicago,  100  miles. 
Wliolo  distance  from  the  mouth  of  the  Illinois  river,  302  milts 

From  St.  Louis  to  Springfield  and  Indianapolis^  by  Stage. 

Distance  to  Edwardsville,  21  miles  ;  to  Paddock's  Grove,  10 
miles;  to. Bunker  Hill,  5  miles;  to  Carlinville,  19  miles;  to 
Girard,  13  miles  ;  to  Auburn,  11  miles  ;  to  Springfield,  17  miles ; 
total  distance  to  Springfield,  96  miles.  Via  Terre  Haute.-— 'Yq 
Rochester,  10  miles;  to  Taylorsville,  16  miles  ;  to  Shelbyvillo, 
30  miles  ;  to  Cochran's  Grove,  11  miles  ;  to  Paradise,  8  miles; 
to  Bethsaida,  7  miles ;  to  Charleston,  8  miles  ;  to  Hitesville,  12 
miles  ;  to  Grand  View,  G  miles  ;  to  Paris,  12  miles  ;  to  New  Mar- 
ket, 12  miles  ;  to  Terre  Haute,  10  miles  ;  total  distance  to  Terre 
Haute,  142  miles.  To  Van  Buren,  12  miles ;  to  Harmony,  7 
miles  ;  to  Manhattan,  8  miles  ;  to  Putmanville,  4  miles  ;  to  Mount 
Meridian,  6  miles  ;  to  Stilesville,  8  miles  ;  to  Belleville,  8  miles  ; 
to  Plainfield,  5  miles  ;  to  Bridgeport,  6  miles  ;  to  Indianapolis, 
9  miles ;  total  distance  to  Indianapolis,  73  miles.  Whole  dis- 
tance from  St.  Louis  to  Indianapolis,  311  miles.  From  this 
point,  the  Ohio  river  can  be  reached  by  the  Indianapolis  and 
Madison  Railroad;  distance*  86  miles — fare,  $2.50.  For  interme- 
diate places  on  this  road,  see  page  223. 

For  routes  on  the  Missouri  river,  see  page  175,  and  on  the  Ohio 
river,  see  page  84. 

Froftn  St.  I^ouis  to  Buffalo ,  via  Sandusky. 

Distance  (by  steamboat)  to  ttie  mouth  of  the  Ohio,  172  miles  ; 
to  Cincinnati,  506  miles;  to  Sandusky,  (by  Little  Miami  and  Mad 
River  Railroad,  (see  page  222  for  intermediate  places  on  these 
roads,)  218  miles  ;  to  Buffalo,  (by  steamboat,  on  Lake  Erie,)  249 
miles.  Whole  distance  to  Buffalo,  1147  miles.  The  fare  from  St. 
Louis  to  Cincinnati,  is  $6,  and  from  Cincinnati  to  BuflTalo,  $10.00. 

From  Columbus  Ky.  to  Lexington,  by  Stage. 

Distance  to  Milburn,  8  miles;  to  Mayfield,  21  miles;  to  Wades- 
borough,  20  miles  ;  to  Aurora,  12  miles  ;  to  Canton,  8  miles  ;  to 
Cadiz,  9  miles  ;  to  Bellevue,  12  miles ;  to  Hopkinsville,  10  miles; 
to  Elkton,  20  miles;  to  Russelviile,  15  miles;  to  South  Union, 
14  miles;  to  Bowling  Green,  14  miles;  to  Dripping  Spring,  14 
miles;  to  Three  Forks,  (near  Mammoth  Cave,)  8  miles  ;  to  Glas- 
gow, 10  miles  ;  to  Blue  Spring  Qrove,  12  miles  ;  to  Monroe,  17 
miles  ;  to  Greensburgh,  6  miles  ;  to  Campbellsviile,  12  miles  ;  to 
New  Market,  12  miles  ;  to  Lebanon,  6  miles ;  to  Perryville,  18 
miles  ;  to  Harrodsburgh,  10  miles;  to  Shawnee  Run,  7  miles;  to 


IF 


i>Mi 


IJTES. 


>ort,  8  miles ; 
),  100  miles, 
er,  302  miles 

by  Stage. 

t's  Grove,  10 

19  miles ;   to 

jid,  17  miles ; 

e  Haute.— To 

►  Shelbyville, 

Use,  8  miles ; 

Hitesville,  12 

to  New  Mar- 

nce  to  Terre 

Harmony,  7 

es ;  to  Mount 

'ille,  8  miles ; 

Indianapolis, 

Whole  dis- 

From   this 

ianapolis  and 

For  interme- 

d  on  the  Ohio 


r. 

0,  172  miles  ; 
iami  and  Mad 
ces  on  these 
ke  Erie,)  249 

fare  from  St. 
LifTulo,  $10.0U. 

je. 

Ds;  toWades- 

1,  8  miles  ;  to 
ille,  10  miles; 
South  Union, 
ng  Spring,  14 
lies  ;  to  Gias- 

Monroe,  17 

12  miles ;  to 

Perry  ville,  18 

D,  7  miles;  to 


Mm 


STEAMBOAT,    RAILROAD,    AND    STAGE   ROUTES.  67 


Nicholasville,  12  miles  ;  to  Lexington,  12  miles.     Total  distance 
to  Lexington,  319  miles. 

From  Columbus  to  NaskviUef  Tenn> 

Distance  to  Clinton,  12  miles;  to  Feliciana,  11  miles;  to 
Boydsville,  IG  miles;  to  Paris,  20  miles;  to  Sandy  Hill,  12  miles; 
to  Reuoldsburg,  19  miles ;  to  Waverly,  9  miles ;  to  Batsons,  12 
miles  ;  to  Charlott,  10  miles ;  to  Chesnut  Grove,  22  miles ;  to 
Nashville,  18  miles  ;  total  distance  to  Nashville,  161  miles. 

From  Memphis  to  Charleston^  S.  C 

Distance  (by  stage,)  to  North  Mount  Pleasant,  38  miles ;  to 
Holly  Springs,  17  miles  ;  to  Ripley,  28  miles;  to  Jacinto,  Miss., 
32  miles;  to  Tuscumbia,  56  miles;  to  Decatur,  (by  railroad,)  43 
miles  ;  to  Gunter's  Landing,  (by  steamboat  on  the  Tennessee 
river,)  60  miles  ;  to  Van  Buren,  (by  stage,)  29  miles  ;  to  Gayles- 
ville,  22  miles  ;  to  Rome,  32  miles  ;  to  Kingston,  16  miles ;  to 
Augusta,  (by  Georgia  R,  R.,  see  R.  R,  Guide,)  231  miles;  (pas- 
sengers now  cross  the  Savannah  river,  where  omnibuses  are  in 
waiting,  to  convey  them  to  the  depot  of  the  Charleston  Railroad 
at  Hamburgh.  For  routes  on  this  road,  see  R.  R.  G.)  Distance 
from  Hamburgh  to  Charleston,  136  miles  ;  whole  distance  from 
Memphis  to  Charleston,  740  miles. 

From  Memphis  to  Little  Rock. 

Distance  to  Marion  10  miles;  to  St.  Francisville,  30  miles;  to 
Clarendon,  50  miles  ;  to  Little  Rock,  65  miles  ;  total  distance  155 
miles.  The  distance  from  Little  Rock  to  Hot  Springs,  is  as  fol- 
lows :  to  Collegeville,  15  miles  ;  to  Caldwellton,  9  miles ;  to 
Owensville,  9  miles  ;  to  Whittington,  8  miles  ;  to  Hot  Springs,  12 
miles  ;  total  distance  from  Little  Rock,  53  miles. 

The  Hot  Springs  are  situated  near  the  Washita  River.  These 
Springs,  on  account  of  the  medicinal  quality  of  their  waters,  are 
fast  becoming  a  place  of  fashionable  resort,  as  well  as  the  abode 
of  invalids.  The  waters  are  said  to  be  excellent  for  scrofula, 
rheumatism,  and  other  chronic  diseases ;  but  it  is  extremely 
doubtful,  whether  diseases,  that  have  baffled  the  skill  of  the  most 
eminent  physicians,  are  speedily  cured  by  a  few  draughts  from  a 
spring  v/hose  waters  often  require  all  the  resolution  of  well  men 
to  retain.  It  is  not  for  one  moment  to  be  doubted,  but  that  an 
absence  from  drug  stores  and  a  residence  of  a  few  months  in  the 
country  contribute  greatly  to  the  restoration  of  health.  Visitors 
will  find  here  a  good  hotel ;  the  proprietor  Mr.  Mitchel,  having 
every  arrangement  for  the  accommodation  of  invalids,  in  botli 
summer  and  winter.  Board,  $25  per  month,  $8  per  week,  $1.50 
per  day. 


I 


^ 


,  I 


68  STEAMBOAT,    RAILROAD,    AND   STAGS  ROUTES. 


A  line  of  stages  run  twice  a  week,  Monday  and  Friday  morn- 
ings, from  Little  Rock  to  the  Springs,  a  distance  of  53  miles. 

From  Vicksburgh  to  Jackson,  by  Railroad, 

Distance  to  Montalban,  6  miles ;  to  Bovina,  3  miles ;  to  Ed- 
wards, 8  miles ;  to  Boltons,  9  miles  ;  to  Clinton,  10  miles ;  to 
Jackson,  10  miles;  whole  distance  to  Jackson,  46  miles.    Fare  $2. 

Jackson,  Hinds  county,  Mississippi,  is  on  the  west  side  of  Pearl 
river,  which  is  navigable  for  boats  to  this  place.  It  is  built  on  a 
level  plain,  about  half  a  mile  square,  and  is  regularly  laid  out.  It 
contains  an  elegant  state  house,  a  United  States'  land  office,  a 
bank,  four  churches,  four  printing  offices,  several  schools,  and 
Centenary  college.   Population,  3,CK)0. 

Cars  leave  daily  for  Vicksburgh,  and  stages  for  Natchez,  by 
way  of  Newtown,  Line  Store,  Gallatin,  Reid*8  Store,  Malcolm, 
Hamburgh,  and  Washington. 

From  Natchez  to  Georgetown,  on  Pearl  river,  by  Stage. 

Distance  to  Washingt'>n,  6  miles  ;  to  Hamburgh,  10  miles  ;  to 
Malcolm,  10  miles ;  to  Reid's  store,  19  miles ;  to  Gallatin,  15 
miles ;  to  Georgetown,  on  Pearl  river,  18  miles  ;  total  distance, 
138  miles. 

From  New  Orleans  to  Natchez,  by  Railroad  and  Stage. 

Distance  (by  stage)  to  Red  church,  18  miles  ;  to  Bonnet  Quare, 
20  miles ;  to  Bringer's,  22  miles  ;  opposite  Donaldsonville,  15 
miles ;  to  Iberville,  20  miles ;  to  Manchac,  10  miles ;  to  Baton 
Rouge,  11  miles;  to  Mount  Willing,  32  miles;  to  St.  Francis- 
ville,  13  miles ;  to  Woodville,  (by  railroad,)  28  miles ;  to  Cold 
Spring,  (by  stage,)  15  miles  ;  to  Natchez,  22  miles ;  whole  dis- 
tance to  Natchez,  226  miles. 

From  New  Orleans  to  Washington. 

Distance  to  Mobile  (by steamboat,)  167  miles;  to  Montgom- 
ery, (by  stage,)  212  miles;  to  West  Point,  (by  railroad,)  88  miles  ; 
to  Covington,  (by  stage,)  117  miles  ;  to  Charleston,  (by  railroad,) 
269  miles  ;  to  Wilmington,  (by  steamboat,)  158  miles  ;  to  Frede- 
ricksbur^h,  (by  railrosS,)  323  miles  ;  to  Washington,  (by  steam- 
boat,) 42  miles.    Total  distance  to  Washington,  1377  miles. 

From  New  Orleans  to  Mobile,  by  Railroad  and  Steamboat. 

Distance  to  Lakeport,  on  lake  Pontchartrain,  (by  railroad,)  6 
miles  ;  by  steamboat  to  Point  aux  Herbes,  15  miles  ;  to  Fort  Co- 
quilles,  7  miles  ;  to  Lake  Borgne,  11  miles ;  to  Grand  Island,  9 
miles  ;  to  St.  Joseph's  Island,  4  miles  ;  to  West  Marianne,  5 
miles ;  to  East  Marianne,  5  miles ;  to  Cat  Island,  11  miles ;  to 


:£S. 


-iday  morn- 
3  miles. 


lies ;  to  Ed- 
0  miles ;  to 
s.    Fare  $2. 

}ide  of  Pearl 
is  built  on  a 
laid  out.  It 
ind  office,  a 
schools,  and 

Natchez,  by 
re,  Malcolm, 


Stage. 

10  miles ;  to 

Gallatin,  15 

otal  distance, 

d  Stage. 

ionnet  Quare, 
Idsonville,  15 
es  ;  to  Baton 
St.  Francis- 
iles ;  to  Cold 
I ;  whole  dis- 


to  Montgom- 
ad,)  88  miles ; 
(by  railroad,) 
es  ;  to  Frede- 
in,  (by  steam- 
177  miles. 

Steamboat. 

jy  railroad,)  6 
;  to  Fort  Co- 
rand  Island,  9 
Marianne,  5 
11  miles :  to 


1 


J 


STEAMBOAT,   RAILROAD,    AND   STAGE   ROUTES. 


69 


Mississippi  city,  11  miles  ;  to  Fascagoula,  28  miles  ;  to  Potersville, 
13  miles  ;  to  Cedar  Point,  12  miles  ;  to  Mobile,  30  miles ;  whole 
distance  to  Mobile,  167  miles.    Fare  $5.  tbi 

From  New  Orleans  to  Covington. 

By  railroad  to  Lakeport,  thence  by  steamboat  to  Madisonville, 
on  the  opposite  side  of  Lake  Pontchartrain,  33  miles  ;  thence  to 
Covington,  8  miles ;  whole  distance,  47  miles 

From  New  Orleans  to  Galveston,  by  Steamboat 

Distance  to  English  Turn,  12  miles;  to  Poverty  Point,  23  miles; 
to  Fort  St.  Philip,  37  miles  ;  to  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi,  33 
miles ;  to  Galveston,  345  miles ;  whole  distance  to  Galveston, 
450  miles. 

From  Galveston  to  Austin,  by  Stage. 

Distance  to  Houston,  80  miles ;  to  San  Felipe  de  Austin,  55 
miles  ;  to  Rutersville,  42  miles  ;  to  La  Grange,  5  miles  ;  to  Bas- 
trop, 40  miles  ;  to  Austin,  33  miles  ;  whole  distance  to  Austin, 
225  miles. 

From  Mobile  to  Montgomery,  by  Steamboat. 

Distance  to  Fort  St.  Philip,  29  miles  ;  to  the  mouth  of  Tom- 
bigbee.  23  miles ;  to  Gosport,  60  miles  ;  to  Claiborn,  6  miles  ;  to 
Lower  Peach  Tree  Landing,  29  miles;  to  Upper  Peach  Tree  Land- 
ing, 30  miles;  to  Canton,  19  miles;  to  Portland,  20  miles;  to  Caha- 
ba,  23  miles  ;  to  Selina,  16  miles;  to  Benton,  28  miles;  to  Vernon, 
22  miles  ;  to  Washington,  19  miles  ;  to  Montgomery,  12  miles  ; 
whole  distance  to  Montgomery,  327  miles.  | 

From  Mobile  to  Columbus,  on  the  Tombigbee,  by  Steamboat. 

Distance  to  the  mouth  of  the  Tombigbee,  43  miles  ;  to  Jackson 
45  miles  ;  to  St.  Stephens,  8  miles  ;  to  CofFeevillc,  26  miles ;  to 
Wood's  Bluff,  20  miles  ;  to  Moscow,  66  miles  ;  to  BlufFport,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Black  Warrior,  14  miles  ;  to  Jones'  Bluff,  42 
miles  ;  to  Gainesville,  16  miles  ;  to  Hebron,  10  miles  ;  to  Vienna, 
15  miles;  to  Pickensville,  33  miles;  to  Nashville,  9  miles;  to 
Columbus,  20  miles.  Whole  distance  to  Columbus,  Mississippi, 
367  miles. 

From  Pensacola  to  Tallahassee,  by  Stage, 

Distance  to  Florida  Town,  15  miles  ;  to  Milton,  7  miles ;  to 
Almirante,  38  miles  ;  to  Geneva,  44  miles  ;  to  Campbelltown,  24 
miles  ;  to  Webbville,  13  miles ;  to  Marianna,  13  miles  ;  to  Chat- 
tahoochee, 24  miles;  to  Quincy,  18  miles  ;  to  Salubrity,  9  miles; 
to  Tallahassee,  13  miles;  whole  distance  to  Tallahassee,  218  miles. 

Stages  run  from  Pensacola  to  Blakeley,  on  the  east  side  of 
Mobile  Bay,  a  distance  of  50  miles. 


II  , 


*<;'■ 


■^^ 


I 


I 


Frmn  Chagrea  to  New  York,  hy  Steamer. 
Distance  to  Havana,  1,048  miles;  to  Charleston  Bay,  646  miles; 
to  Sandy  Hook,  614  miles;  to  Now  York,  12  miles;  total  distance 
to  New  York,  2,320  miles. 

From  Chagrea  to  San  Francisco. 

Distance  to  Gorgona,  (by  mules,)  36  miles ;  to  Panama,  20 
miles;  to  Acapulco,  (by  steamer,)  1,000  miles;  to  Mazatlan,  1,000 
miles;  to  San  Diego,  1,000  miles;  to  Monterey,  420  miles;  to 
San  Francisco,  80  miles ;  whole  distance  to  San  Francisco, 
5,876  miles. 


ROUTES  EAST  OF  PITTSBTJRQ. 

A  DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  MOST  IMPORTANT  PLACES 
AND  ROUTES,  EAST  OF  PITTSBURG. 

Tht:.^  monongahela  River* 

The  Monongahela  rises  in  Randolph  county,  Virginia,  and 
after  a  northern  course  of  three  hundred  miles,  unites  with  the 
Allegheny  at  Pittsburg.  It  is  navigable  for  steamboats,  as  far  as 
Brownsville,  sixty  miles  above  Pittsburg;  and  for  keelboats,  near 
two  hundred  miles  from  its  mouth.  Its  principal  branches  are 
the  Cheat  and  Youghiogeny  rivers.  Large  quantities  of  excellent 
coal  are  annually  brought  down  this  river,  and  shipped  to  various 
points  on  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  rivers.  The  navigation  of  this 
river  has  been  greatly  improved  and  made  permanent,  by  the 
erection  of  eight  or  ten  substantial  locks,  between  Brownsville 
and  Pittsburgh.     Boats  now  run  daily  to  the  latter  place. 

Clarksburg;,  county  seat  of  Harrison  county,  Virginia,  is 
situated  on  the  west  fork  of  the  Monongahela,  seventy  miles  from 
the  Ohio  river.  The  town  stands  on  a  small  piece  of  elevated 
land,  surrounded  by  a  few  small  hills,  while  Elk  Creek  flows 
gently  through  the  town,  imparting  its  beauties  to  the  scene. 
There  are  excellent  coal  mines  in  the  vicinity  of  this  place,  which 
yield  a  large  amount  of  coal.  Iron  and  salt  are  also  found  to  some 
extent,  ft  is  a  flourishing  place,  and  contains  several  large 
mercantile  houses,  four  churches,  two  academies,  and  two  printing 
oflices.     Population  2,500. 

Fairmont,  capital  of  Marion  county,  Virginia,  is  situated 
on  the  Monongahela,  twenty-two  miles  north   of  Clarksburg. 


DES. 


,  646  miles; 
>tal  distance 


Panama,  20 

latlan,  1,000 

20  miles ;  to 

Francisco, 


T  PLACES 
IG. 


/^irginia,  and 
ites  with  the 
»ats,  as  far  as 
selboats,  near 
aranches  are 
3  of  excellent 
led  to  various 
oration  of  this 
nent,  by  the 

Brownsville 
(lace. 

y  Virginia,  is 
ty  miles  from 
e  of  elevated 

Creek  flows 
to  the  scene. 
I  place,  which 
bund  to  some 
several  large 
I  two  printing 

ia,  is  situated 
■   Clarksburg. 


ROUTES    EAST    OF   PITTSBURG. 


^1 


The  town  was  incorporated  in  1820,  and  is  now  a  very  flour- 
ishing village.  It  contains  a  number  of  stores,  four  churches, 
several  mills,  and  150  dwellings.  The  surrounding  country  is 
hilly,  and  the  soil  productive.  The  forests  are  filled  with  excel- 
lent timber,  and  the  earth  is  well  stored  with  iron  and  coal,  which 
are  largely  exported.    Population,  700. 

Palatine,  Marion  county,  is  on  the  Monongahela  river,  just 
opposite  Fairmont.  It  is  a  thriving  village,  containing  ten  stores, 
several  mills,  and  100  dwellings.    Population,  400. 

Morg^antourn,  county  seat  of  Monongalia  county,  is  a 
flourishing  and  wealthy  village,  situated  on  the  Monongahela, 
about  sixty  miles  south  of  Pittsburg.  The  town  was  laid  out  on 
the  lands  of  Zaquell  Morgan,  in  I7d5.  It  contains  a  number  of 
stores  and  mills,  two  printing  offices,  one  academy,  four  churches, 
and  250  dwellings.  The  surrounding  country  is  very  fertile,  and 
abounds  in  coal  and  iron.  About  five  miles  from  Morgantown, 
on  the  road  to  Clarksburgh,  there  is  a  large  rock,  about  150  feet 
by  50,  which  contains  numerous  engravings  of  animals,well  execu- 
ted; the  history  of  this  curiosity  is  unknown.    Population,  1,000. 

WeiV  Oeneva,  Fayette  county,  Pennsylvania,  is  pleasantly 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Monongahela,  at  the  mouth  of 
George's  creek.  It  contains  about  100  dwellings,  a  large  steam 
flour  mill,  and  a  glass  factory. 

This  place  derives  its  name  from  Geneva  in  Switzerland,  the 
birthplace  of  Albert  Gallatin,  who  many  years  ago,  in  com- 
pany with  a  Mr.  Nicholson,  and  the  Messrs.  Kramer,  established 
the  glass  works  at  this  place.  Mr.  Gallatin  lived  for  many  years, 
in  a  log  cabin  near  the  river;  but  after  he  was  called  to  take  part 
in  the  affairs  of  his  adopted  country,  he  built  an  elegant  mansion 
on  the  high  grounds,  about  two  miles  above  Geneva. 

The  life  of  the  Hon.  Albert  Gallatin,  is  interesting  and  lengthy, 
and  is  incorporated  in  the  history  of  our  country  for  the  last  forty 
years.  Being  a  man  of  true  republican  principles,  he  left  the 
home  of  his  fathers  at  the  age  of  nineteen,  and  came  to  the  then 
infant  republic  of  America.  After  being  called  to  fill  various 
posts  of  honor,  such  as  U.  S.  Senator,  Minister,  and  Secretary  of 
Treasury;  he  died  at  Astoria,  L.  I  on  the  12th  of  August,  1849, 
at  the  advanced  age  of  88  years. 

Bro^l^nSVille,  Fayette  county,  Virginia,  is  situated  twelve 
miles  north-west  of  Uniontown,  at  the  intersection  of  the  na- 
tional road,  and  the  Monongahela  river.  It  occupies  an  impor- 
tant point  as  a  place  of  business,  enjoying  the  advantages  of  the 
national  road,  the  improved  navigation  of  the  river,  and  the  Bal- 
timore and  Ohio  railroad. 


The  inexhaustible  beds  of  coal  in  the  vicinity,  must  eventually 
make  it  a  great  manufacturing  place.  The  town  contains  a  bank, 
a  Masonic  Hall,  seven  churches,  several  foundries,  and  machine 
shops,  a  number  of  mills,  three  glass  factories,  and  other  factories 
of  various  articles.  There  is  a  splendid  bridge  over  the  Monon- 
gahelu,  which  was  built  in  1832,  and  is  630  feet  long,  and  cost 
§50,000.  Brownsville  was  incorporated  in  1815,  and  now  con- 
tains a  population  of  3,000. 

Iflonong^abda  City,  Washington  county,  Pennsylvania, 
is  situated  on  the  Monongahela,  at  the  mouth  of  Pigeon  creek. 
The  town  occupies  a  beautiful  plain,  ascending  gradually  from 
the  river.  Iron,  coal,  and  salt,  abound  in  great  quantities  through- 
out the  surrounding  country.  This  town  is  noted  as  being  the 
place  where  the  insurgents  held  a  great  meeting  in  1794,  during 
the  Whiskey  Insurrection.  Since  the  year  1830,  this  place  has 
increased  rapidly.  It  contains  two  glass  factories,  three  saw 
mills,  two  carding  machines^  and  six  churches.    Population,  1,100. 

Note. 

GREENSBURG,  county  scat  of  Westmoreland  county,  is  situated  thirty- 
one  miles  east  of  Pittsburg,  on  the  Pittsburg  and  Bedford  turnpike.  It  con- 
tains a  court  house,  an  academy,  and  ten  churches.  It  wa«  incorporated  in 
1799,  but  has  increased  slowly,  as  there  are  no  facilities  for  manufacturing. 
Population,  1000. 

This  place  is  noted  as  the  spot  where  the  remains  of  the  unfortunate  Gen- 
eral Arthur  St.  Clair  repose.  Here,  in  an  obscure  corner  of  a  Presbyterian 
churchyard,  the  weary  limbs  of  this  man  found  that  rest,  of  which  life 
deprived  them.  For  years  those  moldering  ashes  were  marked  by  no  mon- 
ument, save  the  thorns  and  thistles  that  grew  in  their  native  wildncss, 
over  his  grave.  In  his  old  age,  he  was  forsaken  by  his  friends,  and,  wc 
regret  to  add,  by  his  country.  After  suffering  from  the  pangs  of  poverty,  h« 
finally  succeeded  in  obtaining  from  Congress,  a  pension  of  $60  per  month. 
He  died  on  the  31st  of  August,  1818,  in  the  84th  year  of  his  ago.  In  1632, 
the  Masonic  fraternity,  acting  upon  the  square  of  equal  justice,  placed  over 
his  grave  a  monument,  bearing  the  following  inscriptions: — S(mth  side: 
**  The  earthly  remains  of  Major  General  St.  Clair,  are  deposited  beneath  this 
bumble  monument,  which  is  erected  to  supply  the  place  of  a  nobler  one,  due 
from  his  country.  He  died  August  31, 1818,  in  the  84th  year  of  his  age." 
North  side:  <*This  stone  is  erected  over  the  remains  of  their  departed 
brother,  by  mem  bet's  of  the  Masonic  Society." 

Elizabctllt01¥ll9  Alleghany  county,  Pennsylvania,  is  a 
beautifully  located  manufacturing  town,  situated  on  the  Monon- 
gahela, sixteen  miles  above  Pittsburg.     The  town  was  laid  out  in 


^entually 
8  a  bank, 
machine 
factories 
Monon- 
and  cost 
now  con- 

isylvania, 
jn  creek, 
ally  from 
througli- 
beiug  the 
'4,  during 
place  has 
liree  saw 
on,  1,100. 

ated  thirty- 
ke.  It  oon- 
irporated  in 
lufacturing. 

tunatc  Gen- 
!*re8bytorian 
f  which  life 
by  no  mon- 
re  wildness, 
ds,  and,  wc 
poverty,  ho 
per  month. 
;o.  In  1832, 
placed  over 
-South  side: 
beneath  this 
tier  one,  due 
of  his  age." 
eir  departed 


ania,  is  a 
le  Monon- 
laid  out  in 


I 


■^!!* 


!«■ 


M 


■ 


ROUTES   EAST   OF   PITTSBURG. 


73 


1787,  the  year  that  the  north-west  territory  was  organized  by 
Congress,  and  in  1800  the  business  of  ship  building  was  com- 
menced. Since  this  time,  Elizabethtown  has  turned  out  several 
thousand  tons  of  boats,  barges,  and  other  river  craft  The  com- 
pletion of  the  Monongahela  slack  water  navigation  has  greatly 
increased  the  commercial  advantages  of  this  place.  The  town 
contains  four  churches,  three  ship  yards,  several  saw  mills,  and 
glass,  woolen,  and  other  manufactories.     Population,  1,000. 

Brad  dock's  Field,  is  in  Alleghany  county,  on  the  banks 
of  the  Monongahela,  ten  miles  above  Pittsburg.  This  field  will 
long  be  remombored  and  visited,  as  it  is  the  spot  where  Washing- 
ton, the  great  and  good,  first  displayed  those  high  qualities  of  a 
man  and  a  general,  which  in  after  life  entitled  him  to  the  respect 
of  his  country.  The  ground  is  somewhat  elevated,  and  at  the 
time  of  tiie  buttle,  was  covered  with  a  dense  forest,  in  which  the 
Indians  had  secreted  themselves,  waiting  the  advance  of  the  Brit- 
ish, who  were  on  their  way  to  Fort  Du  Quosne.  Washington 
advised  Braddock  to  send  forward  scouts,  and  in  case  they  were 
attacked  by  Indians,  to  take  to  the  woods  and  fight  them  in  their 
own  way.  But  this  prudent  advice  was  treated  with  contempt 
by  the  proud  Braddock,  who  relied  upon  the  superior  discipline 
of  his  English  troops.  Accordingly  on  the  9th  of  July,  he  began 
his  march  with  as  much  parade,  as  though  his  army  were  about 
to  be  reviewed  by  the  Duke  of  Wellington.  He  had  not  ad- 
vanced far,  when  the  deafening  sound  of  the  Indian  war  cry  rang 
through  the  wood  at  the  road  side,  and  fell  with  fearful  accent  on 
his  ear.  Soon  there  blazed  from  every  tree,  the  awful  flash  of 
Indian  muskets,  which  soon  threw  the  advancing  army  in  great 
confusion.  Braddock,  under  whom  three  horses  had  been  killed, 
soon  received  a  mortal  wound  in  his  lungs,  and  was  carried  off 
the  field  by  Col.  Gage,  (afterwards  Gen.  Gage.)  The  battle  last- 
ed three  hours,  during  which  most  of  the  ofiicers,  and  seven 
hundred  of  the  British  were  killed  or  wounded.  The  so  called 
regular  troops  fled  in  every  direction,  leaving  everything  a  prey 
to  the  enemy.  The  three  companies  of  Virginia  troops  who 
were  engaged  in  this  disastvous  battle,  behaved  themselves  in  a 
masterly  manner,  and  of  some  companies,  not  one  was  left  to 
tell  the  fate  of  their  friends.  Of  the  whole  number  engaged,  but 
thirty  escaped  the  fate  of  their  brave  but  haughty  commander. 
The  retreating  army  carried  their  wounded  General  for  four  days. 
When  seven  miles  from  Dunbar's  camp  he  expired,  and  was 
buried  in  the  center  of  the  road,  cut  by  the  advancing  army.  It 
is  near  a  small  run,  a  little  north  of  the  national  road,  which  de- 
viates somewhat  from  Braddock's,  between  the  fifty-third  and. 
fifty-fourth  mile  from  Cumberland.     A  plain  shingle  nailed  to  a 


m 


ii- 


74 


ROUTES    EAST   OF    PITTSBURG. 


tree,  was  the  only  monument  that  marked  the  grave  of  this  hero 
of  the  French  war.  Some  time  since,  his  remains  were  acciden- 
tally disinterred,  and  many  of  his  bones  and  military  trappings 
found  their  way  to  the  museum,  where  they  are  preserved  us 
curiosities. 

Birming^ltam,  is  a  large  manufacturing  town,  situated  on 
the  south  side  of  the  Monongahela,  one  mile  from  the  center  of 
Pittsburg.  It  has  three  churches,  one  market- house,  and  several 
large  glass  factories,  and  iron  foundries.  There  is  over  $300,000 
capital  employed  here  in  the  various  manufactories.  The  popu- 
lation is  3,000. 

The  Alleg^hany  River. 

The  Alleghany  river  rises  in  the  northern  part  of  Pennsylvania, 
thence  flows  in  a  north-westerly  direction  through  the  southern 
part  of  New  York,  thence  returning  to  Pennsylvania  ;  and  after 
pursuing  a  general  south-west  direction  of  four  hundred  miles, 
unites  with  the  Monongahela  at  Pittsburg.  The  waters  of  this 
river  are  pure  and  clear,  while  those  of  the  Monongahela  are  col- 
ored by  the  soil  through  which  it  flows.  Vast  quantities  of  lum- 
ber are  sawed  along  this  river,  and  floated  in  rafts  to  Pittsbnrg 
and  Cincinnati.  It  is  r  vigable  for  keel  bouts,  about  250  miles. 
The  country  between  i.  j  Allegheny  and  Monongahela  rivers,  is 
the  richest  coal  region  in  the  Union.  As  wo  pass  down  the  Ohio, 
the  mind  becomes  more  and  more  impressed  with  the  idea  that 
the  river  has  not  always  pursued  the  same  channel ;  but  that  u 
large  tract  of  country  on  both  sides  of  the  Ohio,  was  once  be- 
neath its  sounding  waves.  Instead  of  a  river,  it  was  probably 
then  a  great  lake,  with  a  few  mountain  streams  pouring  into  it. 
These  streams  in  their  rapid  course,  must  necessarily  carry  with 
their  rolling  current,  vast  quantities  of  timber,  which  would  be 
deposited  in  regular  layers  at  the  mouth,  and  uftervvard  covered 
with  soil.  Ages  indefinite  and  unnumbered  roll  by  ;  generation 
after  generation  of  animal  existence  pass  away,  and  new  crea- 
tures constantly  appear  —  man,  the  beauty  of  God's  creation,  at 
last  comes  into  being,  "  multiplies  and  replenishes  the  earth  ; " 
more  than  one  hundred  generations  of  these  new  forms  lie  mol- 
dering  in  the  dust  they  tread,  when  by  chance  there  is  discovered 
deep  in  the  earth  a  vegetable  substance,  highly  inflammable  in  its 
nature,  but  hard  as  the  rocks  that  lay  on  the  summit  of  the  hills. 
The  question  now  arises,  is  not  this  coal  the  same  substance, 
that  once  floated  along  that  river,  was  imbedded  in  earth,  and, 
after  undergoing  successive  chemical  changes,  according  to  laws 
of  whose  action  we  know  but  little,  has  assumed  this  new  form,  in 
order  to  subserve  more  fully  the  wants  of  man  ? 


ROUTES   EAST    OF   PITTSBURG. 


76 


>f  this  hero 
>re  acciden- 
y  trappings 
reserved  us 

situated  on 
B  center  of 
and  several 
Br  $300,000 
The  popu- 


tinsylvania, 
le  southern 
;  and  after 
dred  miles, 
ters  of  this 
ela  are  col- 
ies  of  lum- 

0  Pittsburg 
250  miles. 

a  rivers,  is 

1  the  Ohio, 
idea  that 

but  that  a 
once  be- 
s  probably 
iig  into  it. 
carry  with 
would  be 
rd  covered 
generation 
new  crea- 
Teution,  at 
le  earth  ; " 
IS  lie  mol- 
discovered 
lable  in  its 
f  the  hills, 
substance, 
sarth,  and, 
ng  to  laws 
w  form,  in 


Olcan,  Cattaraugus  county,  New  York,  is  situated  on  the 
Alleghany  at  the  junction  of  Olean  creek.  This  is  a  flourishing 
villnge,  and  destined  to  become  a  very  important  place.  The 
Genesee  valley  canal,  which  connects  It  with  Rochester,  termin- 
Jitea  here.  The  line  of  the  Erie  railroad,  see  page  221,  which 
connects  New  York  and  Dunkirk  on  Lake  Erie,  passes  through 
this  place.  The  width  of  the  Alleghany  is  twenty  rods,  and  its 
channel  free  from  obstructions.  It  is  estimated  that  more  than 
200,000,000  feet  of  lumber,  of  excellent  quality,  is  a^inually  sent 
to  various  places  along  the  river.     Population,  1,000. 

'Warren,  county  seat  of  Warren  county,  is  situated  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Alleghany  river,  near  the  mouth  of  Conewango 
creek.  It  is  built  on  a  plain  containing  an  area  of  three  hundred 
acres,  elevated  about  thirty-five  feet  above  the  water.  It  was 
incorporated  in  1832,  and  laid  out  on  an  extensive  plan.  Near 
the  center,  is  a  large  public  square,  around  which  are  the  court 
house  and  public  offices.  But  the  growth  of  the  place  has  been 
slow,  and  the  public  buildings  are  left  almost  alone,  most  of  the 
houses  being  built  along  the  river.  During  the  winter  and  summer 
months,  Warren  is  an  extremely  dull  place.  But  during  the 
spring,  the  town  is  alive  with  the  bustle  and  activity  of  lumber 
merchants,  preparing  to  depart  for  below,  with  their  long  train 
of  rafts.     Population,  1,200. 

Franklin,  county  seat  of  Venango  county,  Pennaylvania, 
is  situated  on  the  Alleghany,  near  the  mouth  of  French  creek. 
It  was  laid  out  in  1795,  and  contains  the  usual  county  buildings, 
and  six  churches.  There  are  several  large  mills  and  furnaces  in 
the  vicinity,  from  which  the  town  derives  a  large  amount  of 
trade.  During  high  water,  the  Allegheny  is  navigable  from 
Pittsburg  to  this  place,  a  distance  of  one  hundred  and  twenty- 
four  miles.  The  dams  on  French  creek  afford  immense  water- 
power  mills.  There  is  a  splendid  bridge  across  the  Alleghany 
here,  which  is  a  great  advantage  to  the  town.     Population,  1,000. 

Kittanning^,  seat  of  justice  of  Armstrong  county,  Penn- 
sylvania, is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Alleghany,  near  the 
center  of  the  county,  and  was  formerly  the  site  of  an  old  Indian 
town  of  the  same  name.  This  town  was  laid  out  in  1804,  and 
consists  of  four  principal  streets,  running  parallel  with  the  river, 
crossed  at  right  angles  by  eight  others.  It  contains  the  county 
buildings,an  academy,  a  female  seminary,  and  several  churches. 
The  town  is  considered  healthy,  and  abounds  with  pure  and 
wholesome  water.  Being  situated  in  the  midst  of  a  rich  agricul- 
tural and  mineral  country,  it  bids  fair  to  become  an  important 
manufacturing  town.     Population,  1,500. 


>>^ 


7G 


ROUTES    EAST    OF    PITTSBURO. 


Frcoport,  Armstrong  county,  Pennsylvunia,  is  a  flourishing 
town  on  the  rigiit  bunii  of  the  Alleglmny  river,  and  Pennsylvunia 
canal,  see  page  80*  This  canal,  wliich  runs  tlirough  tho  town,  has 
been  tlirowing  a  great  amount  of  business  in  tho  place,  wiiich 
otherwise  would  have  sought  different  channels.  Many  salt 
wells  were  sunk  in  the  hills  south  of  the  village,  whicii  are  now 
in  successful  operation.     Population,  1,200. 

Sharp^^burgT;  '"  pleasantly  situated  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Alleghany,  five  miles  above  Pittsburg.  It  is  a  small  village, 
containing  an  industrious  and  enterprising  population.  It  lias 
several  large  ship  yards,  from  whicli  a  number  of  steam  and  keel 
boats  are  annually  launched. 

L<ll.\Vl*eilCCVillCf  named  in  honor  of  Capt.  Lawrence,  of 
the  U.  S.  Navy,  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  tile 
Alleghany,  two  and  a  half  miles  above  Pittsburg.  In  the  center 
of  the  town,  tliero  is  an  U.  S.  Arsenal,  at  which  are  stored  all 
sorts  of  military  equipments,  which  are  shipped  west  and  south, 
as  occasion  requires.  In  the  vicinity,  on  the  high  grounds,  there 
are  many  fine  mansions,  the  residences  of  tlie  wealthy  citizens  of 
Pittsburg.  Tho  town  contains  four  churches  and  u  iyceum.  It 
was  at  this  place  where  General  Washington,  in  1753,  came  near 
losing  his  life  by  attempting  to  cross  the  river  on  a  raft,  when  it 
was  nlled  with  floating  ice. 

AllCg[hany  City,  is  situated  on  tho  right  bank  of  the  Alle- 
ghany river,  opposite  Pittsburg.  This  city  is  strictly  a  part  of 
Pittsburg,  though  under  a  different  corporation.  Many  of  tho 
business  men  of  Pittsburg  reside  here,  in  order  to  escape  the 
clouds  of  smoke,  that  constantly  hover  over  the  "  Iron  City."  It 
has  considerable  commerce,  and  does  a  large  manufacturing  busi- 
ness ;  employing  a  capital  of  near  $1,500,000.  The  city  contains 
twenfy  churches  of  various  denominations,  three  academies, 
fifteen  schools,  and  a  population  of  11,000. 

The  Western  Theological  Seminary  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
was  located  here,  in  1827.  It  stands  on  a  hill  which  rises  about 
one  hundred  feet  above  the  river.  The  building  is  one  hundred 
and  fifty  feet  long,  four  stories  high,  with  wings  three  stories  high. 
From  tliis  hill,  you  have  a  beautiful  view  of  both  cities,  as  they 
stretch  along  the  margin  of  the  rivers  which  wind  through  the 
valley  below.  This  institution  has  connected  with  it,  a  work- 
shop for  manual  labor,  and  a  library  of  6,000  volumes. 

Behind  Seminary  hill,  is  the  Western  Penitentiary,  an  immense 
castle-built  building,  of  the  ancient  Norman  style.  It  was  com- 
pleted in  1827,  at  a  cost  of  $183,092  ;  near  1,200  prisoners  have 
been  received  here,  since  the  commencement  of  the  institution. 


onrishing 
nsylvania 
town,  lias 
CO,  wliicli 
Many  suit 
uro  now 

bank  of 
ill  village, 
It  has 
und  keel 


I. 


Arrcnco,  of 
nk  of  the 
the  center 
stored  all 
ind  south, 
inds,  there 
citizens  of 
ceuin.  It 
cunie  near 
ft,  when  it 

if  the  Alle- 
a  part  of 
my  of  the 
escape  the 
City."  It 
iring  busi- 
y  contains 
icudeniies, 

an  Church 
rises  about 
le  hundred 
:ories  high, 
es,  as  they 
irough  the 
it,  a  work- 

II  immense 
was  com- 
)ners  have 
istitution. 


r 


J 


PITTSBURG. 


77 


VIEW   OF   PITTSBURG. 

PittSl>urg^,  capital  of  Alleghany  county,  Pennsylvania,  is 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Alleghany  and  Monongahela  rivers. 
This  city  is  built  upon  a  pointed  strip  of  land,  lying  between  the 
Alleghany  and  Monongahela  rivers,  in  latitude  40^  26'  north, 
and  longitude  79^  59'  west.  About  a  mile  back,  rise  Grant's, 
Ayer's,  and  Quarry  hills.  Tho  city  is  rapidly  extending  itself  on 
the  sides  and  summits  of  these  hills,  which  are  high  and  airy. 
This  city  was  laid  out  in  1765,  on  the  plan  of  Philadelphia,  with 
streets  runniuL*  parallel  to  the  river,  and  crossing  each  other  at 
right  angles.  It  is  compactly  built  with  fine  brick  houses,  which, 
owing  to  the  smoky  atmosphere  that  is  constantly  floating  about 
them,  present  rather  an  ancient  appearance.  The  public  build- 
ings are  not  numerous ;  the  court  house  on  Grant's  hill.,  'm  a 
splendid  building,  165  feet  long  and  100  deep,  of  Grecian  Doric 
architecture,  and  cost  $200,000.  The  buildings  of  the  Western 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  on  Third,  between  Smithfield  and 
Grant  streets,  were  erected  in  1830,  and  are  an  ornament  to  the 
city  ;  the  Roman  Catholic  Cathedral,  on  Grant's  hill,  is  another 
fine  building.  The  city  contains,  besides  the  public  buildings 
mentioned  above,  forty  churches  of  different  denominations,  three 
market-houses,  a  museum,  five  banks,  capital  over  $3,000,000, 
and  a  number  of  fine  hotels.  The  Monongahela  house,  is  Diie  of 
the  finest  buildings  in  the  city,  and  is  not  surpassed  by  many  in 
the  West.  It  stands  near  the  end  of  the  Monongahel*?.  bridge, 
opposite  the  regular  steamboat  landing,  and  has  a  front  of  120 
feet  on  the  river,  and  160  feet  on  Smithfield  street;  it  was  com- 
pleted in  1841 ;  is  five  stories  high,  and  cost,  with  the  ground, 
$100,000.  There  are,  also,  insurance  companies,  a  board  of  trade 
who  have  a  reading  room  and  exchange  for  merchants,  the 
Monongahela  Navigation  Company,  for  improving  that  river  by 


dams  and  locks  ;  and  about  twelve  transportation  coii.panies,  for 
receiving  and  shipping  goods  to  various  points  on  the  rivers  and 
canals. 

Pittsburg  is  the  most  extensive  manufacturing  town  in  theWest. 
The  principal  articles  manufactured  are  steamboats,  engines, 
bar-iron,  nails,  and  ploughs;  glass-ware,  cotton  cloths,  leather, 
and  saddlery,  and  a  great  number  of  other  articles  which  are  man- 
ufactured on  a  smaller  scale.  The  capital  employed  in  the  various 
manufactories,  is  over  $3,000,000.  There  is  over  $500,000  worth 
of  machinery,  and  $300,000  of  hardware  and  cutlery,  manufuc- 
tured  here  annually 

The  city  is  supplied  with  clear  and  wholesome  water,  which  is 
raised  from  the  Alleghany  by  sttam  power,  to  a  reservoir  on 
Grant's  hill,  116  feet  above  the  riven  The  basin  is  11  feet  deep, 
and  will  contain  1,000,000  of  galloui?.  The  water  is  conducted 
through  the  city  in  iron  pipes,  which  are  in  all,  over  twelve 
miles  in  length. 

Pittsburg  is  connected  with  the  villages  on  the  opposite  side  of 
the  Monoiigahela,  by  a  bridge,  erected  in  1818,  at  a  cost  of 
$102,430,  having  eight  arches,  routing  on  stone  piers,  and  1,500 
feet  in  length.  Across  the  Alleghany,  there  arc  four  briiiges, 
besides  the  iqueduct  of  the  Pennsylvania  canal.  About  a  mile 
below  the  city,  is  the  pleasant  village  of  Manchester  ;  while  on 
the  opposite  side,  at  the  foot  of  Coul  hill,  is  Sligo,  with  its  long 
smoky  streets,  and  numerous  noisy  manufactories.  These,  and 
the  other  villages  and  towns  in  the  vicinity,  may  properly  he 
considered  as  forming  part  of  one  great  v^ominercial  and  manu- 
facturing city,  whose  natural  advantages  are  probably  surpassed 
by  no  city  in  the  world.  Nature  has  made  it  truly  a  great  place; 
man  has,  as  yet,  developed  but  a  small  portion  of  its  greatness. 

Besides  the  natural  udvuntjiges  for  manufacturing,  Pittsburg 
has  also,  nearly  equal  advantages,  natural  and  artiticial,  as  a  com- 
mercial city.  Being  located  at  the  head  of  a  ri'/er,  more  tlitui 
one  thousand  niles  in  length,  and  which  opens  ut  all  times,  a  auk' 
tin<\  direct  communication  with  the  largest  valley  in  the  worhl, 
and  the  richest  in  agricultural  products, —  washed  0*7  the  north 
and  soutli  sides  by  two  navigable  rivers,  which  flow  from  the 
interior  of  two  of  i\ui  oldest  and  largest  states  in  the  Union  — 
situated  at  the  western  terminus  of  the  Pennsylvania  canal,  which 
flosses  tiie  entire  state  of  Pennsylvania,  and  which  does  a  very 
large  business  —  and  together  with  its  lines  of  projected  railroads, 
it  enioys  resources  for  commerce,  -jwcond  to  but  few  inland 
townj. 

Ou  the  10th  of  April,  1845,  the  city  of  Pittsburg  suffered 
greatiy  from  one  of  the  most  disastrous  conflagrations  that  ever 


I 

\ 


;on, ponies,  for 
tho  rivers  and 

m  in  tlieWest. 
oats,  engines, 
Jotiis,  leather, 
hichare  man- 
in  the  various! 
500,000  worth! 
jry,  manufuc- 

ater,  whicli  is 
I  reservoir  on 
5  11  feet  deep, 
is  conducted 
,  over  twelve 

ipositc  side  of ' 

at  a  cost  of 

?rs,  and  1,500 

four  briilges, 

About  a  njjlt' 

er  ;  while  on 

with  its  long 

These,  and 

properly  be 
il  and  niaiiu- 
bly  surpassed 
I  great  place; 
greatness, 
ig,  Pittsburg 
ial,  as  a  coiii- 
r,  njore  tlitni 

times,  a  Hufc 
n  the  world, 
oi}  the  north 
3w  froin  the 
:he  Union  — 
canal,  which 

does  a  very 
ted  railroads, 

few    inland 


urg  suffered 
lis  that  ever 


J 


occurred  in  this  country.  The  fire  broke  out  about  noon  in  an 
old  frame  shed,  and  the  wind  blowing  briskly  at  the  ti.-ne,  the 
flames  soon  spread  over  most  of  tho  south-eastern  part  of  the  city. 
The  flames  rolled  rapidly  from  building  to  building  for  near  forty- 
eight  hours, —  destroying  about  one  thouaaud  houses,  amoug 
which  were  the  best  hotels  in  the  place,  banks,  churches,  6lc. 
The  amount  of  property  destroyed,  is  estimated  at  |$(>,000,000. 

The  population  of  Pittsburg  in  1810,  was  4,768  ;  in  1820, 
7,248;  in  1830,  12,542;  in  1840,21,115;  and  in  1850,50,000. 
Including  those  places  in  the  vicinity  of  the  city,  tlie  population 
will  be  near  100,000. 

Notes. 

The  city  of  Pittsburg  occupies  the  site  of  Fort  Du  Quesne,  which  was  built 
by  the  Fren'^h  in  V^-l,  and  named  in  honor  of  the  Governor  of  New  France. 
This  place  hjid  been  jjiuted  out  by  Wa-shington  as  a  suitable  point  for  a  fort. 
Lieutenant  Ward  had  been  sent  with  forty  men,  to  build  a  fort,  and  establish 
a  trading  post;  but  jio  sooner  had  he  accomplished  his  mission,  than  he  was 
compelled  to  give  way  to  the  French,  who,  having  heard  of  the  designs  of  the 
English,  advanced  with  a  strong  force  down  the  Alleghany,  to  intercept  their 
plans.  The  English  were  permitted  quietly  to  evacuate;  after  which  the 
Frouch  cjymraonced  their  fort,  which  soon  became  one  of  the  strongest  forti- 
fied -'.dces  west  of  the  mountains.  In  1755,  Gen.  Braddixik  came  over  from 
England,  with  a  large  regular  army,  for  the  purpose  of  conquering  the  Ohio 
country.  Tho  whole  force  under  his  command,  amounted  to  twenty-five 
hundred.  He  arranged  his  army  in  two  divisions;  the  first  consisting  of 
twelve  hu'^ared  men,  he  commanded  in  person;  the  second  under  Col.  Dun- 
bar, wa'i  ordered  to  follow  by  slow  marches.  After  a  march  of  nearly  four 
weeks,  the  advancing  division  arrived  on  the  8th  of  July,  at  the  junction  of 
Youghiogeny  and  Monongahela  rivers.  On  the  morning  of  the  91h  of  July, 
the  army  crossed  tho  rivei,  within  ten  milrs  of  the  fort.  Pursuing  their 
course,  thoughtless  of  danger,  they  were  soon  arrested  In  their  march,  and 
throw  a  into  confusion,  by  the  sudden  discharge  of  the  muskets  of  ei;,ht.  hun- 
dred xiYench  and  Indians.  The  English  were  totally  defeated,  lea\mg  three 
hundred  and  fifty  privates,  and  twenty-six  officers,  dead  upon  the  field.  See 
Brnddock's  Field,  page  71. 

In  1758,  the  ministry,  under  the  guidance  of  William  Pitt,  determined  to 
retrieve  the  honor  of  the  British  arms.  They  accordingly  sent  an  army  of 
seven  thousand  men  toward  the  Monongahela,  for  the  reduction  of  Fort  Du 
Quesne,  Tho  French  commander,  deeming  resistance  useless,  determined  to 
abandon  the  fort  as  soon  ar  the  British  army  came  in  sight.  After  having 
placed  in  boats,  provided  for  the  occasion,  all  his  troops,  artillery,  and  muni- 
tions of  war,  he  dismantled  the  fort,  set  flro  to  tho  buildings,  and  departed 


i 


80 


DISTANCES    FROM   PITTSBURG    TO    CINCINNATI. 


down  the  Ohio,  to  join  the  French  troops  on  the  Mississippi.,  The  English 
re-built  the  fort,  and  changed  the  name  to  "  Pitt,"  in  honor  of  William  Pitt, 
prime  minister  of  Great  Britain. 

This  table  contains  the  distances  of  most  places  on  the  Ohio,  )>etwceii 
Pittsburg  and  Cincinnati. 


Middletown,  Pa. 
Economy,  Pa.  •  • 
Freedom,  Pa.  •  • 
Beavor,  Pa.  •  •  *  • 


I 


4 

4 

19 

7 
7 
8 


fling,  Va.> 
;eport,  0.) 


12 
8 
6 
5 

<ieorgetown,  Pa.)     ^ » 

<Jla.«gow,  Pa. 

Liverpool,  0.  •  •  • 

Wellsville,  0   •• 

Steubouville,  0. 

Well.ehurg,  Va. 

Warrenton,  0.  • 

Martinsville  O 

Wheeling 

Bridgi 

Elizabethtown,  Va.  ) 

Big  Grave  Creek,  0.  J 

New  Martinsville,  Va. 

Clarington,  0. 

Sisterville,  Va. 

Newport,  0. 

Marietta,  and 

Harmer,  0. 

Vienna,  Va.****-  ♦'  •  •  • 

Parkersburg,  Va.) 

Bel  pre,  O.  ]      ' 

Blennerhasset's  Island 

llockingsport,  O. 

Bellville,  Va. 

Murraysvillo,  Va.  •  ••• 

Shade  River,  0. 

Ravenswood,  Va. 

Letartsville,  0. 22 

Pomeroy,  0 

Coal  port,  O 

Sheffield 

Point  Pleasant,  Va.         ) 

Gt.  Kanawha  River,  Va  ) 


'} 


t,0.) 

1,0.5 


12 


20 
20 
31 

47 

51 
D5 
74 
81 
88 
91 

97 


13    110 


11 

121 

4 

125 

26 

161 

12 

163 

18 

181 

6 

187 

t 

1U4 

2 

lor. 

11 

207 

4 

211 

5 

216 

1 

217 

11 

228 

22 

230 

14 

264 

266 
277 


} 


Gallipolis,  0. 

Millersport,  0.  •  •  * 
Guyandotte,  Va.) 
Proctorsville,  O.J 
Burlington,  0.  ••• 
Big  Sandy  River,) 
Catlettsburg,  Va.j 
Hanging  Rock,  0. 
Grcensburg,  Ky.  • 
Wheelersburg,  0. 
Portsmouth,  0. 
Scioto  River, 

Rockville,  0. 

Vanceburg,  Ky.-  •  •  • 

Home,  O. 

Concord,  Ky. 

Manchester,  O.-  •  •  •  • 
MaynriMe,  Ky.l 
Alx-rdeen,  O.    ) 

Charleston,  Ky 

Hipley,  0. - 

Higginsport,  0. 

Augusta,  Ky. 

Meehanicsburg,  Ky. 

Neville,  O.   •  •  • 

Moscow,  0. 

Point  Pleasant,  0.^ 
Belmont,  Ky.  f 
New  Richmond,  0.  • 


Palestine,  0. 5 

Little  Miami  River, 

Col  innbia,  0, •  • 

Jamestown,  Ky.) 
Fulton,  0  5 

Newport,  Ky.      ^ 

Cincinnati,  0.     ? 

Covington,  Ky.  ) 


4 

281 

26 

806 

13 

319 

8 

327 

4 

331 

13 

344 

6 

350 

8 

358 

12 

370 

17 

387 

3 

390 

7 

397 

6 

403 

7 

410 

12 

422 

7 

429 

2 

431 

7 

438 

4 

442 

7 

449 

3 

452 

4 

4b6 

4 

4C0 

6 

4G5 

5 

470 

14 

4ii4 

1 

486 

3    489 


2   401 


II 


A.TI. 

The  English 
'WUliamPitt, 

Ohio,  l>etwc€ii 


...    4  281 

...  25  306 

...    13  319 

....    8  327 

...    4  331 

...  13  344 

....     6  350 

. ...    8  358 


12  370 

17  387 

3  890 

7  397 

6  403 

7 


7 
o 

7 
4 

7 
3 
4 


4  4i;o 

5  40j 

5  470 

14  484 


1 
3 


48C 
489 


2    491 


wo  1 
410 

422 

429 

431 

438 

, 

442 

A 

449 

452 

456 

STEAMBOAT,  RAHEOAD,  AITI)  STAGE  ROUTES. 

« 

From  Pittsburg  to  Baltimore, 

Distance  to  Braddock's  Field  (by  steamboat,)  10  miles ;  to 
McKeesport,  6  miles;  to  Elizabethtown,  8  miles;  to  Monongahela 
City,  11  miles;  to  Beilevernon,  13  miles;  to  Cookstown,  2  miles; 
to  Brownsville,  10  miles:  whole  distance  to  Brownsville,  60 
miles.  Distance  to  Uniontown  (by  stage,)  12  miles;  to  Somer- 
field,  21  miles;  to  Addison,  4  miles;  to  Little  Crossing,  13  miles; 
to  Frostburg,  13  miles;  to  Cumberland,  10  miles:  whole  distance 
to  Cumberland,  133  miles.  Distance  to  Little  Cacapon  (by  Balti- 
more and  Ohio  railroad.  For  routes,  &.C.,  see  R.  R  Guide,) 
21  miles ;  to  Hancock,  34  miles  ;  to  Martinsburg,  23  miles  ;  to 
Harper's  Ferry,  19  miles;  to  Frederick,  20  miles;  to  Ellicot's 
Mills,  47  miles  ;  to  Relay  House,  6  miles  ;  to  Baltimore,  8  miles: 
whole  distance  to  Baltimore,  311  miles.    Fare  $10,  time  32  hours. 

Uniontown,  county  seat  of  Fayette  county,  is  a  flourish- 
ing town,  situated  on  the  national  road,  four  miles  west  of 
Laurel  Hill,  and  sixty-two  from  Cumberland.  This  town  was 
laid  out  by  Henry  Beeson,  a  Quaker  from  Berkley  county,  Va., 
in  1767.  Besides  the  county  buildings,  the  town  contains  nine 
churches,  one  college,  and  one  female  seminary.  The  constant 
travel  on  the  national  road,  which  forms  the  principal  street  of 
the  town,  give  to  it  the  appearance  of  great  life  and  activity. 
Every  hour  of  the  day,  stages  may  be  seen  passing  through  the 
town.    Population,  2,500. 

Cumberland,  capital  of  Alleghany  county,  Maryland,  is 
situated  on  the  Potomac,  178  miles  from  Baltimore,  at  the  present 
extremity  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad.  It  is  a  well  built 
town,  containing  a  court-house,  a  market- house,  six  churches,  a 
bank,  and  several  hotels.  It  occupies  the  site  of  Fort  Cumber- 
land, a  place  noted  in  the  early  history  of  that  section  of  country. 
The  mountain  scenery  is  beautiful,  and  beds  of  excellent  coal 
abound  in  the  surrounding  hills  and  mountains.    Population,7,500. 

Harper's  Ferry,  Jefferson  county,  Virginia,  is  pleasantly 
situated  on  the  Potomac,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Shenandoah  riv«r. 
This  flourishing  town  stands  in  the  valley  of  the  Potomac,  where 
that  crystal  stream  breaks  its  way  through  the  lofty  pinnacles  of 
Blue  Ridge,  which  rise  twelve  hundred  feet  above  the  surface  of 
the  river,  whose  rippling  waves,  acting  through  untold  centuries, 
have  thus  worn  a  wide  and  deep  channel  for  its  pure  waters,  which 
continually  roll  onward  to  the  ocean  —  the  receiver  of  every 


■mmmamP'!^ 


SWHPWilBtfW 


stream.  Harper's  Ferry  is  sixty  miles  above  Washington,  and 
contains  twenty-five  stores,  two  cotton  factories,  situated  on  the 
island  of  Virginus,  formed  by  the  Shenandoah,  ono  foundry,  a 
United  States*  Armory  and  National  Arsenal,  seven  churches,  a 
female  seminary,  and  Masonic,  Odd- fellows,  and  Sons  of  Tempe- 
rance Halls.  The  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  passes  along  the 
opposite  side  of  the  Potomac,  and  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Rail- 
road runs  directly  through  the  town.  There  is  a  fine  bridge  over 
the  Potomac,  of  about  eight  hundred  feet  in  length.  Population, 
including  the  suburbs,  is  near  10,000. 

The  National  Armory  and  Arsenal  at  Harper's  Ferry,  are  the 
most  extensive  establishments  of  the  kind  in  the  Union.  The 
lower  Armory  stands  on  the  margirt  of  the  river,  a  little  above 
the  bridge.  It  consists  of  about  fifteen  different  buildings  two 
stories  high,  among  which  the  various  parts  of  the  business  of 
manufacturing  fire-arms  are  divided.  The  rifles  are  all  made  at 
the  upper  Armory,  which  stands  on  Hall's  Island,  about  three- 
quarters  of  a  mile  up  the  Shenandoah.  There  are,  at  present, 
near  foui  hundred  hands  employed  in  making  nev/  guns,  and 
re-molding  old  ones.  They  turn  out  1,500  per  month,  or  18,000 
per  annum.  After  these  guns  are  finished,  they  are  taken  to  the 
Arsenal,  which  consists  of  two  larger  buildings,  situated  on 
Shenandoah  street,  near  the  river.  At  this  place,  are  constantly 
stored  about  90,000  stand  of  arms.  The  Arsenal  grounds  are 
beautifully  ornamented  with  trees,  shrubbery,  and  flowers,  and 
present  a  very  neat  and  tasteful  appearance. 

The  scenery  about  Harper's  Ferry  is  worth,  as  Jeff*erson  says 
in  his  Notes  on  Virginia,  "a  trip  across  the  AtUmtic."  Perpen- 
dicular ledges  of  rocks  rise  on  both  sides  of  tb^^  Potomac,  to  tlie 
height  of  near  a  thousand  f»!et,  forming  the  wildest  scenery  of 
which  the  mind  is  capable  of  conceiving.  Jefl*orson'8  Rock,  the 
place  where  he  wrote  his  notes,  is  a  high  rock  resembling  a  center 
table.  From  this  point,  you  can  obtain  a  view,  which  is  not  sur- 
passed in  beauty  by  many  in  the  world.  If  it  be  by  moonligut, 
when  the  soft  light  of  that  evening  luminary  melts  into  crys- 
tals as  it  descends  through  the  mountain  gorges,  to  rest  upon  tht  1 
bosom  of  that  sparkling  stream,  the  effect  is  sublimely  grand,  and 
fur  beyond  the  power  of  language  to  describe.* 

From  Pittsburg  to  Philadelphia. 

Distance  to  Johnstown  (by  the  Pennsylvania  Cann',^  \04  milts; 
to  HoUidaysburg  (by  Alleghany  and  Portage  Railro nd,)  36  miles; 


•See  Jefferson's  Notfs  on  Vlrgiulo. 


A^_, 


STEAMBOAT,   RAILROAD,   AND   STAGS   ROUTES. 


83 


'ashington,  and 
situated  on  tlio 
ono  foundry,  a 
en  churches,  a , 
Ions  of  Tempe-  \ 
isses  along  the! 
and  Ohio  Rail-  jl 
ine  bridge  over' 
1.    Population,  | 

Ferry,  are  the 
»  Union.  The 
a  little  above 
buildings  two 
le  business  of 
ire  all  made  at 
,  about  three- 
re,  at  present, 
ov/  guns,  and 
mth,  or  18,000 
e  taken  to  the 
if  situated  on 
ire  constantly 
1  grounds  are 
d  flowers,  and 

Jefferson  says 
ic."  Perpen- 
Jtomac,  to  the 
■st  scenery  of 
)n'8  Rock,  the 
bling  a  center 
ich  is  not  sur- 
by  moonligUt, 
Its  into  cryi- 
rest  upon  tht 
lily  grand,  and 


i1,;  \ 04  miles; 
"d,)  36  miles; 


io  Harrisburg  (by  canal,)  146  miles;  to  Philadelphia  (by  Columbia 
ind  Philadelphia  Railroad,  and  Harrisburg  and  Lancaster  Railroad,) 
106  miles:  whole  distance  to  Philadelphia,  392  miles.  Fare  $13; 
imc  4J  days,  in  packet  line. 

Another  route  to  Philadelphia,  is  by  way  of  Baltimore  ;  as  in 
Irst  route,  thence  by  the  Baltimore  and  Wilmington  Railroad,  to 
"llmington,  70  miles  ;  thence  by  the  Wilmington  and  Philadel- 
»hia  Railroad,  to  Philadelphia,  27  miles. 

From  Pittsburg  to  Erie,  by  Stage, 

Distance  to  Alleghany,  1  mile  ;  to  Bakerstown,  16  miles ;  to 
riade  Mills,  6  miles ;  to  Butler,  9  miles ;  to  Brownington,  13 
liles;  to  North  Liberty,  8  miles;  to  Mercer,  12  miles;  to  Mead- 

riile,  30  miles  ;  to  Rockdale,  13  miles  ;  to  Waterford,  11  miles  ; 

to  Erie,  14  miles :  whole  distance  to  Erie,  133  miles.     Fare  $5; 

lime  30  hours. 

From  Pittsburg  to  Buffalo ^  New  York,  by  Stage. 

Distance  to  Mercer,  as  in  previous  route,  65  miles;  to  Hender- 
12  miles;  to  Franklin,  12  miles;  to  Perry,  22  miles;  io  Irvine, 


son 


|19  miles;  to  Warren,  7  miles;  to  Carroll,  15  miles;  to  Jamertown, 
miles;  to  Vermont,  7  miles;  to  St.  Clairsville,  6  miles  ;  to  Cas- 
Isadaga,  7  miles  ;  to  Fredonia,  9  miles ;  to  Irving,  15  miles ;  to 
liHuniburg,  19  miles ;  to  Buffalo,  12  miles :  whole  distance  to 
IBuffalo,  233  miles. 

From  Pittsburg  to  Wheeling,  by  Stage. 

^  Distance  to  Herriotsville,  10  miles  ;  to  Cannonsburg,  8  miles  ; 
[to  Washington,  7  miles;  to  Claysville,  10  miled;  to  West  Alexan- 
jdria,  7  miles;  to  Triadelphia,  5  miles;  to  Wheeling,  8  miles;  whole 
[distance  to  Wheeling,  55  miles.     Fare  $3;  time  12  hours. 

From  Pittsburg  to  Wooeier,  Ohio. 

Distance  to  Beaver,  27  milesr  Io  Industry,  7  miles;  toOhioville, 
9  miles  ;  to  LJltle  Beaver  Bridge,  2  miles  ;  to  Calcutta,  2  miles  ; 
to  New  Lisbon,  12  miles  ;  to  Buck's,,  5  miles  ;  lo  New  Garden,  3 
miles;  to  New  Alexander,  4  miles;  to  New  Fn  iiklin,  6  miles;  to 
Paris,  4  miles;  to  Osnaburg,  6  miles;  to  Canton,  5  miles;  to  Mas- 
sillon,  8  miles  ;  to  East  Greenville,  6  miles  ;  to  Dalton,  4  miles ; 
to  E&st  Union,  5  miles  ;  to  Wooster,  8  miles  :  whole  distance  to 
WoosiER,  123  miles.    Fare  $5;  time  30  hours. 


% 


! 


^taaa^i^M 


84 


ROUTE    OF    THE   OHIO    RIVER. 


BOTTTE  OF  THE  OHIO. 

The  Ollto,  as  we  have  before  seen,  is  formed  at  Pittsburg  by 
the  union  of  two  rivers.  This  river  and  its  tributaries,  drains 
most  of  the  territory  between  tlie  Alleghany  mountains  and 
Mississippi  river,  and  is  the  great  thoroughfare  between  the 
southern  and  central  portions  of  the  Union.  But  a  little  more 
than  a  half  a  century  has  passed  away,  since  the  Indian  paddled 
in  security  his  light  canoe  down  its  gentle  current.  But  the 
white  man,  looking  from  the  summits  of  the  Alleghany,  saw 
these  boundless  plains  of  the  West,  and  sighed  for  the  fatt  of  the 
Indian.  For  soon  he  knew,  that  the  arms  of  civilization  would 
extend  themselves  across  the  continent,  and  tie  together  the  two 
great  oceans  that  encircle  it.  The  Indian  and  his  canoe  have 
long  since  gone  to  the  region  of  the  setting  sun.  The  beautiful 
boat,  ornamented  by  American  art,  now  rides  in  peace  its  quiet 
waters.  The  busy  work-shop,  and  fertile  field,  pour  into  its  chan- 
nel their  first  and  richest  fruits.  Thus,  instead  of  a  dead  solitude, 
it  is  now  a  river  of  life  and  motion,  pouring  the  wealth  of  this 
rich  valley  into  the  great  southern  markets. 

JVIidfllctOWIl,  Alleghany  county,  Pennsylvania,  is  a  small 
village  situated  on  the  Ohio,  12  miles  below  Pittsburg. 

Kconomy,  Beaver  county,  Pennsylvania,  is  a  German 
settlement,  IB  miles  below  Pittsburg,  belonging  to  the  Harmony 
Society.*  The  streets  of  the  village  are  broad,  and  the  houses 
are  mostly  frame  and  brick;  each  house  has  a  fine  garden,  ornu- 
mented  with  shade  trees,  and  bowers  of  vines.  There  is  a  large 
hall,  where  the  people  meet  and  hold  their  public  festivities.  The 
wants  of  all  classes  are  amply  provided  for,  and  all  seem  indus* 
trious  and  contented.     Population,  800. 

*  George  Rapp,  the  founder  of  thifl  society,  emigrated  to  this  country,  in 
1803,  from  Wirtemburg,  on  account  of  religious  persecutions.  He  first  pur- 
chased a  tract  of  land  in  Butler  county;  but  afterwards  moved  to  the  Wabash; 
but  the  climate  not  being  healthy,  he  returned  to  Pennsylvania,  in  1825^  and 
made  a  large  purchane  in  Beaver  county.  He  soon  built  the  town  of  Econ- 
omy, which  now  contains  200  houses ;  among  these  are  a  church,  a  public 
hall,  a  large  woolen  and  cotton  factory,  and  a  large  number  of  work-shops. 

The  advantages  claimed  for  these,  and  similar  associations,  are  a  more 
equal  distribution  of  la1)or  and  capital.  As  things  now  exist  in  society,  the 
sweat  of  the  mechanic  fills  the  cofiers  of  the  rich,  the  labor  of  the  poor  builds 


Pittsburg  by 
taries,  drains 
ountains  and 
between   the 
a  little  more 
idian  paddled 
nt.     But  the 
leghaiiy,  saw 
he  fatt  of  the 
ization  would 
;eti»er  the  two 
s  canoe  have 
The  beautiful 
eace  its  quiet 
into  its  chan- 
dead  solitude, 
wealth  of  this 

nia,  is  a  small 

rg. 

is    a  German 

the  Harmony 
nd  the  houses 

garden,  orna- 
'here  is  a  large 
stivities.  The 
11  seem  indus- 


this  country,  in 

ms.    He  first  pur- 

ed  to  the  Wabwh; 

Qinia,  in  1S25>  and 

he  town  of  Econ- 

church,  a  public 
'  of  work-shops, 
ions,  are  a  more 
:i8t  in  society,  the  1 
of  the  poor  builds 


ROUTE   OF   THE   OHIO   RIVER. 


86 


Freedom,  Beaver  county,  Pennsylvania,  is  a  snaall  manu- 
facturing town,  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Ohio.  Messrs.  Phillips 
and  Graham  commenced  building  a  ship-yard  here,  in  1832,  since 
which  time,  several  large  manufactories  have  sprung  up  in  and 
about  the  town.  Being  built  on  a  gently  sloping  hill,  it  presents 
a  fine  view,  when  seen  from  the  river.     Population,  500. 

Beaver  River  is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Mahoning 
and  Shenango  rivers;  the  former  rises  in  Ohio,  and  the  latter  in 
Pennsylvania.  The  main  river  has  a  course  of  only  about  twenty 
miles.  The  state  authorities  have  erected  dams  in  several  places 
on  the  river,  for  the  purpose  of  rendering  a  greater  amount  of 
water  power  for  manufacturing  purposes.  It  is  estimated  that 
there  is  water  power  sufficient  to  propel  several  hundred  mills. 

Beaver,  county  seat  of  Beaver  county,  Pennsylvania,  is 
situated  on  the  Ohio,  just  below  the  mouth  of  Beaver  river.  It  is 
built  principally  on  a  long  street,  running  parallel  to  the  Ohio, 
about  forty  rods  from  the  bank  of  the  river.  There  is  a  shoal  in 
front  of  the  town,  which  greatly  obstructs  the  landing.  The 
court-house,  jail,  and  three  churches,  all  stand  in  an  open  square, 
through  which  runs  the  main  street.  There  are  several  large 
factories  and  mills  in  operation  about  the  town.  The  water 
power  afforded  by  Beaver  river,  is  very  great,  since  the  building 
of  the  state  dams.  The  water  falls  about  sixty-nine  feet,  in  five 
miles.  A  branch  of  the  Pennsylvania  Canal  extends  to  the  head 
of  slack-water  navigation  on  the  Shenango  river,  and  a  branch  of 
the  Ohio  Canal  extends  to  Akron,  Summit  county,  Ohio. 

In  the  vicinity  of  Beaver,  there  are  several  thriving  villages, 
among  which  is  Brighton,  a  promising  village,  on  the  west  side 
of  Beaver  river,  four  miles  from  its  mouth.  A  fine  bridge,  600 
feet  long,  connects  it  with  New  Brighton,  which  is  situated  on 
the  east  side  of  the  river,  opposite  the  Lower  Falls.  This  is  also 
connected  by  a  bridge  with  Fallston,  which  is  noted  for  its  man- 
ufacturies  of  woolen,  cotton,  paper,  oil,  wire,  scythes,  baskets, 
window-sash,  ploughs,  carpets,  engines,  &c.  The  other  villages 
are  Sharon,  Bridgewater,  and  Rochester — all  thriving  towns  on 

the  palaces  of  the  great.  That  there  are  evils  in  society,  no  one  doubts ;  but 
the  great  mass  of  those  who  pretend  to  be  reformers,  are  nothing  but  gnun- 
blers  —  speculative  philosophers,  who  talk  much  and  think  but  little.  The 
plans  of  association,  formed  in  different  countries,  at  different  times,  have  all 
failed  to  accomplish  the  great  end  of  their  founders  —  the  happiness  of  man- 
kind. These  associations,  in  a  pecuniary  point  of  view,  have  done  even  less 
for  their  members,  than  the  industrious,  enterprising,  and  economical  mechanic 
or  farmer  can  accomplish,  under  similar  circumstances,  in  any  corner  of  the 
civilized  world. 


I 


"^ 


Beaver  river,  within  a  short  distance  of  each  other.  Phillips- 
burg  is  on  the  Ohio,  opposite  tlie  mouth  of  Beaver  river.  It 
contains  i  large  ship  yard,  and  about  400  inhabitants.  The 
combined  population  of  these  villages  is  near  10,000. 

Oeor^etown*  Beaver  county,  Pennsylvania,  is  a  small 
village,  situated  on  the  Ohio,  forty-four  miles  below  Pittsburg.  Ii 
is  one  mile  from  the  Ohio  state  linei  and  contains  a  population 
of  400. 

Ola&^OIV,  Columbiana  county,  Ohio,  is  located  on  the  Ohio 
river,  opposite  Georgetown.  This  place  has  but  recently  been 
laid  out ;  a  number  of  buildings  have  been  erected,  and  it  has  u 
prospect  of  becoming  a  thriving  town. 

Ijiverpool,  Columbiana  county,  Ohio,  is  situated  on  the 
Ohio  river,  four  miles  below  Georgetown  It  has  five  schools, 
and  several  earthen-ware  manufactories.     Population,  700. 

%¥ellsvlllef  Columbiana  county,  Ohio,  is  four  miles  below 
Liverpool,  at  the  mouth  of  Yellow  creek.  This  place  has  an 
excellent  landing,  and  is  surrounded  by  a  rich  country.  It  was 
laid  out  in  1824,  by  William  Wells,  from  whom  it  derives  its  name. 
The  business  of  the  town  is  rapidly  increasing  ;  and  if  the  con- 
templated railroad  to  Cleveland  is  completed,  it  will  become  a 
large  and  important  place.  The  town  contains  several  churches, 
mills,  machine  shops,  and  stores.     Population,  1,200. 

About  two  miles  below  Wellsville,  is  the  place  where  Logan, 
the  white  man's  friend,  mourned  the  loss  of  his  murdered  family.* 

Note.t 

It  was  near  this  place,  where  the  celebrated  fight  between  Poe  and  tlu' 
Wyandotte  chief,  noted  for  his  size  and  strength,  ia  Raid  to  have  occumil.  A 
party  of  eight  men,  atuong  whom  were  Adam  and  Andrew  Poe,  set  out  in  pnr 
suit  of  some  Indians  who  hud  been  committing  murders  in  the  neighborhood. 
On  the  following  morning,  they  came  upon  an  Indian  trail.  To  avoid  iiii 
ambuscade,  Andrew  left  the  party,  and  crept  along  the  bank  of  the  river. 
lie  had  not  gone  far,  before  he  discovered  Indian  rafts  fastened  at  the  foot  of 
the  banks.  Not  seeing  any  one,  he  passed  softly  down  the  bank,  and  soon 
discovered  the  giant  chief  and  a  small  Indian,  standing  with  their  guns 
cocked,  looking  in  the  direction  of  the  remainder  of  the  party,  who  by  this 
time  had  passed  some  distance  down  the  river.  Poe  took  deliberate  aim  nt 
the  chief;  and,  had  it  not  been  that  his  rifle  missed  fire,  this  would  have  beon 
the  Indian's  last.  The  snapping  of  the  gun  arrested  the  attention  of  the 
Indians;  but  Poe  without  a  moment's  hesitation  dropped  his  gun,  and  sprung 
upon  them  so  suddenly,  that  ho  soon  succeeded  in  bringing  them  to  the 


♦  See  Silliman's  Journal  for  1836.       f  See  Doddridge's  Notes. 


Phillips- 
r  river.  It 
;ants.     The 

is  a  small 
ittsburfT.    li 

i  populutioi) 

oil  the  Ohio 
icently  been 
and  it  hus  a 

lated  on  the 
five  schools, 
I,  700. 
miles  below 
)lace  has  an 
try.  It  was 
ves  its  name. 
d  if  the  con- 
ill  become  a 
ral  churches, 

here  Logan, 
jred  family.* 


n  Pee  and  tho] 
ire  occurrod.   A  | 
set  out  in  \mr-  \ 
5  neighborliootl. 
To  avoid  iuij 
ik  of  the  river.  | 
d  at  the  foot  of  j 
)ank,  and  soon  | 
ith   their  guns! 
;y,  who  by  this 
iberato  aim  ati 
■ould  have  betii 
ttention  of  the! 
an,  and  sprun;; 
g  them  to  tbc] 

Notes. 


ground.  They  very  soon,  however,  extricated  themselves.  The  Indian  ran 
to  the  raft  and  got  his  tomahawk,  to  dispatch  his  pale-faced  enemy,  while  the 
chief  hugged  him  closely  in  his  arms.  Poe  watched  his  movements,  and  when 
he  was  about  to  deal  the  fatal  blow,  he  gave  him  such  a  severe  kick,  that  ho 
knocked  the  tomahawk  from  his  hand.  The  savage  approached  a  second  time 
more  cautiously,  but  was  again  disappointed;  Poe  by  throwing  up  his  arm 
warded  off  the  blow,  and  by  a  violent  effort  extricated  himself  from  the 
grasp  of  the  chief,  snatched  one  of  their  guns,  and  shot  the  Indian  through 
the  heart,  as  he  came  running  the  third  time  to  tomahawk  him.  The  two 
were  now  left  alone ;  and  owing  to  the  slippery  state  of  the  banks,  they  soon 
found  themselves  in  the  river,  each  endeavoring  to  drown  the  other.  They 
were  finally  carried  so  far  out  into  the  current,  that  they  were  compelled  to 
swim  for  mutual  safety.  They  directed  their  course  toward  the  shora,  to  end 
the  contest  by  arms.  Poe,  seeing  that  the  Indian  was  gaining  on  him,  deter- 
mined to  remain  in  the  water,  and  escape  being  shot  by  diving.  By  the  time 
the  chief  reached  the  shore,  Adam  Poe  came  up.  Both  their  guns  were 
empty,  and  whoever  loaded  first  would  be  the  victor.  Poe  succeeded  in 
loading  first,  and  he  shot  the  Indian  just  as  he  was  in  the  act  of  elevating 
his  gun. 

Steilbenvilley  county  seat  of  Jefferson  county,  Ohio,  is 
situated  on  the  Ohio,  nineteen  miles  below  Wellsville.  The  name 
is  derived  from  Fort  Stsuben,  which  was  erected  in  1789,  near  the 
present  site  of  the  Female  Seminary.  This  fort  was  garrisoned 
by  U.  S.  infantry,  but  at  the  time  of  Wayne's  victory,  it  was 
abandoned.  Steubenville  was  laid  out  in  1798,  and  incorporated 
in  1805.  The  town  stands  upon  an  elevated  plain,  in  the  midst 
of  beautiful  scenery.  The  surrounding  country  is  rich,  and  pro- 
duces wheat  in  great  abundance.  There  are  a  large  number  of 
stores,  several  churches,  a  bank,  woolen,  glasF,  and  cotton  facto- 
ries, and  numerous  machine  shops,  in  this  place.  There  are  a 
number  of  public  and  select  schools,  a  male  'academy,  and  a 
female  seminary.  The  seminary  stands  on  High  street,  on  an 
eminence  that  commands  a  fine  view  of  the  town.  It  was  erected 
at  a  cost  of  $40,000,  and  employs  12  teachers,  and  usually  has 
150  pupils,  who  must  be  over  twelve  years  of  age  This  institu- 
tion is  in  a  flourishing  condition,  and  has  a  wide  spread  reputation. 

The  population  in  1810,  was  800 ;  in  1820,  2,479 ;  in  1830, 
9,964  ;  in  1840,  4,247  ;  in  1850,  7,950. 

Steamboats  are  passing  up  and  down  the  river,  almost  hourly, 
and  stages  leave  daily  for  most  of  the  towns  in  the  interior  of  the 
state. 

UTetlslnirg^,  capital  of  Brooke  county,  Virginia,  is  situated 
on  the  Ohio,  twenty-two  miles  above  Wheeling.  It  was  laid  out 
in  1789,  by  Charles  Prather,  and  received  the  name  of  Charleston, 


I 
f 

f'   ■  • 


i  \ 


Nil    t 


ill 


l^Bw^i 


88 


ROUTE    OF   THE    OHIO    RIVER. 


wliicli  was  afterward  changed  to  Wellsburg,  in  honor  of  Alexan- 
ier  Wells,  who  built  the  first  flour  warehouse  in  the  state  of 
Ohio.  The  town  is  surrounded  by  hills  that  abound  in  coal, 
which  is  furnished  to  the  manufactories  at  a  few  cents  per  bushel, 
About  50,000  barrels  of  flour,  are  annually  exported  to  New 
i)rleuiis.     The  present  population  is  near  3,000. 

VVellsbu  g  is  a  flourishing  place,  and  contains  6  churches,  a 
lurge  nuin  er  of  stores,  and  manufactories  and  mills  of  every 
Ixiud.  Among  the  noted  men  who  have  lived  here,  may  be  men- 
lioncd  Philip  Dodriddge,  a  member  of  Congress,  who  died  at 
Wusliington  in  1832,  and  who  wss  universally  admired  for  his 
•loquence  and  fine  talents.  His  brother,  the  Rev.  Dr.  Doddridge, 
the  author  of  the  "Notes"  before  reflferod  to,  was  an  Episcopal 
clergyman  in  this  place. 

Note. 

Bethany-f  8  miles  east  of  Wellsburg,  is  noted  as  being  the  residence  of 
Alcxdnder  Campbell,  the  founder  of  that  religious  denomination,  known  as 
■<  Disciples,"  or  "  Christian  Baptist."  The  Bethany  college  was  founded  in 
1841  by  Alexander  Campbell,  and  is  in  a  flourishing  condition.  The  town  ie 
small,  and  contains  but  few  dwellings. 

'Warrenton,  Jefferson  county,  Ohio,  is  a  small  village, 
seven  miles  below  Wellsburg.     Population,  350. 

Iflartinsville,  Belmont  county,  Ohio,  is  situated  on  the 
river,  about  a  mile  above  Wheeling.  It  contains  3  churches,  10 
stores,  and  a  population  of  500. 


VIEW    OF    WHEELING. 


liVhcelinii^,  county  seat  of  Ohio  county,  Virginia,  is  situa- 
ted on  the  Ohio  river,  at  the  mouth  of  Wheeling  creek,  on  a 
high  alluvial  bank,  ninety-five  miles  below  Pittsburg.  This  city 
is  surrounded  by  a  range  of  rough,  precipitous  hills,  in  which 


r  of  Alexan* 
the  state  of 
ind  in  coal, 
i  per  bushel, 
ted  to  New 

churches,  a 
lis  of  every 
lay  be  men- 
vho  died  at 
lired  for  his 
.  Doddridge, 
m  Episcopal 


e  residence  of 
ion,  known  as 
as  founded  in 
.    The  town  is 

nail  village, 

ated  on  the 
hurches,  10 


aia,  is  situa* 
creek,  on  a 
This  city 
s,  in  which 


are  deposited  vast  quantities  of  coal.  It  stands  on  the  site  of 
Fort  Iienry,  and  was  first  laid  out  in  1793,  and  now  extends  near 
two  miles  along  the  river,  and  is  the  most  important  town  in 
Western  Virginia,  Wheeling  creek  divides  the  city  in  two  parts, 
which  are  connected  by  a  fine  stone  bridge.  Tiie  city  is  supplied 
with  water  raised  from  the  Oliio.  Opposite  the  city,  in  the  Ohio, 
is  Zane's  island,  so  named  in  honor  of  Col.  Ebenezer  Zane,  one 
of  the  first  settlers;  wliich  contains  350  acres,  a  large  portion  of 
which  is  laid  out  in  lots,  and  connected  with  tiie  city  by  a  bridge 
over  which  the  national  road  passes.  This  place  has  received  the 
name  of  Columbia  City. 

The  National  Road,  wliich  was  built  by  order  of  Congress,  and 
afterwards  dedicated  to  the  states  in  which  it  lies,  and  which  is 
designed  to  extend  from  Washington  City  to  St.  Louis,  passes 
through  Wheeling,  and  brings  it  in  communication  with  some  of 
the  richest  portions  of  Ohio  and  Virginia. 

1'he  manufactories  of  Wheeling  are  on  a  large  scale.  There 
are  now  in  operation  4  founderies,  4  engine  factories,  1  nail  fac- 
tory which  turns  out  1,200  kegs  of  nails  per  week,  8  houses  for 
the  manufacture  of  glass,  4  cotton  and  woolen  factories,  2  paper 
mills,  I  steel  and  spring  factory,  1  silk  factory,  3  manufactories 
of  copperas,  white  and  sheet  lead,,  together  with  a  large  number 
of  mills  of  various  kinds  in  the  city  and  vicinity.  The  business 
in  the  above  branches  during  the  last  year,  amounted  to  $3,365,000. 

The  commerce  of  Wheeling  is  also  extensive  ;  it  being  the 
general  depot  for  goods  which  arrive  by  way  of  the  national 
road,  and  which  are  shipped  to  all  parts  of  the  West,  along  her 
numerous  canals,  railroads,  and  rivers. 

The  city  contains  14  churches  of  various  religious  denomina- 
tions, a  large  number  of  stores,  commission  and  forwarding 
houses,  and  5  public  schools,  employing  19  teachers  ;  one  female 
seminary  of  109  pupils,  a  male  seminary  with  93  pupils,  and  7 
private  schools. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  chartered  institutions  of  the  city, 
and  their  respective  capitals  : 


Merchants'  &  Mechanics'  Bank,  cliartered 
North  Western  Bank  of  Virginia, 
Wheeling  Savings  Institution, 
Fire  &l  Marine  Ins.  Co.  of  Wheeling, 
Wheeling  and  Belmont  Bridge  Co., 

i  I  Wheeling  Gas  Company, 

1 1  Wheeling  Hotel  Company, 
I  Wheeling,  West  Liberty  and  Bethany 

Turnpike  Company, 
Wheeling  Female  Seminary, 


I 


(( 

tt 
ft 


tt 


1835,  capital  $540,000 


1819, 

it 

792,000 

1834, 

*i 

15,540 

1832, 

tt 

100,000 

1847, 

tt 

200,000 

1849, 

<(• 

50,000 

1849, 

(( 

40,000 

1847, 

tt 

35,000 

1848, 

tt 

18,000 

IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


h 


// 


/ 


5r     «:/- 


1.0 


I.I 


I^|2j8     |2.5 

|50     "^        M^ 


IL25  i  1.4 


-    6" 


1.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  W<;S1  iMAU  STREEV 

VVSP^TER,  N.Y.  14S80 

\1M>)  873-4507 


»F1  '-■ . 'W  PMWVfVI^O'^miy'L' 


-:{ 


if 
t 


:u 


90 


ROUTE    OF    THE    OHIO   RIVER. 


chartered  1832,  capital  $ 

"  1849,  «  12,000 
»'  1840,  "  90,000 
"      1850,        "        50,000 


Wheeling  Lyceum, 
Washington  Hall  Association, 
Western  Insurance  Company, 
Wheeling  Hospital, 

Besides  these,  there  is  a  handsome  court-house,  jail  and  county 
offices  ;  4  newspaper  offices,  2  daily,  1  weekly,  1  monthly  and  1 
semi-monthly.  There  is  also  a  telegraph  office,  connecting  with 
all  the  principal  cities  cast  and  west ;  a  theatre,  masonic  hall,  &c. 

The  object  of  greatest  interest  to  the  traveler,  is  the  Wire  Sus- 
pension Bridge,  that  spans  the  Ohio  at  this  place.  It  is  the  work 
of  the  same  genius  that  bridged  Niagara.  It  occupied  near  two 
years  in  building,  and  cost  near  $200,000.  The  span  is  the 
longest  in  the  world,  being  lOlG  feet — that  of  Freiburg,  which  is 
the  longest  in  Europe,  being  only  905  feet.  It  is  built  92  feet  above 
low  water  mark,  is  21  feet  wide,  and  is  supported  by  12  wire 
cables,  each  1380  feet  long,  and  4  inches  in  diameter,  and  each 
contains  572  strands  of  No.  10  wire.  There  is  a  carriage  way  of 
17  feet,  and  two  foot-paths,  each  3J  feet  wide.  The  towers  on 
the  Wheeling  side  are  153|  feet  above  low  water  mark,  and  60 
feet  above  the  abutment  on  which  it  stands ;  on  the  other  side 
they  are  21  feet  lower.  This  stupendous  structure  was  built  by 
a  company  of  capitalists,  who  obtained  a  charter  in  1847.  An 
effort  is  now  being  made  to  have  the  bridge  removed,  upon  the 
plea  that  it  is  an  obstruction  to  navigation.  This  is  no  doubt,  in 
a  great  measure,  the  work  of  men  who  are  jealous  of  the  pros- 
perity of  Wheeling  ;  but  it  is  hoped  that  those  who  have  power 
to  act  in  the  mattci',  will  not  let  such  a  monument  of  enterprise 
and  art  be  removed  for  such  trifling  and  selfish  reasons. 

Steamboats  leave  daily  for  Cincinnati  and  all  points  on  the 
Ohio,  Mississippi,  and  their  tributaries.  Stages  leave  daily  for 
Baltimore,  (connecting  with  the  curs  at  Cumberland,)  Pittsburg, 
Cincinnati,  and  Maysville,  Ky. ;  also,  for  St.  Louis,  (on  the 
national  road,)  via  Zanesville,  Columbus,  Springfield,  Indianapo- 
lis, &c.;  and  for  Ashtabula,  Cleveland,  and  Sandusky,  three  times 
a  week  ;  for  Marietta,  twice  a  week.  The  population  of  W^heel- 
ing  is  13,162. 


ROUTES  PROM  -WHEELING. 

From  Wheeling  to  Cincinnati^ 

From  Wheeling  (by  stage)  to  Bridgeport.  1  mile;  to  St  Clairs- 
ville,  10  miles  ;  to  Morristown,  11  miles  ;  to  Fairview,  10  miles  j 
to  Washington,  9  miles  ;  to  Cambridge,  8  miles  ;  to  New  Con- 


WW  Jin  ll»l  l|l»,  w. 


BOUTES    FROM   WHEELING. 


91 


cord,  9  miles  ;  to  Bridgeville,  6  miles;  to  Zanesville,  8  miles  ;  to 
Hopewell,  9  miles  ;  to  Brownsville,  G  miles  ;  to  Linville,  5  miles; 
to  Hebron,  8  miles;  to  Etna,  10  miles;  to  Reynoldsburg,  9  miles; 
to  Columbus,  11  miles  ;  to  Alton,  9  miles  ;  to  West  Jefferson,  5 
miles;  to  Lafayette,  8  miles;  to  Summerfield,  5  miles;  to  Spring- 
field, 16  miles  ;  to  Yellow  Springs,  (by  Little  Miami  Railroad,) 
10  miles  ;  to  Xenia,  9  miles  ;  to  Spring  Valley,  7  miles  ;  to  Cor- 
win,  7  miles ;  to  Freeport,  6  miles  ;  to  Morrow,  8  miles  ;  to 
Deerfield,  5  miles  ;  to  Loveland's,  9  miles  ;  to  Milford,  10  miles ; 
to  Columbia,  9  miles  ;  to  Fulton,  4  miles  ;  to  Cincinnati,  1  mile. 
Total  distance  from  Wheeling  to  Cincinnati,  254  miles,  84  of 
which  is  by  railroad. 

Fro7n  Wheeling  to  Detroit. 

From  Wheeling  to  Bridgeport,  1  mile  ;  to  Colerain,  5  miles  ; 
to  Cadiz,  15  miles  ;  to  Tappan,  16  miles  ;  to  Eastport,  8  miles  ; 
to  New  Philadelphia,  10  miles  ;  to  Mount  Eaton,  20  miles  ;  to 
Wooster,  14  miles  ;  to  New  Pittsburg,  11  miles  ;  to  Ashland,  13 
miles  ;  to  Greenwich,  16  miles  ;  to  Bronson,  14  miles;  to  Nor- 
walk,  3  miles;  to  Lyme,  10  miles;  to  Lower  Sandusky,  21  miles; 
to  Woodville,  15  miles;  to  Perrysburg,  16  miles;  to  Toledo,  11 
miles;  to  Manhattan,  3  miles;  to  Erie,  9  miles;  to  Monroe,  11 
miles  ;  to  Brest,  5  miles  ;  to  Brownstown,  13  miles  ;  to  Gibraltar, 
7  miles  ;  To  Detroit,  15  miles.  Total  distance,  by  stage,  from 
Wheeling  to  Detroit,  280  miles. 

From  Wlieeling  to  Baltimore. 

From  Wheeling  to  Washington,  Pa.,  30  miles  ;  to  Brownsville, 
26  miles.  For  the  remaindor  of  the  route,  see  route  from  Pitts- 
burg to  Baltimore. 

From.  Wheeling  to  MaysvUle. 

From  Wheeling  to  Zanesville,  as  in  previous  route,  73  miles  ; 
to  Putnam,  1  mile;  to  Fultonham,  8  miles;  to  Somerset,  10  miles; 
to  Rushville  8  miles ;  to  Lancaster,  10  miles  ;  to  Tarlton,  15 
miles  ;  to  Kingston,  9  miles  ;  to  Chillicothe,  10  miles  ;  to  Bourn- 
ville,  13  miles  ;  to  Bainbridge,  11  miles  ;  to  Cynthiana,  5  miles  ; 
to  Sinking  Springs,  10  miles  ;  to  Locust  Grove,  8  miles ;  to 
Dunbarton,  5  miles  ;  to  West  Union,  10  miles  ;  to  Aberdeen,  17 
miles  ;  to  Maysville,  1  mile.  Total  distance  to  Maysville,  224 
miles. 

From  Wheeling  to  Cleveland. 

From  Wheeling  to  Wooster,  87  miles  ;  to  Jackson,  11  miles  ; 
to  Seville,  15  miles ;  to   Medina,  24  miles ;  to  Brunswick,  32 


,1:   1 


<1 


iJ 


'h 


92 


ROUTE    OF   THE   OHIO   RIVER. 


miles  ;  to  Strongsville,  38  miles  ;  to  Cleveland,  52  miles, 
distance  to  Cleveland,  260  miles. 


Total 


^Wheeliilgf  Creelc,  rises  in  the  south-western  part  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  enters  the  Ohio  at  Wheeling.  The  mouth  of 
this  stream  (Fort  Henry)  was  the  theatre  of  some  of  the  most 
daring  exploits  connected  with  the  early  Indian  warfare  of  our 
country. 

Note. 

Fort  Henry.  The  first  settlement  was  formed  here  in  1769,  by  three 
brothers  of  the  name  of  Zane,  together  with  a  small  party  of  emigrants. 
The  fort,  however,  was  not  built  till  1774,  and  was  at  first  called  Fincasitle ; 
but  in  1776,  the  name  was  changed  to  that  of  Henry,  in  honor  of  Patrick 
Henry,  the  eloquent  and  patriotic  Governor  of  Virginia.  During  Dunmore's 
war  it  was  a  place  of  refuge  for  settlers. 

In  the  month  of  September,  1777,  the  fort  was  besieged  by  a  party  of  five 
hundred  Indians,  led  on  by  the  notorious  Simon  Girty,  who  was  then  in  the 
service  of  the  British  government.  On  the  evening  of  the  26th  of  Septem- 
ber, the  settlers  in  the  neighborhood  of  Fort  Henry  were  surprised  by  the 
smoke  and  flames  proceeding  from  a  block-house,  a  few  miles  down  the  river. 
They  immediately  became  apprehensive  of  the  approach  of  Indians,  and 
hastened  to  seek  shelter  in  the  fort.  The  garrison  numbered  forty-two  fight- 
ing men,  all  well  enough  supplied  with  guns,  but  powder  was  scarce.  The 
night  was  passed  in  quiet ;  but  early  in  the  morning,  the  alarm  was  given ; 
and  a  party  of  fifteen  men,  who  were  sent  out  to  dislodge  the  enemy,  were 
decoyed  into  an  ambuscade  and  all  killed  but  throe,  who  made  their  escape  by 
concealing  themselves  among  the  logs  and  brushes.  Another  party  of  thirteen 
going  out  to  their  rescue,  shared  a  like  fate.  The  garrison,  now  consisting 
of  but  fourteen  men,  was  called  upon  by  Girty  to  surrender  in  the  name  of 
his  Britannic  Majestj^.  The  answer  to  this  summons  was  a  rifle  shot,  which 
came  near  closing  forever  the  savage  warfare  of  Girty.  Finding  the  attempts 
at  frightening  of  no  avail,  they  commenced  the  work  of  storming  in  good 
earnest.  But  being  without  cannon  or  scaling  ladders,  their  muskets  and 
rifles  made  no  impression  on  the  walls ;  while  their  own  ranks  were  con- 
stantly thinned  by  the  galling  fire  of  those  fourteen  well-aimed  rifles  within 
the  fort. 

Getting  tired  of  this  mode  of  warfare,  they  procured  a  hollow  maple  tree, 
which,  by  stopping  up  one  end,  and  boring  a  touch-hole,  afforded  a  substitute 
for  a  cannon,  with  which  they  expected  to  be  able  to  annihilate  the  little  fort. 

Having  loaded  their  extemporaneous  weapon  to  the  muzzle,  with  stones 
and  pieces  of  iron,  it  was  brought  to  bear  on  the  gate  of  the  fort.  The 
match  was  applied,  and  lo  1  it  blew  into  ten  thousand  fragments,  killing  five 


and 


ROUTE   OF    THE    OHIO   RIVER. 


93 


Indians,  and  wounding  as  many  more.     It  did  no  more  damage  to  the 
garrison,  than  a  battery  of  pop-guns. 

They  continued  their  ineffectual  attempts  to  dislodge  the  garrison  until  the 
next  morning;  when  finding  every  effort  unavailing,  they  raised  the  siege 
and  dispersed.  Their  loss  amounted  to  nearly  one  hundred  in  killed  and 
wounded.  The  loss  of  the  garrison  was,  twenty-six  killed,  and  five  wounded. 
These  all  fell  in  the  first  attack  outside  the  fort,  not  a  man  having  been 
killed  inside  the  walls,  and  but  one  wounded,  and  he  very  slightly.  Thus 
ended  this  sanguinary  conflict ;  standing  in  history  as  a  monument  to  the 
bravery  of  the  early  settlers  of  Western  Virginia. 

Briclg^eport,  lies  directly  opposite  Wheeling,  in  Belmont 
county,  Ohio.  It  contains  a  church,  a  saw  and  grist  mill,  besides 
several  stores  and  commission  houses. 

The  national  road  passing  through  it,  serves  to  add  some  im- 
portance to  the  village,  as  a  depot  for  goods  forwarded  through 
that  section  c"  country.  The  population  of  Bridgeport  is  about 
500. 

ElizalietlltOWII,  lies  thirteen  miles  below,  on  the  Virginia 
side,  and  is  the  county  seat  of  Marshall  county,  Virginia.  Big 
Grave  creek  empties  into  the  Ohio  at  this  point,  separating  this 
town  from  Moundsville.  The  two  contain  several  stores,  a  news- 
paper, an  academy,  and  a  steam  flour  mill;  with  about  1,200 
inhabitants. 

Big  Orave  Creefe  derives  its  importance  from  the  Indian 
mound,  a  short  distance  from  the  mouth.  It  is  70  feet  in  hignt, 
and  about  900  feet  in  circumference  at  the  base.  It  has  an  observ- 
atory on  top,  erected  in  the  year  1837,  by  Mr.  A  B.  Tomlinson, 
which  can  be  seen  from  the  river. 

Grave  Creek  was  settled  in  1770,  by  Joseph  Tomlinson,  who, 
with  a  small  party,  emigrated  from  Maryland.  The  mound  was 
discovered  by  him  two  years  afterward. 

In  the  month  of  September,  1777,  Capt.  Foreman,  and  twenty- 
one  associates,  all  settlers  of  Grave  Creek,  v/ere  massacred  by  a 
party  of  three  hundred  Indians  ;  probably  a  portion  of  the  same 
that  attacked  Fort  Henry.  The  following  inscription  may  be 
found  on  a  monument  erected  to  the  memory  of  these  brave  men, 
about  four  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  stream  : 

"  This  humble  stone  is  erected  to  the  memory  of  Capt.  Fore- 
man and  twenty- one  of  his  men,  who  were  slain  by  a  band  of 
ruthless  savages  —  the  allies  of  a  civilized  nation  of  Europe  —  on 
the  25th  of  September,  1777. 

So  sleep  the  brave  who  sink  to  rest, 
By  all  their  country's  wishes  blest." 


I 


I".  '■ 


n 


; 


a 


I 


94 


ROUTE    OF   THE    OHIO   BIVER. 


Stienerville,  situated  eight  miles  below,  in  Belmont 
county,  Ohio,  is  a  small  village,  noted  as  being  the  scene  of  a 
bloody  battle,  between  a  party  of  Americans  and  Indians,  in  the 
month  of  May,  1794.  The  battle  was  called  Captinay  in  honor 
of  the  creek,  on  whose  banks  it  was  fought. 

Neur  Martinsville,  three  miles  below,  in  Marshall 
county,  Virginia,  is  a  small  village,  containing  a  population  of 
about  200. 

Fish  Creek,  is  a  small  stream  rising  in  Tyler  county, 
Virginia,  and  empties  into  the  Ohio  at  New  Martinsville. 

Clarington,  is  situated  at  the  mouth  of  Sun  Fish  creek, 
in  Monroe  county,  Ohio.  The  country  around  abounds  in  beds 
of  iron  and  coal.     The  population  of  Clarington  is  300. 

fSim  Fisll  Creek,  is  a  small  stream,  rising  in  Monroe 
county,  Ohio,  and  empties  into  the  Ohio  river  at  Clarington. 

SiSterville,  is  twelve  miles  below,  in  Tyler  county,  Vir- 
ginia. It  was  laid  out  originally  as  the  county  seat ;  but  from 
some  mysterious  cause,  it  was  bereft  of  that  honor,  which  was 
conferred  on  the  village  of  Middletown,  about  nine  miles  in  the 
interior.     The  population  of  Sisterville  is  about  250. 

IVewport,  is  a  flourishing  town,  situated  twelve  miles  below* 
in  Washington  county,  Ohio.     The  population  is  about  600. 

Middle  Island  Creek,  is  a  small  stream  rising  in 
Harrison  county,  Virginia,  and  emptying  into  the  Ohio  river  at 
the  village  of  Centreville. 

CentreTille,  is  a  small  village,  situated  on  the  west  bank 
of  Middle  Island  creek,  in  Tyler  county,  Virginia,  and  contains 
about  200  inhabitants. 

Marietta,  is  situated  on  the  Ohio,  nineteen  miles  below,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Muskingum  river,  in  V^ashington  county, 
Ohio,  and  is  the  seat  of  justice  for  that  county.  The  city  is 
built  on  level  ground,  and  in  consequence  of  this,  is  often  over- 
flowed by  the  rivers.  This  city  has  long  been  celebrated  for  its 
neat  and  handsome  dwellings,  with  their  beautiful  and  ornamental 
flower-gardens  ;  and  the  high  tone  of  morality  and  literary  intel- 
ligence which  pervades  all  classes.  The  churches  are  7  in  number, 
viz  :  1  Baptist,  1  Episcopalian,  1  Universalist,  1  Methodist,  1 
German  Methodist,  1  Catholic  and  1  Presbyterian. 

Marietta  College  is  a  handsome  ediflce,  with  beautiful  grounds 
attached.  It  was  chartered  in  the  year  1835,  and  was  mainly 
intended  as  a  theological  seminary  ;  and  there  are  few  institu- 
tions of  the  kind  in  the  country,  which  rank  higher  in  the 
confidence  of  its  patrons  than  this. 


ROUTE    OF    THE    OHIO   RIVER. 


95 


In  addition  to  these,  tliere  are  2  academies,  2  public  libraries, 
a  bank,  2  printing  officeSj  several  mills  and  factories,  and  moie 
than  twenty  stores. 

The  population  of  Marietta  will  number  about  2,500. 

The  early  history  of  Marietta  is  intimately  connected  with 
the  early  history  of  the  state  of  Ohio  ;  it  being  the  place  where 
a  permanent  settlement  was  first  formed.  It  was  settled  by  a 
party  of  47  New  Englanders,  under  the  guidance  of  Gen.  Rufus 
Putnam,  in  the  spring  of  tiie  year  1788.  These  men  were  all 
characterized  by  a  strict  sense  of  morality,  and  stern  integrity, 
and  no  set  of  men  could  have  been  better  fitted  for  the  trials  and 
privations  of  early  pioueers,  than  they  were.  Under  such  favor- 
able circumstances  their  prosperity,  which  was  unabated  for 
years,  is  not  to  be  wondered  at.  The  name  of  Marietta  was 
given  to  the  village  on  the  2d  day  of  July,  in  honor  of  Marie 
Antoinette,  the  beautiful  queen  of  the  unfortunate  Louis  XVI, 
whose  sad  fate  all  are  acquainted  with.  On  the  2d  day  of  Sept., 
1788,  v/as  assembled  the  first  court  of  justice  ever  held  in  the 
North-west  territory.  The  ceremony  of  opening  the  court  was 
conducted  with  great  dignity  and  decorum.  A  procession  was 
formed  in  the  foilowing  order  :  1st.  H^gh  Sheriff  with  drawn 
sword;  2d.  Citizens;  .3d.  Officers  of  the  Army;  4th.  Members 
of  the  Bar  ;  5th.  Supreme  Judges ;  6th.  The  Governor  and 
Clergy;  7th.  Judges  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas.  They  then 
marched  round  the  settlement  to  the  town  hall,  and  took,  their 
seats.  The  court  was  opened  by  prayer,  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Cutler, 
and  then  proceeded  to  business.  The  novelty  of  this  proceeding 
brought  to  the  village  a  number  of  Indiuns  as  spectators;  although 
none  of  them  ventured  to  enter  the  hall. 

The  objects  of  the  greatest  interest  to  the  stranger  in  Marietta, 
are  the  Indian  mounds,  which  are  quite  numerous  in  the  vicinity; 
one  of  these  rises  to  tlie  higlu  of  thirty-two  feet  perpendicular, 
and  is  one  hundred  and  ten  feet  in  circumference  at  the  base. 

Besides  the  steamboats  which  arrive  and  depart  daily,  there  are 
two  regular  stage  lines,  one  to  Zanesville,  Ohio,  and  the  other  to 
Wheeling,  Virginia. 

Harinar,  is  situated  on  the  south  side  of  the  Muskingum 
river,  directly  opposite  Marietta.  It  is  favorably  situated  for 
manufacturing  purposes,  having  the  double  advantage  of  two 
rivers  and  the  fails  of  the  Muskingum.  Steamboat  building  has 
been  carried  on  to  a  considerable  extent  of  late  years.  Harmar 
has  a  fine  large  hotel,  a  Methodist  church,  a  male  and  female 
academy,  a  steam  mill,  iron  fouudery,  half  a  dozen  stores,  and 
about  1,000  inhabitants. 


!;■ 


i;  :. 


■  i| 


:,l 


■I 


:\>- 


96 


ROUTE    OF    THE   OHIO   RIVER. 


The  site  of  this  village  was  occupied  in  early  times,  hy  Fort 
Harmar,  which  was  huilt  in  the  year  1786,  by  a  detachment  of 
U.  S.  troops,  mifler  the  command  of  Major  Doughty,  and  belong- 
ing to  Col.  Josiah  Harmar's  regiment,  in  honor  of  whom  the  fort 
was  named.  It  was  occupied  by  troops  for  several  years,  whose  duty 
it  was  to  guard  the  settlements  in  the  vicinity.  It  was  a  beautiful 
ami  romantic  place,  and  was  the  second  fort  erected  in  Ohio. 

The  Muskln;;^!!!!!  River  is  formed  by  the  junction  of 
the  Tuscawara  and  White  Woman  rivers,  which  unite  at  Cosh- 
octon. It  is  one  of  the  largest  rivers  which  lie  wholly  in  the 
state.  Navigation  is  greatly  impeded  in  this  river,  in  consequence 
of  the  numerous  fulls  and  rapids.  There  have  been  many  dams 
and  short  canals  constructed,  however,  by  which  means  the  river 
is  made  n'l.vigable  about  100  miles. 

The  disadvantages  in  regard  to  navigation,  are,  in  a  measure, 
made  up  by  the  easy  access  of  water  power  atTorded  by  these 
numerous  falls  and  rapids.  It  unites  with  the  Ohio  at  Marietta, 
and  is  225  yards  wide  at  the  mouth. 

Cosliocton  is  beautifully  situated  at  the  head  of  the  Muskingum  river, 
113  miles  from  Rfarietta,  and  is  the  county  seat  of  Coshocton  county.  It  was 
laid  out  in  the  year  1802,  and  was  called  Tuscawara,  which  name  it  retained 
until  the  year  1811,  when  it  received  its  present  appellation. 

It  contains  4  churches,  2  newspaper  offices,  a  flour  mill,  and  woolen  factory, 
half  a  dozen  stores,  and  has  a  population  of  1,000. 

When  the  river  is  very  high,  steamboats  occasionally  ascend  as  high  up  as 
this  point. 

Zanesville  is  situated  on  the  cast  hank  of  the  Muskingum  river,  80 
miles  from  its  mouth.  It  is  the  county  seat  of  Muskingum  county,  and  ranks 
with  the  principal  towns  in  the  state.  It  was  laid  out  in  the  year  1799,  by 
Ebenezer  Zan«»  and  John  Mclntire,  and  was  first  called  Westbourn,  which 
name  it  bore  until  the  establishment  of  a  post-office,  when  it  received  its 
present  name.  The  commerce  of  Zanesville  is  considerable,  having  a  trade 
opei^od  by  means  of  steamboats,  with  Pittsburgh,  Cincinnati  and  New  Orleans, 
Ac.,  and  through  the  northern  part  of  the  state,  by  means  of  the  Ohio  canal, 
with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  side  cut-oflf  at  Dresden.  The  national  road 
also  passes  through  it,  and  adds  considerable  to  its  trade. 

The  natural  advantages  for  manufacturing  purposes  possessed  by  Zanesville, 
are  not  surpassed  by  any  other  town  in  the  state.  Besides  the  immense 
amount  of  water  power  afforded  by  the  river,  the  surrounding  hills  abound 
with  beds  of  bituminous  coal,  affording  ample  supplies  of  fuel  for  all  pur- 
poses.   Though  possessed  of  so  many  advantages  for  a  manufacturing  town. 


ROUTE   OF    THE   OHIO   RIVER. 


97 


the  citizens  of  Zanesville  bave  not  improved  them  as  they  might  have  done. 
There  seems  to  have  been  a  mania  for  the  salt  trade,  to  the  exclusion  of 
almost  every  thing  else.  Circumstances  have  shown,  of  late  years,  that 
Zanesville  cannot  compete  with  New  York,  and  the  Kanawha  region  in  the 
manufacture  of  this  article.  This  fact,  the  citizens  now  see,  and  are  grad- 
ually turning  the  bulk  of  their  business  into  other  channels. 

Zanesville  is  divided  into  South  and  West  Zanesville,  and  Zanesville  proper. 
These  are  divided  by  the  river,  over  which  there  are  bridges,  connecting  them 
with  each  other,  and  with  the  village  of  Putnam,  a  short  distance  below. 

The  churches  of  Zanesville  are  14  in  number,  viz :  3  Lutheran,  2  Baptist, 
2  Methodist  Episcopal,  1  Protestant  Methodist,  1  Universalist,  1  Episcopalian, 
2  Catholic,  1  Presbyterian,  and  1  African. 

It  contains,  also,  7  flour  mills,  5  saw  mills,  2  oil  mills,  1  paper  mill  on  the 
late  improved  plan,  7  iron  foundcries,  2  glass  factories,  2  manufactories  of 
crockery  ware,  4  machine  shops,  2  woolen  factories,  1  shoe-last  manufactory, 
besides  numerous  others  of  minoi  importance.  There  are  5  printing  ofSces, 
in  which  are  printed  the  Gazette,  weekly;  Aurora,  weekly;  Courier,  weekly 
and  tri-weekly;  the  Western   Recorder,  weekly;  and  a  Counterfeit  Detector. 

For  the  education  of  the  young,  Zanesville  has  many  and  superior  advan- 
tages. There  are  two  large  buildings,  one  for  males,  and  the  other  for  females, 
each  capable  of  holding  three  hundred  scholars,  which  contain  schools  as 
ably  conducted  as  any  institution  of  the  kind  in  the  state.  These  buildings 
belong  to  the  town,  and  were  built  under  the  direction  of  the  late  John 
Mclntire,  who  left  his  entire  estate,  to  found  and  sustain  a  school  for  the 
benefit  of  the  poor.  In  these  schools,  the  poor,  who  are  unable  to  pay,  have  the 
samo.advantages  as  the  wealthy,  who  are  charged  a  moderate  compensation. 

There  are  also  district  schools  in  West  and  South  Zanesville,  which  are  free 
to  all  who  are  willing  to  attend.  Besides  these,  there  is  a  handsome  court- 
house, with  public  offices  in  the  west  wing,  and  an  atheneum  in  the  east 
wing,  in  which  there  is  a  library  of  over  9000  volumes,  and  a  cabinet  of 
minerals.  There  is  also  a  market  house^  a  bank,  and  a  juvenile  lyceum,  with 
a  library  attached. 

The  town  is  supplied  with  water  from  a  reservoir,  on  a  hill  160  feet  high,  ^ 
The  water  is  forced  up  by  means  of  a  powerful  force  pump ;  it  is  then 
conducted  through  the  town  by  means  of  iron  pipes,  as  is  usual  in  cities. 

The  population  of  Zanesville  is  8,000.  Steamboats  arrive  and  depart 
daily.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Maysville,  Ky.,  Cincinnati,  and  Wheeling ;  and 
three  times  a  week  for  Marietta,  and  Cleveland,  via  Massillon. 

Putnani)  is  a  small  village,  situated  opposite  Zanesville,  in  the  same 
county.  It  contains  a  printing  office,  one  Methodist,  and  one  Presbyterian 
church,  and  the  Putnam  Female  Seminary,  which  is  an  incorporated  institu- 
tion, and  has  been  in  operation  about  13  years.    The  cost  of  the  building 


y 


98 


ROUTE    OF    THE    OHIO    RIVER. 


Ill 


.  ,^l 


ill 


h\ 


with  furniture,  Ac,  was  more  than  $20,000.  The  original  nnme  of  the  town 
wafl  ►Springfield,  but  there  being  another  town  of  that  name  in  the  state,  it 
was  changed  to  its  present  name,  which  was  that  of  its  founder,  Edwin 
Putnam.    The  population  is  about  1,200. 

■.•>*.■.••      ft 

Vil^Iinnif  a  pleasant  littlo  village,  is  situated  on  the  Ohio,  in 
Wood  county,  Virginia,  opposite  an  island  of  the  same  name. 

Piirkersl>urs:ll,  Wood  county,  Virginia,  is  pleasantly 
situated  on  the  Ohio,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Littlo  Kanawha  river. 
It  is  the  county  seat,  and  contains  the  usual  public  buildings, 
together  with  a  number  of  factories  of  various  kinds,  about  a 
dozen  stores,  and  several  churches.  It  has  considerable  trade, 
and  efforts  are  being  made  to  extend  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio 
railroad  to  this  point.     The  population  is  about  3,500. 

BcSprc,  or  "Beautiful  Meadow,"  opposite  Parkersburgh,  in 
Washington  county,  Ohio,  is  a  pleasant  place,  extending  about 
ten  miles  along  the  river.  It  was  first  settled  in  the  year  1789, 
but  has  improved  very  slowly.  It  now  contains  a  population  of 
near  1,500.  "^ 

The  Liittic  Ksilia^llia  Oliver,  rises  in  Braxton 
county,  Virginia,  and  flows  in  a  north-westerly  direction,  and 
empties  into  the  Ohio  just  below  Parkersburgh. 

BlaiinerliaSSen's  Island,  a  beautiful  island  in  the 
Ohio,  two  miles  beh  3lpre,  is  remarkable  as  being  the  residence 
of  one  of  the  most  ^ortunate  men  that  ever  landed  on  our 
shores. 

Herman  Blannerhassett,  an  Irishman  by  birth,  who  left  the 
verdant  home  of  childhood,  in  company  with  his  wife,  to  seek 
that  quiet  among  strangers,  which  the  disturbed  state  of  his 
country  denied  him  at  home,  found,  in  179S,  a  dreary  island  in 
the  Ohio,  upon  which  he  resolved  to  spend  the  remnant  of  his 
days.  In  a  short  time  this  island  was  transformed  into  one  of 
the  most  enchanting  spots  in  the  country  —  disturbed  not  by  the 
jarring  sounds  of  a  tumultuous  city,  or  the  wild  excitement  of 
politics,  the  years  of  his  life  seemed  to  glide  along  as  smoothly  as 
the  waters  of  the  beautiful  river  that  passed  his  island  home. 
But  alas !  how  uncertain  and  how  fleeting  are  the  pleasures  of 
life  !  Little  did  he  think  that  there  was  owe,  high  in  the  honors 
of  his  adopted  country,  who,  one  day,  would  heap  dishonor  upon 
his  head,  and  send  him,  broken-hearted,  to  die  in  a  distant  land. 
This  island  will  ever  remain  as  a  memento  of  the  fate  of  its 
unfortunate  proprietor,  the  story  of  whose  wrongs  has  been 
rendered  immortal  by  the  genius  of  Wirt.  ^    -  *» 


y  as 
B)me. 
s  of 
nors 
pon 
and. 
■  its 
Deen 


2^- 


■^^■^.- 


T.  . 

n 

< 

11 

.1 

i 

•'« 

1 

*  * 

^ 

-  -  ■'J' . 


M 


Y'^ 


!. 


I! 


!■,*. 


mmm 


■iiPP 


■" -^^.t'\''^^^ 


Vi 


i  •' 
(  ■ 

■<   ii 


■     "'If 


,1' 


I   1 


if 


f:... 


"/  ■  ''  v> 


i,  ^.t-'-' •■■■-■.;  ...    .       ■■    i^-' S:b^'^-<--  ■     -,^.:■^;^;:-,'^;.*^^^^^■X;■        .  ^- .     - :     ■'     '     .   ■•■; 

r'-     ■    ,  .,■■■.••  ■         ;   ■     -f    V  ■«•  ■      ■ '■   ■-     ■  ;     .     -■»'■-■>'!!•    V  -ft     -••      t  ~       ■     " 

I    ■■  ■■■■ ,  -    •  ■-.'•,  ^  -  'vr:..H>^5?rit^^a---^-  V    «?i-  -';-^  'r^n^^-  •'■•VV-gJ?^ ,,.  *-     ■    :■ 

.  *■■  -    •^■■^■-^    .    -^-  #. J  •■':■,..  r  '->        -.  ■  */■',-•*..'*  1-.-  ^        ■       ■-  c  -.1;  1 

■■•"..■  .    ■»'Vi:^;-,i-..i  ■...;■ --iV,' >■:     •    „',        Vi    -  .,*\i  :•'«;■..  •-  ;  ■  «..    ,.  ■■i.-'Wi*   '  -  */   V  <• 

.  -  ■■         .    ■:  '-      .  ~   ■'/■■■-■■■-■■■■'  ■-..■■■"    '  ••^■.-    ■'•    ■■  -  -y-.- ■■^'  »•■■-, 

■r-V-'    ■'   ■  4':.'>    /.!.>•. .v^.-: ''.^i  --^  '  .,v-v,>;.   .^-'i;- :.,.;',   ;;    Xn-->    ,■••■■;>■,?-"■-■"  f-■Ji^■:^; 


■'1- 


■  ^1 

t.'.l 


*i> 


. -^^^   "^>'V'-*" 


''^'ii 


ROUTE    OF   THE    OHIO   RIVER. 


99 


The  mansion  of  Blannerhassett  was  the  resort  of  the  best 
society  ;  and  his  wealth  and  the  intelligence  of  his  wife,  caused 
many  of  the  most  distinguished  men  rn  the  country  to  become 
his  guests. 

After  the  defeat  of  Aaron  Burr,  in  1804,  for  the  Vice  Presidency, 
he  went  to  New  York  and  became  a  candidate  for  Governor. 
He  was  opposed  by  Hamilton,  a  man  of  high  mind  and  excellent 
talents.  Burr  was  defeated,  and  taking  advantage  of  some  lan- 
guage used  by  his  opponent,  challenged  him  to  fight  a  duel.  The 
parties  met,  and  Hamilton  fell. 

Burr  now  seeing  that  all  hope  of  future  distinction  in  the  East 
was  forever  lost,  determined  to  separate  the  Union,  and  establish 
an  empire  in  the  West.  On  the  2d  of  March,  1805,  he  took  his 
celebrated  leave  of  the  U.  S.  Senate,  and  on  the  29th  of  April,  he 
arrived  at  Pittsburgh.  He  soon  repaired  to  the  residence  of 
Blannerhassett,  and  persuaded  him  to  join  in  the  conspiracy,  and 
embark  all  his  fortune  in  the  scheme.  From  this  point,  Burr 
made  excursions  into  Ohio  and  Kentucky,  obtaining  money,  men, 
boats  and  provisions.  When  his  real  designs  became  known,  all 
his  movements  were  watched,  and  his  plans  constantly  defeated. 
Ou  the  26th  of  December,  1806,  he  arrived  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Cumberland  river,  with  only  about  100  men  ;  with  these  he 
descended  the  Mississippi  river.  Gen.  Wilkinson,  however,  of 
whom  Burr  had  made  a  confidant,  had  informed  the  President  of 
his  plans,  and  was  authorized  to  arrest  him  for  treason.  On  the 
17th  of  January,  1807,  Burr  gave  himself  up  to  the  authorities 
of  Mississippi  territory,  and  underwent  an  examination.  He 
was  placed  under  bonds,  and  while  the  grand  jury  were  investiga- 
ting the  case,  he  made  his  escape.  He  was  arrested  on  the 
Tombigbee  river,  on  his  way  to  Florida,  and  sent  to  Richmond 
for  trial.  His  examination  was  commenced  in  the  Circuit  Court 
of  the  United  States,  before  Judge  Marshall,  on  the  22d  of  May. 
Two-bills  were  found  against  him  ;  but,  contrary  to  the  wishes 
of  the  President,  the  suit  was  discontinued  on  the  part  of  the 
United  States,  and  he  soon  after  left  the  country  for  Europe. 

Blannerhassett  was  also  acquitted,  but  he  was  a  ruined  man. 
After  wandering  from  place  to  place,  he  died  in  the  year  1822,  on 
the  island  of  Guernsey,  in  the  English  channel.  His  wife 
returned  to  the  United  States,  and  applied  to  government  for 
indemnification,  but  without  success.  She  died  in  New  York,  in 
theyear  1842, 

Xroy,  Athens  county,  Ohio,  is  a  pleasant  little  village,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Hockhocking  river.  It  is  often  called  Hocking- 
port,  and  is  of  but  little  importance  in  a  commercial  point  of 
view.    The  population  is  250. 


'^- 


3    4- 


1  1 
t 


.  I 

I 


!fe 


H: 


'fi' 


HockbOCking^  River,  rises  in  Fairfield  coanty,  Ohio, 
and  after  a  circuitous  course  of  eighty  miles,  enters  the  Ohio  at 
Troy.  It  received  its  name  from  the  Indians,  in  consequence  of 
a  supposed  resemblance,  in  some  places,  to  a  bottle.  It  is  naviga- 
ble for  small  boats  as  far  as  Athens.  Seven  miles  from  Lancaster 
it  falls  over  a  perpendicular  ledge  of  rocks,  forty  feet  high.  The 
country  bordering  on  the  river  abounds  in  romantic  scenery,  and 
in  some  places  there  are  to  be  seen  many  ancient  mounds  and 
fortifications,  the  remains  of  a  race  iong  since  passed  away. 

The  valley  of  the  Hockhocking  appears,  from  recent  investi- 
gations, to  have  once  been  covered  with  yellow  pine  forests,  the 
remains  of  which  are  to  be  seen.  There  has  been  found,  in 
several  mounds  that  have  been  opened,  scattered  among  the 
human  bones,  the  charcoal  of  pine  wood  ;  which  shows  that  at 
the  time  of  their  erection,  this  was  the  prevailing  tree  of  the 
forest. 

Note. 

Atliengy  ootinty  seat  of  Athens  county,  Ohio,  is  situated  on  the  Hock- 
hocking river,  about  72  miles  south-east  from  Columbus.  It  became  the 
county  seat  in  1805,  and  now  contains  several  churches,  and  about  20  stores.  It 
is  the  seat  of  the  Ohio  University,  the  oldest  college  in  the  state.  The  Ohio 
University  was  founded  in  1819,  and  endowed,  by  Congress,  with  two  town- 
ships of  land,  containing  46,000  acres,  yielding  an  annual  income  of  $5,000. 
It  was  once  in  a  very  flourishing  condition,  but  of  late  it  has  failed  to  sustain 
its  high  reputation.  It  numbers  among  its  graduates  many  prominent 
men  of  our  day.  The  population  of  Athens  is  about  one  thousand.  Stages 
leave  daily  for  all  the  principal  points  in  the  state. 

About  four  miles  from  Athens,  there  are  several  mounds,  fortifications  and 
gateways.  From  one  mound  there  were  taken  over  one  thousand  perches  of 
stone,  differing  from  any  now  found  in  the  vicinity,  for  the  purpose  of  con- 
structing a  dam  across  the  river.  There  were  also  found  copper  rings  and 
other  curious  relics.  There  are  in  this  region  many  fossil  relics,  bearing 
devices  and  figures,  so  ingeniously  wrought  as  to  induce  the  belief  that  they 
were  the  work  of  man  before  the  fiood,  and  which  became  buried  in  heaps  of 
sandstone,  and  afterwards  consolidated  into  rock.  The  strata  which  extends 
through  this  region,  forms  one  vast  cemetery,  in  which  are  deposited  speci- 
mens of  those  plants  that  existed  in  the  early  ages  of  the  world. 

Belleville,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  Lee*s  creek,  in  Wood 
county,  Virginia,  four  miles  below  Troy,  is  a  small  but  beautiful 
village.  In  early  times  it  was  the  scene  of  many  tragical  events 
enacted  by  the  merciless  savages.    It  was  settled  in  the  year  1785, 


ROUTE   OF   THE   OHIO   RIVER. 


101 


the 


by  Joseph  Wood,  Esq.,  who,  in  company  with  some  others, 
emigrated  from  Pitlsbnrgh.  The  next  year  they  erected  block- 
houses to  defend  themselves  from  the  Indians,  who  became 
extremely  troublesome,  by  the  many  depredations  which  they 
committed  on  the  unoffending  settlers. 

Iflurraysville,  five  miles  below  Belleville,  in  Jackson 
county,  Virginia,  is  a  small  village  of  minor  importance.  There 
have  been  several  steamboats  built  here  lately,  which  shows  that 
efforts  are  being  made  toward  progression. 

Sliaicle  River,  is  a  small  stream  rising  in  Meigs  county, 
Ohio,  and  emptying  into  the  Ohio  one  mile  below  Murraysville. 
In  by-gone  days  the  mouth  of  this  river  was  the  spot  where  the 
Scioto  Indians  crossed,  after  their  marauding  expeditions  in  Vir- 
ginia. The  place  was  known  by  the  name  of  the  *^DevW8  Hole,^* 
for -many  years. 

BavenSWOOd,  lies  eleven  miles  below,  in  Jackson  county, 
Virginia.  It  contains  2  churches,  2  school-houses,  and  one  large 
mill;  with  a  population  of  350.  The  country  around  is  finely 
adapted  for  grazing,  and  large  numbers  of  cattle  and  sheep  are 
raised.  Although  Ravenswood  is  only  ten  years  old,  it  is  quite  a 
business  place,  and  bids  fair  to  make  a  large  town  in  time. 

lie  TartSVille,  is  a  small  village,  situated  twenty-three 
miles  below  Ravenswood,  in  Meigs  county,  Ohio.  It  lies  opposite 
an  island  of  the  same  name  in  the  Ohio  river. 

Oraham'S  Station,  lies  six  miles  below,  on  the  Ohio,  in 
the  same  county.  It  is  quite  a  small  village,  and  is  of  no  partic- 
ular importance.     Its  population  is  120. 

Pomeroy,  is  situated  eight  miles  below,  and  is  the  county 
seat  of  Meigs  county,  Ohio.  It  is  located  in  the  midst  of  wild 
And  romantic  scenery,  and  is  overhung  by  a  lofty  and  precipitous 
hill,  leaving  not  more  than  twenty-five  rods  for  the  width  of  the 
town,  which  extends  along  the  river  for  more  than  a  mile. 

There  are  6  churches,  a  court-house,  printing  office,  20  stores, 
«'^veral  founderies,  mills,  machine  shops,  carding  machines, 
tan-yards,  &c.,  &.c.     The  population  is  about  2,000. 

Steam  engines  are  used  exclusively  for  driving  machinery,  of 
which  there  are  about  a  dozen  in  constant  operation. 

Pomeroy  derives  its  importance  solely  from  the  coal  mining 
business,  which  is  carried  on  very  extensively.  The  first  coal 
dug  here  was  in  the  year  1819  ;  but  the  business  was  not  com- 
menced in  good  earnest,  until  the  year  1832,  when  Mr.  Samuel 
Pomeroy,  having  purchased  a  share  of  the  coal  land,  formed  a 
company,  consisting  of  himself,  two  sons,  and  two  sons-in-law, 


•M 


I. 


t! 


* 


•;■■,» 


^1 


1 


102 


ROUTE    OF    THE   OHIO    RIVER. 


under  the  firm  of  Pomeroy,  Sons  &  Co.  Since  that  time  mining 
has  been  an  important  business  at  Pomeroy.  The  annual  product 
of  the  coal  mines  is  now  estimated  at  2,000,000  bushels,  and  is 
constantly  increasing. 

Coalport,  situated  one  mile  below,  on  the  same  side  of  the 
river,  and  in  the  same  county,  is  the  principal  depot  of  the 
Pomeroy  mining  company.  Railways  are  laid  from  the  hills  to 
the  river,  where  the  boats  lie  to  receive  the  coal. 

mididleport,  lying  alongside  of  Coalport,  has  been  recently 
laid  out  for  the  accommodation  of  the  rapidly  increasing  coal 
trade. 

Sheffield,  is  a  small  flourishing  village  adjoining  Middleport, 
and  may  be  considered  part  of  the  same  town. 

Point  Pleasant,  the  "ounty  seat  of  Mason  county,  Vir- 
ginia, is  situated  twelve  miles  below,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Great 
Kanawha  river.  It  is  a  small  village,  containing  a  court-house, 
2  churches,  3  mills,  several  stores  and  2  tanneries ;  with  a 
population  of  500. 

The  spot  on  which  Point  Pleasant  is  built,  is  celebrated  in  the 
annals  of  Virginia,  as  being  the  scene  of  one  of  the  bloodiest 
Indian  battles  that  was  ever  fought  in  the  state.  The  battle  took 
place  on  the  lOth  of  October,  1774,  between  a  large  party  of 
Indians,  consisting  of  Shawnees,  Mingoes,  Delawares,  Wyandots, 
and  Cuyahog«j,  led  on  by  the  celebrated  Shawnee  chief.  Corn- 
stalk, and  a  branch  of  Lord  Dunmore's  army,  numbering  eleven 
hundred  men,  under  the  command  of  Gen.  Lewis.  The  battle 
raged  all  day  long  with  doubtful  success,  and  it  was  only  through 
the  means  of  stratagem,  that  the  Indians  were  at  last  frightened 
into  a  retreat.  Gen.  Lewis'  loss  was  seventy-five  killed,  and  one 
hundred  and  forty-three  wounded.  The  loss  of  the  Indians  could 
not  be  ascertained,  but  must  have  been  very  large.  Cornstalk, 
who  was  a  brave  and  noble  chief,  was  murdered  at  this  place,  in 
the  year  1777.  The  Governor  offered  a  large  reward  for  the 
arrest  of  the  murderers,  but  all  efforts  for  their  apprehension 
proved  unsuccessful.  The  town,  not  prospering  for  some  years 
after  this  event,  gave  rise  to  a  superstitious  belief  that  the  murder 
was  the  cause  of  it. 

Steamboats  arrive  and  depart  daily  ;  stages  leave  three  times  a 
week  for  the  Virginia  Springs. 

Tlie  Oreat  Kanawlia  River,  rises  in  the  Alleghany 

mountains,  taking  its  course  in  a  north-westerly  direction  through 
some  of  the  grandest  and  most  romantic  scenery  in  the  West,  and 
empties  into  the  Ohio  at  PoinI,  Pleasant.     It  is  the  largest  river 


lining 
oduct 
iind  is 

Df  the 
of  the 
ills  to 

cently 
r  coal 

leport, 

,Vir- 

Great 
house, 
7ith  a 

in  the 
iodiest 
e  took 
rty  of 
mdots, 
Corn- 
eleven 
battle 
irough 
htened 
lid  one 
5  could 
nstalk, 
ace,  in 
'or  the 
ension 
)  years 
nurder 


;imes  a 

)ghany 
nrough 
;st,  and 
3t  river 


ROUTE    OF    THE    OHIO   RIVER. 


103 


in  Western  Virginia.  By  means  of  a  vast  amount  of  labor,  the 
river  has  been  made  navigable  about  sixty  miles.  At  the  head  of 
navigation  are  the  Kanawha  Salines.  By  boring  to  the  depth  of 
five  hundred  feet  below  the  surface,  there  may  be  found  streams 
of  water  highly  impregnated  with  salt,  which  gushes  up  in 
immense  columns,  high  above  the  level  of  the  ground. 

The  salt  is  manufactured  by  evaporation,  which  is  carried  on 
by  a  steam  process.  There  are  now  over  3,000,000  bushels 
manufactured  annually. 

The  river  above  the  salines  has  numerous  falls  and  rapids,  being 
in  character  with  the  surrounding  country,  which  is  exceedingly 
rocky  and  mountainous.  On  the  banks  of  New  river,  about  ten 
miles  from  its  junction  with  the  Gauley,  (the  two  forming  the 
Kanawha,)  is  a  rugged  pillar  of  rocks  rising  to  the  hight  of  one 
thousand  feet  perpendicular.  It  was  formerly  known  by  the 
name  of  "  Hawk's  Nest,"  but  is  now  called  "  Marshall's  Pillar," 
in  honor  of  Chief  Justice  Marshall,  who  once  stood  on  the 
summit  and  measured  the  distance  to  the  valley  below. 

This  pillar,  with  the  accompanying  scenery,  has  never  failed  to 
impress  the  beholder  with  the  sublimest  thoughts,  and  the  grand- 
est conceptions  of  the  works  of  nature;  and  no  traveler  who  finds 
himself  in  this  vicinity  should  fail  to  pay  a  visit  to  this  stupendous 
monument  of  nature's  handy  work. 

OallipoliS,  situated  four  miles  below  Point  Pleasant,  is  the 
county  seat  of  Gallia  county,  Ohio.  It  was  settled  by  a  company 
of  French,  who  emigrated  to  this  place  in  the  year  1791.  They 
were  particularly  unfitted  for  the  hardships  and  privations  of  a 
backwoods  life,  being  mostly  persons  who  were  raised  amidst  the 
gaities  and  luxuries  of  Paris.  Consequently,  for  a  few  years, 
they  suffered  considerably.  But  being  of  a  lively,  vivacious 
turn,  they  succeeded  in  time,  in  accommodating  themselves  to 
the  circumstances  in  which  they  were  placed. 

There  are  no.v  in  Gallipolis,  3  churches,  2  newspaper  offices, 
17  stores,  and  about  1,800  inhabitants. 

Jfllllersport,  is  a  small  village  in  Lawrence  county,  Ohio, 
twenty-five  miles  below  Gallipolis,  containing  about  40  houses, 
4  stores,  and  a  population  of  150. 

Ouyandotte,  thirteen  miles  below,  in  Cabell  county,  Vir- 
ginia, is  a  place  of  considerable  importance  as  a  point  of  steamboat 
embarkation  and  debarkation.  The  village  contains  a  church,  10 
stores,  1  or  2  saw-mills,  and  is  flourishing  very  rapidly.  The 
population,  which  is  steadily  on  the  increase,  is  about  1,000. 

At  this  point  persons  from  the  South  and  West,  going  to  the 
Virginia  Springs,  usually  disembark  from   the  steamboats  and 


t  [. 


ii 


■4 


ii' 


i 


i^ 


n 


104 


ROUTE    OF   THE    OHIO   RIVER. 


take  the  stags.     Stages  leave  here  three  times  a  week  for  Rich- 
mond, Washington,  and  Baltimore,  via  the  White  Sulphur  Springs. 


THE  VIRGINIA  SPRINGS. 

The  most  frequented  of  these  are  the  White  Sulphur  Springs, 
situated  in  Howard's  oreek  valley,  in  Greenbrier  county,  on  a 
branch  of  the  Greenbrier  river. 

They  are  a  great  resort  for  invalids,  and  those  in  search  of 
amusement  and  pastime,  and  the  waters  are  thought  to  possess 
medicinal  virtues  in  an  eminent  degree,  particularly  in  chronic 
diseases.  They  contain  chloride  of  sodium,  sulphate  of  soda, 
carbonate  of  magnesia,  sulphate  of  lime,  oxide  of  iron,  sulphate 
of  magnesia,  precipitated  sulphur,  phosphate  of  lime,  iodine,  and 
organic  matter.  The  gases  which  enter  into  their  composition,  are 
hydrogen,  nitrogen,  carbonic  acid,  and  sulphurated  hydrogen. 
The  scenery  in  the  neighborhoo.1  of  these  springs  is  beautiful  and 
romantic  ;  encircled  by  bold  and  lofty  mountains,  and  traversed 
by  bright  and  shining  rivulets.  There  are  few  places  in  the 
country  that  possess  greater  charms  for  the  eye  of  the  painter 
than  this  lovely  valley.  Thirty-five  miles  to  the  north,  in  the 
county  of  Bath,  are  the  Warm  Springs,  one  of  the  oldest  water- 
ing places  in  the  state.  The  waters  are  very  clear  and  transparent, 
and  have  a  temperature  of  98°  Fahrenheit. 

The  Hot  Springs  lie  five  miles  to  the  southward,  in  the  same 
county.  There  have  been  excellent  arrangements  made  at  thq^e 
springs  for  the  accommodation  of  patients,  Both  male  and  female. 
The  waters  vary  in  temperature  from  98^  to  106^. 

In  the  eastern  extremity  of  Monroe  county,  are  the  Sweet 
Springs.  These  are  highly  recommended  on  account  of  the 
tonic  powers  with  which  their  waters  are  said  to  be  possessed. 
The  temperature  of  the  water  is  73°  Fahrenheit. 

The  Salt  Sulphur  Springs  are  also  situated  in  Monroe  county, 
and  are  highly  celebrated  for  the  medical  properties  of  their 
waters,  and  the  superior  accommodations  for  invalids  and  visitors. 
The  temperature  ranges  from  50^  to  60^. 

The  Red  Sulphur  Springs  lie  17  miles  to  the  southward,  in  the 
same  county.  The  water  is  cool  and  transparent.  The  temper- 
ature is  520. 

The  Blue  Sulphur  Spring,  situated  on  a  small  stream  which 
empties  into  the  Greenbrier  river,  enjoys  a  high  reputation  for 
the  medical  properties  of  its  waters.  It  is  consequently  much 
frequented  by  invalids,  during  the  summer  season.  - 


<M  tw!f,vimif^i;gf^'f>>m'",-wimi':'i  tnjf^^iti.m' 


. 


OuyandOtte  River,  rises  in  Logan  county,  Virginia,  in 
the  neighborhood  of  the  great  flat  top  mountains,  and  empties 
into  the  Ohio  at  the  town  of  Guyandotte. 

Proctorville,  is  a  small  village,  in  Lawrence  county,  Ohio, 
and  li*»s  nearly  opposite  Guyandotte. 

Burling^ton,  is  situated  eight  miles  below,  and  is  the  county 
seat  of  Lawrence  county,  Ohio.  It  is  a  small  village,  containing 
a  court-house,  2  churches,  half  a  dozen  stores,  and  about  400 
inhabitants. 

The  country  around  Burlington  on  both  sides  of  the  river, 
abounds  in  beds  of  iron  ore.  There  are  now  twenty-one  furnaces 
in  operation,  employing  more  than  two  thousand  workmen,  which 
annually  turns  out  about  thirty-eight  thousand  tons  oi  pig  iron, 
valued  at  $1,125,000, 

The  Big:  Sandy  River,  four  miles  below,  rises  in  the 
Alleghany  mountains,  and  emptios  into  the  Ohio  at  the  village  of 
Catlettsburg,  Kentucky.  It  is  navigable  as  far  as  the  mountains, 
and  for  nearly  two  hundred  miles  forms  the  boundary  line 
between  Virginia  and  Kentucky. 

Catlettsburg:,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Big  Sandy 
river,  in  Greenup  county,  Kentucky,  is  a  small  village  contain- 
ing only  about  half  a  dozen  houses.  It  forms  the  extreme  north- 
eastern point  of  the  state. 

Hang^ing:  Rock,  thirteen  miles  below,  is  situated  on  the 
Ohio  river,  in  Lawrence  county,  Ohio.  Being  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  the  iron  manufactories,  large  quantities  of  that  article 
are  shipped  from  this  port.  There  is  to  be  a  railroad  built,  about 
fifteen  miles  in  length,  connecting  this  place  with  the  iron  regions. 

The  village  derives  its  name  from  an  immense  sandstone  cliff, 
which  overhangs  the  rear  of  the  town. 

It  contains  a  church,  half  a  dozen  stores,  a  forge,  rolling-mill, 
and  foundery,  with  a  population  of  about  250. 

Orcenupsburg:,  county  seat  of  Greenup  county,  Ken- 
tucky, lies  six  miles  below,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Little  Sandy 
river.  It  was  laid  out  in  the  year  1818,  and  now  contains  a  fine 
large  court-house,  a  church,  school-house,  11  stores,  a  number 
of  mechanics'  shops,  and  a  population  of  about  300. 

Tlie  liittle  Sandy  River,  is  a  small  stream,  rising 
in  Carter  county,  Kentucky,  and  emptying  into  the  Ohio  at 
Greenupsburg. 

liV'iieelersburg:,  lies  eight  miles  below,  in  Scioto  county, 
Ohio.    It  is  a  small  but  flourishing  village,  with  a  population 
of  300. 
I 


106 


ROUTE    01    THE    OHIO    RIVER. 


"t 


M 


Portsmouth,  county  seat  of  Scioto  county,  Ohio,  is 
situated  twelve  miles  below,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Scioto  river, 
and  also  at  the  southern  terminus  of  the  Ohio  canal.  Portsmouth 
stands  in  a  most  advantageous  situation  for  trade,  being  connected 
by  the  Ohio  canal  with  the  great  lakes  on  the  north,  as  well  as 
the  most  fertile  agricultural  districts  in  the  state  of  Ohio.  The 
iron  region  being  in  the  vicinity,  also  adds  considerable  weight  to 
its  trade. 

These  advantages  hate  all  been  more  or  less  improved  by  its 
enterprising  inhabitants,  and  the  town  presents  u  lively  and 
business  like  appearance. 

A  company  of  capitalists  have  now  in  process  of  erection,  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  Scioto,  a  basin  with  dry-docks  for  build- 
ing and  repairing  steamboats*  The  town  now  contains  a  fine 
court-house,  1  Methodist,  1  Episcopal,  1  Presbyterian,  and  1 
Catholic  church,  2  well  conducted  free  schools,  one  for  boys,  and 
the  other  for  girls,  a  rolling-mill,  oil-mill,  carding  machine,  2 
printing  offices,  several  founderies,  about  40  stores,  and  a  popu- 
lation of  about  3y500< 

In  the  vicinity  of  Portsmouth  are  to  be  seen  the  remains  of 
many  ancient  works,  which  have  excited  considerable  curiosity 
among  the  antiquarians  of  our  day.  Steamboats  leave  daily  for 
all  points  on  the  Ohio  river,  and  stages  leave  daily  for  Columbus 
via  Lucasville,  Piketon,  Waverly,  Chillicothe,  Circleville,  &c.; 
distance  90  miles ;  fare  $3. 50. 

Vlie  OlliO  Canaly  one  of  the  first  great  public  works 
of  the  state,  was  commenced  in  the  year  1825,  and  finished  in 
1832,  at  a  cost  of  $5,000,000.  It  traverses  the  entire  length  of 
the  state  from  north  to  south.  After  leaving  Portsmouth  it  takes 
its  direction  almost  due  north  for  the  space  of  ninety  miles, 
crossing  the  Scioto  river  twice  in  its  course  j  it  then  takes  an 
easterly  direction,  passing  through  the  valley  of  the  Tuscawara, 
then  diverging  to  the  northward  again,  passes  through  the  valley 
of  the  Cuyahoga,  and  continuing  in  this  direction,  connects 
with  Lake  Erie  at  Cleveland.    Its  length  is  307  miles. 

There  are  152  locks,  and  8  branches.  The  Columbus  branch, 
connecting  the  city  o(  Columbus  with  the  main  canal,  is  ten 
miles  in  length.  The  Lancaster  branch,  extending  to  Lancaster, 
is  nine  miles  long.  The  Athens  branch  is  an  extension  of  the 
Lancaster  branch,  and  is  called  the  Hocking  canal.  Its  length  is 
fifty  miles.  The  Zanesville  branch  extends  to  the  town  of  Zanes- 
ville,  and  is  fourteen  miles  long.  The  Walhonding  canal  is  a 
branch  of  the  Ohio,  commencing  at  the  town  of  Roscoe,  and 
crossing  the  valley  of  the  Mohican.    Its  length  is  twenty-five 


ROUTES  ON  THE  OHIO  CANAL. 


107 


miles.  The  Granville  branch  extends  to  the  village  of  Granville, 
and  is  six  miles  long.  The  Eastport  branch  extends  to  the 
village  of  Eastport,  and  is  four  miles  long.  The  Dresden  branch, 
two  miles  long,  connects  the  Ohio  canal  with  the  Muskingum 
river,  and  through  the  means  of  locks  and  dams,  with  the  Ohio 
river  at  Marietta.  Besides  these,  there  is  the  Sandy  and  Beaver 
canal,  which  may  be  considered  a  branch  of  the  Ohio.  It  extends 
from  the  village  of  Bolivar  to  the  mouth  of  Beaver  creek,  about 
thirty  miles  below  Pittsburgh.  The  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio 
canal  extends  from  Akron  till  it  meets  a  division  of  Pennsylvania 
canal  near  the  town  of  New  Castle.  Length  in  Ohio  77  miles, 
and  in  Pennsylvania,  8  miles.     Cost  $764,372. 


The  following  table  contains  a  list  of  places  and  distances  on  the  Ohio 
Canal  and  branches,  between  Portsmouth  and  Cleveland : 


Jasper, 

Waverly,  ••••♦• 

Sharonville, * ♦ 

Chillicothe, 

Deer  Creek, 

Circleville, 

Bloomfield,  •  •  •  * 

Columbus, 

Lockburn, *  •  * 

Columbus  and  Lancaster) 

road, > 

Waterloo, - 

Carroll, * 

Havensport, 

Baltimore, *  • 

Millersport, 

Hebron, 

Newark, 

Licking, 

Nasport, 

Frazeesburg, 

Dresden, 

Webbsport, 

Stillwell's  Locks, 

Roscoe, 


6 

4 
16 

9 
14 

8 
10 
10 

7 

5 
4 
2 
6 
4 
6 
8 
7 
9 
6 
6 
2 
4 
10 


26 
32 
36 
52 
61 
75 
83 
93 
103 


Newport,  ..*......•• 

ETansburg, 

New  Comer's  Town,- 

Salesbury, 

Babelard, 

Trenton, 

New  Castle, 

New  Philadelphia," 
Dover, 


3  191 
9  200 

4  204 
6  210 
4  214 


j^Q    Jennings'  Bridge, 


115 
119 
121 
126 
130 
136 
144 
151 
160 
166 
172 
174 
178 
188 


Zoar, 

Bolivar, ' 

Bethlehem,  ....•.'•<* 

Massillon, '  • '  • 

Fulton, '••• 

Clinton, •  •  •  • 

New  Portage, 

Akron, 

Newberry, 

Old  Portage, 

Peninsula, 

Boston, 

Tinker's  Creek, 

Mill  Creek  Aqueduct,- 
Cleveland, 


219 
223 
225 
229 
231 
8    240 

3  243 

8  251 
6  257 

9  266 

4  270 
8  278 

284 
287 
291 

8  299 
3  302 

9  311 

5  316 
10  326 


6 
3 
4 


Hip 


■  -  {, 


% 

V. 

I 

I' 


108 


ROUTES   ON    THE   OHIO    CANAL. 


THE   HOCKING    CANAL. 

From  Portsmouth  to  Carroll, as  before  given,  119  miles;  to  Lancaster,  9 
miles;  to  Logan,  19  miles:  to  Nelsonville,  14  miles;  to  Athens,  16  miles. 
Whole  distance  to  Athens,  176  miles. 


ChilliootHCf  county  seat  of  Ross  county,  lies  on  the  west  bank  of  the 
Scioto,  and  on  the  line  of  the  Ohio  canal.  It  is  forty-five  miles  north  of 
l*ortsmouth,  and  the  same  distance  south  of  Columbus.  It  is  situated  on  a 
level  plot  of  ground,  about  twenty-five  feet  above  the  river.  The  plan  of 
Chillicothe  is  excellent;  the  streets  being  laid  out  broad  and  straight, 
meeting  at  right  angles;  much  resembling  Philadelphia  in  this  t'espcct.  The 
sc«;nery  in  the  vicinity  is  beautiful  and  romantic  in  an  eminent  degree. 

Chillicothe  was  laid  out  in  the  month  of  August,  1796,  by  Gen.  Nathaniel 
Ma.ssie,  on  his  own  land.  He  gave  a  lot  to  every  one  who  chose  to  settle  on 
it.  Thus,  by  holding  out  inducements  to  emigrants,  the  village  Improved 
.  jrapidly.  In  the  year  1800,  Congress  removed  the  seat  of  government  of  the 
North-west  territory  from  Cincinnati  to  this  place.  The  legislature  for  two 
years  held  their  sessions  in  a  small  two  story  log  house,  which  was  also  used 
as  a  church  on  Sunday ;  in  the  upper  story  there  was  a  billiard  table  and 
other  paraphernalia  of  a  gambling  saloon.  Here  many  would  congregate  to 
gamble,  who,  willing  to  lose  their  last  cent  at  the  gaming  table,  would  thus 
hurry  away  the  peaceful  hours  of  midnight,  while  those  whom  they  were 
bound  to  protect,  were  at  home,  struggling  between  fear  and  sleep,  endeav- 
oring to  catch  the  sound  of  the  well-known  footsteps.  The  old  state-house 
was  finished  in  1802,  and  is  yet  standing.  The  constitution  of  the  state  of 
Ohio  was  framed  in  this  house  on  the  first  Monday  of  November,  1802,  from 
which  time  Ohio  was  an  independent  state.  The  legislature  continued  to 
meet  at  Chillicothe  until  1810,  when  Zanesville  came  in  for  the  honor.  In 
1813,  they  moved  back  again  to  Chillicothe,  and  in  1816  Columbus  was  made 
the  capital  of  the  state,  which  it  has  continued  to  be  to  this  day,  and  more 
than  likely  will  continue  to  be  so  for  some  time  to  come. 

Chillicothe  now  contains  thirteen  churches,  viz. :  2  Methodist,  2  Presby- 
terian, 1  Associate  Reformed  Presbyterian,  1  Protestant;  Methodist,  1  Baptist, 

1  Episcopal,  1  Catholic,  1  German  Lutheran,  1  German  Methodist,  and 

2  African.  It  has  also,  1  male  academy,  and  1  female  seminary,  60  stores  of 
various  kinds,  6  newspapers,  1  bank,  5  flour  mills,  and  4  pork-packing 
establishments.  Chillicothe  occupies  an  advantageous  situation  for  trade. 
Being  the  commercial  center  of  the  Scioto  valley,  and  connected  with  the  Ohio 
river  by  means  of  the  canal  and  Scioto  river,  it  stands  a  fair  chance  of  being 
an  important  commercial  city.  The  population  is  now  800.  Stages  pass 
daily  through  the  town  for  Zanesville,  Columbus,  Portsmouth,  and  Maysville, 
Kentucky. 


ROUTES    ON   THE   OHIO   CANAL. 


109 


Circlevllley  county  seat  of  Pickaway  county,  Ohio,  is  a  flourishing  town, 
situated  on  the  Ohio  canal  and  Scioto  river,  19  miles  north  of  Chillicothe. 
The  town  is  built  on  the  site  of  an  ancient  fortification,  and  was  laid  out  in 
the  year  1810,  by  Daniel  Dresbach.  It  derived  its  name  from  the  circular 
form  of  one  of  the  ancient  ruins  which  were  found  here.  These  ruins  have 
long  since  disappeared  before  the  steady  march  of  improvement,  which  has 
marked  the  settlement  of  our  western  country. 

For  an  interesting  account  of  these  ruins,  the  reader  is  referred  to  a  work 
published  in  1820,  entitled  "  Archoelogio  Atnericana.** 

Circleville  now  contains  a  fine  court-house,  2  Presbyterian,  1  Methodist,  1 
Lutheran,  1  United  Brethren,  and  1  Episcopal  church ;  2  academies,  i  print- 
ing offices,  1  bank,  30  stores,  and  a  population  of  4,000. 

The  trade  of  Circleville  is  quite  extensive,  and  rapidly  increasing. 

Three  miles  and  a  half  south  of  Circleville  are  situated  the  Pickaway  Plains, 
said  to  contain  the  richest  soil  in  the  state  of  Ohio.  In  ancient  times  these 
plains  were  covered  with  rare  and  beautiful  flowers,  and  a  person  gazing  on 
this  gard^'u  of  nature  could  scarcely  believe  they  were  in  a  trackless  wilder- 
ness. It  was  on  these  plains  that  the  far-famed  Indian  chief,  Logan,  made 
his  celebrated  speech,  which  is  a  model  of  touching  eloquence. 

Hf^bron,  Licking  county,  Ohio,  is  a  small  village  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  national  road  with  the  Ohio  canal.  Its  situation  renders  it  of  some 
jraportanco  as  a  depot  for  goods  coming  by  the  way  of  the  national  road  and 
Ohio  isanal.    The  population  is  about  600. 

Ne^varlcy  county  seat  of  Licking  county,  Ohio,  is  situated  on  the  line  of 
the  Ohio  canal,  and  the  Sandusky  and  Columbus  railroad.  It  lies  about 
thii  ty-seven  miles  east  of  Columbus.  It  was  laid  out  in  1801  by  Gen.  Schenk, 
George  \V.  Burnet,  Esq.,  and  John  M.  Cummings.  The  streets  are  broad 
and  straight,  and  it  has  a  fine  public  square. 

Newark  contains  3  Presbyterian,  1  Baptist,  1  Episcopal,  1  Methodist,  1 
German  Lutheran,  1  Welch  Methodist,  1  Welch  Presbyterian,  and  1  Catholic 
church ;  4  printing  offices,  4  mills  and  factories,  and  about  50  stores.  Th.^ 
population  is  about  4,500. 

For  several  miles  around  Newark  there  are  to  be  seen  numerous  remains 
of  ancient  works,  which  were  no  doubt  constructed  by  the  same  hands  and 
at  the  same  time,  as  those  in  the  vicinity  of  Marietta  ac>d  other  places  in  the 
state,  to  which  reference  has  already  been  made. 

Neiv  Pliilade]p]iia«  situated  on  the  Ohio  canal  and  Tuscawara  river^ 
is  the  county  seat  of  Tuscawara  county,  Ohio.  It  was  laid  out  in  the  year 
1804  by  John  Knisley,  but  never  made  much  progress  until  the  last  few  years. 
It  lies  one  hundred  miles  north-east  from  Columbus.  It  now  contains  1  Baptist, 
t-Methodist,  and  1  Presbyterian  church;  half  a  dozen  stores,  2  printing  offices, 
2  mills,  1  factory,  and  a  population  of  about  1,500. 


no 


ROUTES  ON  THE  OHIO  CANAL. 


Massilloiiy  Bituated  in  Stark  countj"^,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  canal  and  Tusca- 
wara  riTer,  about  sixty-five  miles  from  Cleveland,  is  a  handsome  and  flourish- 
ing town*  Zt  was  laid  out  in  the  year  1826,  by  James  Duncan,  and  now 
contains  1  Lutheran,  1  Baptist,  1  Episcopal,  1  Presbyterian,  1  German 
Evangelical,  1  Methodist  Episcopal,  and  1  Catholic  church;  25  stores  of 
different  kinds,  3  founderies,  3  machine  shops>  1  printing  offlccj  1  bank,  and 
1  factory ;  with  a  population  of  about  2,500* 

The  town  derived  its  name  from  a  celebrated  French  clergyman^  by  the 
name  of  John  Baptiste  Massillon.  There  are  many  foreigners  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Massillon,  mostly  German  and  French.  They  make  excellent 
citizens,  and  readily  accustom  themselves  to  the  manners  and  customs  of 
American  society.  The  trade  of  Massillon  is  principally  in  wheat,  it  being  in 
one  of  the  richest  wheat  regions  in  the  state.  The  commerce  is  all  carried  on 
by  means  of  the  Ohio  canal.  « 

Akron,  county  seat  of  Summit  county,  Ohio,  is  situated  about  thirty-six 
miles  from  Cleveland,  at  the  junction  of  the  Ohio  ar  1  Pennsylvania  canals. 
It  was  laid  out  in  the  year  1825,  and  was  made  the  county  seat  in  1841.  The 
Pennsylvania  canal  was  also  opened  the  same  year,  and  since  that  time  Akron 
has  c<  atinued  to  increase  and  prosper  very  rapidly.  The  business  of  the 
town  is  principally  confined  to  the  wheat  trade,  which  is  carried  on  very 
extensively.  Akron  now  contains  2  Baptist,  2  Methodist,  1  Universalist,  1 
Episcopal,  1  Congregational,  1  German  Lutheran,  and  1  Catholic  church; 
30  stores,  12  mills  and  factories,  several  blast  furnaces,  1  insurance  company, 
1  bank,  3  newspapers,  Avith  a  population  of  about  4,000.  Stages  leave  throe 
times  a  week  for  Cleveland. 

The  Scioto  Kiver,  rise.s  in  Hardin  county,  Oliio,  and 
flows  in  a  south-easterly  direction  and  empties  into  the  Ohio  river 
at  Portsmouth.  It  is  navigable  for  steamboats  but  a  short  distance 
from  its  mouth.  Flatboats  in  high  stages  of  water  are  brought 
down  from  a  distance  of  one  hundred  and  thirty  miles.  Its 
length  is  one  hundred  and  sixty  miles,  and  it  is  one  hundred  and 
fifty  yards  wide  at  the  mouth.  The  counties  through  which  this 
river  flows,  are  among  the  most  fertile  and  highly  cultivated  in 
the  state  of  Ohio.  It  is  the  second  river  in  size  which  Ho  wholly 
in  the  state.  Efforts  are  now  being  made  to  render  it  perma- 
nently navigable  as  far  as  Chillicothe. 

Note. 

Columbus,  county  seat  of  Franklin  county,  and  capital  of  the  state  of 
Ohio,  is  beautifully  situated  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Scioto,  ninety  miles  from 
its  mouth.  It  lies  in  north  latitude  39°  57',  and  west  longitude  83°  3'  from 
Greenwich,  and  6°  from  Washington.    The  city  is  situated  on  a  level  plot  of 


1 


1 


ROUTES  ON  THE  OHIO  CANAL. 


Ill 


ground,  and  the  streets  are  laid  out  with  an  uncommon  degree  of  neatness  and 
regularity,  being  very  straight  and  broad,  and  a  few  of  them  are  ornamented 
with  fine  shade  trees.  In  the  center  of  the  city  is  a  handsome  public  square 
containing  ten  acres  of  ground.  The  old  state-house,  which  should  always  stand 
as  a  monument  of  the  architecture  of  other  dayo,  occupies  one  corner  of  this 
lot ;  in  the  other,  however,  just  opposite  the  Neil  House,  there  is  now  in  course 
of  erection  a  new  state-house,  which,  when  completed,  will  be  the  finest 
building  in  the  state. 

The  city  was  laid  out  in  the  year  1812,  in  an  unbroken  wilderness.  In  1816 
the  legislature  held  their  first  session  here,  and  in  1824  the  county  seat  was 
removed  to  this  place  from  Franklinton. 

The  first  newspaper  started  in  Columbus  was  the  "Western  Intelligencer 
and  Columbus  Gazette,"  which  was  commenced  in  the  year  1814.  It  is  still 
in  existence,  and  is  now  known  by  the  name  of  the  "  Ohio  State  Journal." 

Columbus  is  a  place  of  considerable  commercial  importance.  The  national 
road  passes  through  it  from  east  to  west,  and  throws  into  it  an  immense 
stream  of  travel.  The  Ohio  canal  also  has  a  branch  extending  to  this  place, 
while  on  the  west  comes  in  a  branch  of  the  Little  Miami  railroad,  connecting 
with  Cleveland  on  the  north,  and,  by  way  of  Xenia,  with  Cincinnati  on  the 
south.  It  will  indeed,  be  a  matter  of  wonder  if  Columbus  does  not,  in  time, 
become  a  large  commercial  city. 

Th(5  churches  are  10  in  number,  viz.:  3  Methodist,  1  German  Methodist,  3 
Baptist,  2  Presbyterian,  2  Episcopal,  1  German  Lutheran,  1  German  Reformed, 
1  German  Evangelical  Protestant,  1  Univcrsalist,  1  Welch  Presbyterian,  1 
United  Brethren,  1  Bethel,  and  1  Catholic.  F:i'  educational  purposes,  there 
are  several  institutions  enjoying  a  high  reputation,  among  which  is  the 
tlerman  Lutheran  theological  seminary,  founded  in  the  year  1830.  There  is 
also  a  male  academy,  a  female  seminary,  both  excellent  institutions,  several 
well  conducted  public  schools,  and  a  high  school. 

The  state  institutions  located  here  are,  the  Ohio  Asylum  for  the  instruction 
of  the  Deaf  and  Dumb;  the  Ohio  Lunatic  Asylum;  the  Ohio  Institution  for 
the  education  of  the  Blind,  and  the  Ohio  Penitentiary. 

Tho  Ohio  Asylum  for  the  instruction  of  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  was  founded 
in  the  year  1829.  The  buildings  are  large  and  handsome,  and  arc  "situated 
In  the  center  of  beautiful  grounds,  ornamented  with  flowers  and  shrubbery. 
The  whole  cost  of  the  structure  was  about  $25,000.  The  pupils,  numbering 
over  one  hundred,  are  instructed  in  all  the  branches  of  a  usefi)!  and  practical 
education. 

The  Ohio  Lunatic  Asylum.  —  This  noble  monument  of  civilization  and 
progress,  went  into  operation  in  the  year  1838.  The  buildings,  which  occu- 
_gi4td  two  years  in  their  completion,  were  commenced  in  1836,  and  cost  nearly 
$150,000.  There  are  thirty  acres  of  land  belonging  to  the  institution,  and 
immediately  surrounding  it,  a  part  of  which  is  handsomely  ornamented  with 


112 


ROUTE   OP   THE    OHIO   RIVER. 


!  if' 


!? 


shrubbery.  This  institution  is  conducted  in  a  manner  highly  creditable  to 
those  having  it  in  charge.  The  statistics  show  that  nearly  one-half  of  the 
patients  who  are  received  within  a  year  of  the  time  diseased,  are  cured.  Of 
the  cases  of  long  standing,  about  one-fourth  are  cured. 

The  Ohio  Institution  for  the  education  of  the  Blind  was  founded  in  the 
year  1837.  The  building  is  a  handsome  edifice,  situated  on  the  national  road 
a  short  distance  from  the  noise  and  bustle  of  the  city,  and  surrounded  by  a 
fine  garden  of  flowers,  shrubbery,  &c.  The  pupils  numbering  about  one 
hundred,  are  taught  in  all  the  branches  of  a  thorough  English  education, 
with  instruction  in  various  mechanical  trades,  lessons  in  fancy  and  orna- 
mental work,  music,  &c.    The  pupils  all  appear  to  be  happy  and  contented. 

The  Ohio  Penitentiary  is  a  large  and  imposing  structure,  with  two  wings, 
where  those  who  disobey  the  laws  by  committing  criminal  offenses,  are  con- 
fined, and  generally  made  to  perform  some  kind  of  manual  labor  during  the 
time  for  which  they  were  sentenced.  The  building  contains  350  separate 
cells  for  prisoners,  besides  the  warden's  house,  oflices,  and  guard  rooms.  In 
going  to  and  from  their  work,  the  prisoners  walk  in  close  order,  all  having 
their  faces  directed  toward  the  person  having  charge  of  them.  Every  move- 
ment is  made  in  perfect  order.  The  produce  of  their  labor  yields  an  annual 
surplus  to  the  State  of  about  $18,000.  There  is  a  chapel  connected  with  the 
building,  in  which  there  is  religious  worship  every  Sunday.  This,  the  pris- 
oners all  attend.  There  have  been  many  interesting  results  growing  out  of 
the  mild  course  of  treatment  pursued  in  this  prison,  showing  the  supremacy 
of  moral  over  brute  force. 

The  city  contains  several  of  as  well  conducted  hotels  as  there  are  in  the 
state ;  the  principal  of  which  are  the  Neil  House  and  American.  The  popu- 
lation of  Columbus  is  about  18,000.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Wheeling  and 
Portsmouth,  and  three  times  a  week  for  Sandusky  and  Cleveland. 

Springville,  Greenup  county,  Kentucky,  is  a  small  village 
on  the  Ohio,  opposite  Portsmouth.  It  contains  a  post  office, 
several  manufactories  and  tanneries,  with  a  population  of  about 
130.     The  country  around  abounds  in  beds  of  iron  ore. 

RockvillCy  Scioto  county,  Ohio,  lies  seventeen  miles  below 
Portsmouth.  It  is  a  small  village  containing  only  about  half  a 
dozen  houses,  a  mill,  and  a  store.  It  is  of  no  particular  impor- 
tance, and  likely  never  will  be  nuch  of  a  town. 

Vanceburg^f  situated  two  miles  below  Rockville,  in 
Lewis  county,  Kentucky,  is  a  small  village  containing  four  stores, 
several  mechanics'  shops,  and  150  inhabitants.  There  is  a  quarry 
of  slate  stone  a  short  distance  from  Vanceburgh,  also  •v-i'*  of  white 
lime  stone,  and  one  of  alum  rock.  On  the  banks  of  a  small  creek 
near  Vanceburg,  there  are  extensive  beds  of  copperas,  from 
which  great  quantities  of  this  article  are  obtained. 


ROUTE   OF   THE   OHIO  BIVBR. 


113 


Note* 
Tke  SiScnlapian  Springs.— This  is  a  celebrated  watering  place,  situ- 
ated a  few  miles  from  Tanceburg,  said  by  some  to  be  equal  to  the  Virginia 
Springs.  The  situation  is  remarkably  fine,  and  there  are  ample  accommoda- 
tions for  seyeral  hundred  visitors.  Thd  waters  are  said  to  possess  tonic  pow- 
ers, and  enjoy  a  high  reputation  among  patients  sujQfering  under  chronic 
diseases. 

Rome,  situated  seven  miles  below  Vanceburg,  on  the  Ohio, 
in  Adams  county,  Ohio,  is  a  small  village  containing  only  about 
half  a  dozen  houses. 

Concord,  seven  miles  below  Rome,  is  a  small  village  on  the 
Ohio  River,  in  Lewis  county,  Kentucky.  It  contains  one  church, 
six  stores,  and  a  population  of  150, 

Mancliester,  seven  miles  below  Concord,  is  a  small  village 
in  Adams  county,  Ohio.  A  settlement  was  made  here  as  early 
as  the  year  1795,  by  Gen.  Nathaniel  Massie.  It  has  never  made 
much  progress,  however,  and  will  not  be  apt  to  ever  be  of  much 
importance.  It  was  the  county  seat  of  Adams  county  for  sev- 
eral years;  but  in  1803,  West  Union  became  the  place  where  the 
people  learned  the  beauties  of  legal  justice.  Manchester  contains 
several  stores,  and  a  population  of  270. 

MCaySVille,  twelve  miles  below  Manchester,  in  Mason 
county,  Kentucky,  is  a  handsome  and  compactly  built  city.  The 
first  settlement  made  at  this  place,  was  in  the  year  1784,  and  was 
at  that  time  called  Limestone,  by  which  name  it  was  known  for 
many  years.  It  was  subsequently  changed  to  the  one  it  now 
bears,  in  honor  of  John  May,  who  owned  the  land  on  which  the 
city  was  built.  Maysville  for  many  years  improved  but  slowly, 
and  many  prophesied  that  it  would  never  become  a  place  of  any 
commercial  importance.  But  of  late  years  it  has  had  a  new 
impetus  given  it,  which  has  sent  it  far  ahead  of  its  numerous 
competitors. 

Maysville  is  celebrated  as  having  been,  in  early  times,  the  resi- 
dence of  the  far  famed  Col.  Daniel  Boone,  and  many  others  of 
our  most  noted  pioneers. 

The  situation  of  Maysville  is  quite  imposing,  being  built  on  a 
graceful  bend  of  the  river,  and  surrounded  by  high  and  precipitous 
hills,  which  extend  down  so  near  the  water's  edge,  as  to  leave 
only  about  a  mile  for  the  width  of  the  city. 

It  was  incorporated  as  a  city  in  1833,  and  now  contains  a  hand- 
some city  hall,  6  churches,  (1  Baptist,  1  Presbyterian,  2  Methodist 
Episcopal,  1  Christian,  1  Episcopal,  and  1  Catholic,)  2  seminaries, 
2  public  schools,  7  private  schools,  a  large  stone  jail,  a  hospital 


!■ 


>.' 


I  '! 


114 


ROUTE   OF   THE   OHIO   RIVER. 


and  almshouse,  a  bank,  several  newspaper  printing  offices,  2 
cotton  factories,  1  bagging  factory,  1  wool  carding  machine,  2 
founderies,  3  large  mills,  and  numerous  tanneries,  rope-walks, 
candle  factories,  and  mechanics'  shops  of  all  descriptions,  50 
groceries,  30  dry  goods  stores,  and  15  miscellaneous  stores,  3 
pork  houses  packing  twelve  thousand  head  of  hogs  every  season, 
and  5  lumber  yards;  with  a  population  of  5j500.  The  seat  of 
justice  has  recently  been  moved  from  the  town  of  Washington 
to  this  place.  Steamboats  ply  to  and  from  all  points  on  the  Ohio 
River.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Lexington,  via  Blue  Lick  Springs, 
(see  page  126,)  and  for  Zanesville,  Ohio;  three  times  a  week  for 
Lexington,  via  Flemingsburg  and  Mount  Sterling. 

Aberdeen,  situated  directly  opposite  Maysville,  in  Brown 
county,  Ohio,  is  a  flourishing  little  village,  containing  a  church, 
several  stores,  and  a  population  of  about  600.  It  is  to  this  little 
village  that  those  runaways  from  the  surrounding  country,  who 
cannot  get  the  consent  of  their  parents,  go  to  have  the  connubial 
knot  tied.  There  is  a  worthy  old  magistrate  living  here,  who 
has  a  great  faculty  for  minding  his  own  business;  he,  therefore, 
asks  no  questions,  but  goes  right  to  work  as  soon  as  a  couple 
present  themselves  as  candidates,  joining  in  one  those  whose 
feelings  and  dispositions  often  have  not  the  least  affinity  for  each 
other.  This  is  a  great  undertaking,  a  long  journey,  and  should 
be  well  considered  before  commenced. 

CltarlestOIlf  situated  seven  miles  below  Aberdeen,  in 
Mason  county,  Kentucky,  is  a  small  village  containing  only 
about  half  a  dozen  houses. 

Ripley,  two  miles  below,  in  Brown  county,  Ohio,  is  a  flour- 
ishing business  town.  It  was  laid  out  in  the  year  1812,  and  was 
called  Staunton;  it  was  changed  to  Ripley  in  honor  of  General 
Ripley,  a  military  officer  highly  esteemed  by  the  settlers  at  this 
place.  In  the  first  few  years  of  its  settlement,  i(  was  the  seat  of 
justice  for  the  county.  Georgetown  was  subsequently  appointed 
the  permanent  county  seat  of  the  county. 

Ripley  now  contains  2  Presbyterian,  1  Associate  Reformed,  1 
Methodist,  1  New  Light,  and  1  Catholic  church,  a  high  school,  a 
female  seminary,  25  stores,  I  newspaper  printing  office,  1  foun- 
dery,  1  carding  machine,  3  mills,  and  a  population  of  2,000. 

lia,vana,9  two  and  a  half  miles  below,  in  the  same  county, 
is  a  small  village  containing  only  a  few  houses,  and  is  of  uo 
special  importance,  save  to  its  own  worthy  citizens. 

Dover,  situated  opposite  Lavana,  in  Mason  county,  Ken- 
tucky, is  a  thriving  little  village,  containing  2  churches,  2  large 
tobacco  warehouses,  6  stores,  2  mills,  several  mechanics'  shops, 
and  a  population  of  about  600. 


'  iw'>>wii9m^'%.fff'',vi 


ROUTE   OF   THE   OHIO   RIVER. 


115 


There  is  considerable  business  done  at  this  place>  It  being  the 
point  from  which  all  of  the  tobacco  raised  in  the  surrounding 
country  is  shipped. 

Higgilisport,  four  miles  below,  in  Brown  county,  OhiO) 
is  a  flourishing  village.  It  was  laid  out  but  a  few  years  sincej 
and  now  contains  several  churches,  6  stores,  1  grist  mill,  and  1 
saw  mill,  with  a  population  of  about  600. 

Augusta,  situated  four  miles  below,  in  Bracken  county, 
Kentucky,  is  handsomely  situated,  and  was  once  a  flourishing 
town,  but  has  lately  declined  very  much.  There  have  been 
numerous  human  bones  excavated  from  the  earth  in  Augusta, 
proving  it  to  have  been  a  burial  place  in  times  long  since  gone  by. 
A  resident  of  this  town  mentions  having  found  one  hundred  and 
ten  skeletons  in  digging  a  cellar  sixty  by  seventy  feet. 

Augusta  contains  a  fine  college  edifice,  3  churches,  1  large 
steam  mill,  12  stores,  3  tobacco  warehouses,  and  about  1,200 
inhabitants.  Augusta  college  was  founded  in  1822,  by  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  being  the  first  college  ever  instituted 
by  that  church.  For  many  years  it  sustained  a  high  reputation, 
and  was  considered  one  of  Ihe  best  colleges  in  the  West. 

KocRs»pring^,  in  the  same  county,  is  a  landing  point,  three 
and  a  half  miles  below,  and  has  two  or  three  houses  only. 

ChilO,  or  Meclianicsburg^,  is  situated  opposite  Rock- 
spring,  in  Clermont  county,  Ohio,  and  contains  several  stores, 
and  150  inhabitants. 

Neville,  situated  three  miles  below,  in  the  same  county,  is  a 
thriving  and  enterprising  little  village.  It  contains  half  a  dozen 
stores,  and  about  350  inhabitants. 

MOSCOAV,  two  miles  below  Neville,  in  the  same  county,  is  a 
small  village  of  minor  importance,  containing  a  Masonic  Lodge, 
and  about  the  same  number  of  inhabitants  as  Neville. 

Point  Pleasant,  is  a  small  village,  also  in  the  same 
county,  about  three  miles  below  Moscow.  It  now  contains 
two  pork-packing  establishments,  several  stores,  and  about  200 
inhabitants. 

Belmont,  situated  opposite  Point  Pleasant,  in  Pendleton 
county,  Kentucky,  is  a  small  village  containing  only  half  a  dozen 
houses,  and  is  of  no  great  importance. 

NeiV  Riclimond,  situated  in  Clermont  county,  Ohio,  five 
miles  below  Point  Pleasant,  is  a  thriving  business  town,  and  is  the 
largest  and  most  important  one  in  the  county.  It  contains  2 
distilleries,  2  steam  mills,  2  carding   machines,   1  Baptist,  1 


8 


i  !i' 


li 


Methodist,  1  Presbyterian,  and  1  Catholic  church,  2  schools,  about 
20  stores,  and  near  2,000  inhabitants. 

Palestine;  situated  four  mfles  below,  I'n  the  same  county,  is 
a  small  village  of  considerable  trade.  There  has  been  an  exten- 
sive brkk-yard  started  at  thJs  place  latety.  The  brJck  are  made 
by  machinery,  and  at  a  much  less  cost  than  by  the  old  method  ; 
large  q«ai>tities  are  shipped  in  flatboats  to  Cincinnati.  The  pop- 
ulation is  about  350. 

The  LiUtle  Miami  River,  rises  in  Clinton  county, 
Ohio,  and  eniptie.s  into  the  Ohio  river,  eleven  miles  below  Pales- 
tine, and  seven  above  Cincinnati.  It  is  a  beautiful  stream  of 
water,  bounded  on  either  side  by  some  of  the  most  fertile  and 
highly  cultivated  land  in  the  state.  Toward  the  mouth  of  the 
streamy  the  land  bordering  on  it  is  low  and  levels  and  is  known  by 
the  name  of  the  "  Miami  Bottoms." 

At  a  place  called  "Clifton,"  about  seventy  miles  from  the 
mouth  of  the  river,  there  is  a  highly  picturesque  cataract.  The 
channel  is  here  cut  through  solid  rocks,  and  the  water  falls  about 
two  hundred  feet.  The  landscape  which  presents  itself  to  the 
eye  in  this  neighborhood,  is  svirpassingly  beautiful.  The  mad- 
dened waters  of  the  impetuous  stream,  foaming  and  boiling  in 
their  wild  career  over  the  rocks  and  down  the  steep  precipice  ; 
the  high  and  lofty  rocks  hemming  it  in,  as  if  to  guard  its  course, 
and  the  calm  and  serene  beauty  of  the  surrounding  country,  form 
a  scene  on  which  one  who  loves  nature  and  her  God,  could  gaze 
with  profound  admiration. 

The  Little  Miami  abounds  in  excellent  fish,  and  is  frequently 
visited  by  parties  who  delight  in  the  sport  of  hooking  the  finny 
tribe.  The  members  of  the  Cincinnati  Council  have  made  sev- 
eral excursions  to  this  lovely  stream,  in  search  of  pastime  and 
recreation  from  their  toilsome  and  arduous  duties.  Many  are  the 
anecdotes  related  of  the  adventures  of  the  worthy  "  Queen  City  " 
fathers,  when  they  have  thus  laid  aside  the  high  honors  conferred 
upon  them  by  their  constituents,  and  assumed  the  garb  of  humble 
Jishermen. 

California,  Hamilton  county,  Ohio,  is  a  small  village 
recently  laid  out  at  the  mouth  of  the  Little  Miami. 

Collllllllia,  situated  two  miles  below,  in  the  same  county, 
is  a  small  town,  containing  a  tan-yard,  3  lumber  yards,  several 
stores,  and  about  1,000  inhabitants.  The  first  settlement  made  at 
Columbia  was  in  the  month  of  November,  1788,  by  a  party  under 
the  dire^  ^a  ol  Major  Stites,  who  started  from  Limestone  for  the 
purpose  of  forming  a  new  settlement.  In  this  party  there  were 
many  men  of  superior  energy  and  enterprise,  among  whom  we 
may  mention  Col.  Spencer,  Major  Gano,  Judge  Goforth,  Francis 


about 


ntv,  is 
exteii- 
)  made 
3thod  ; 
e  pop- 

ounty, 
Pales- 
iam  of 
lie  and 
of  the 
»wn  by 

>m  the 
.  The 
i  about 
to  the 
i  mad- 
liiipf  in 
cipice  ; 
course, 
y,  form 
d  gaze 

uently 

finny 

de  sev- 

ne  and 

are  the 

City  '' 

nferred 

humble 

village 

rounty, 
several 
nade  at 
^  under 
for  the 
re  were 
om  we 
■Truncis 


H 


^f 


I 


? 


MAI'    OF    HAMILTON    COUNTY. 


" 


•"1 


.. 


ROUTE   OF   THE   OHIO   RIVER. 


117 


Dunlavy,  Major  Kibbey,  Rev.  John  Smith,  Judge  Foster,  Col. 
Brown,  Mr.  Hubbell,  Captain  Fiinn,  Jacob  White,  and  John 
Riley. 

The  village  continued  to  prosper  rapidly,  and  for  several  years 
outnumbered  all  its  rivals  in  this  section  of  country  This,  how- 
ever, was  of  short  duration,  as  the  settlement  opposite  the  mouth 
of  Licking  proving  to  be  a  far  more  elligiblo  point,  soon  withdrew 
a  large  portion  of  their  population.  For  a  full  and  interesting 
account  of  the  settlement  at  Columbia,  the  reader  is  referred  to 
Burnet's  Notes. 

IjewiStOlil^n,  two  miles  below  Columbia,  in  the  same 
county,  is  a  small  village  containing  a  lumber  yard,  several  stores, 
and  about  100  inhabitants.  This  place  properly  belongs  to  the 
town  of  Fulton,  just  below. 

Jamestoivn,  opposite  Lewlstown,  in  Campbell  county, 
Kentucky,  is  a  small  village  which  was  laid  out  about  four  years 
since,  by  Col.  James  Taylor,  of  Newport,  Kentucky,  from  whom 
it  received  its  name.  It  has  improved  very  rapidly,  and  now 
contains  several  stores,  and  a  population  of  200. 

Mau},  of  the  inhabitants  being  mechanics,  work  on  the  other 
side  of  the  river.  For  their  convenience  and  that  of  others,  there 
is  a  steam  ferry-boat  plying  between  this  place  and  Lewistown, 
every  few  minutes  of  the  day. 

FllltOO,  situated  about  one  mile  below,  in  Hamilton  county, 
Ohio,  is  quite  a  flourishing  town.  It  joins  Cincinnati  on  the 
east,  and  appears  to  be  a  part  of  that  city.  The  business  of 
Fulton  is  principally  teamboat  building.  Ship  building  has  also 
been  carried  on  here  to  some  extent,  for  a  few  years  back,  and  it 
is  thought  that  the  business  in  this  department  will  be  greatly 
increased  in  a  few  years.  Immediately  behind  Fulton,  and  not 
more  than  a  few  hundred  yards  from  the  river  bank,  there  are 
numerous  high  and  lofty  hills.  These  hills  are  filled  with  lime- 
stone which  is  quarried  in  vast  quantities  for  building  purposes. 
These  stones  are  composed  of  an  infinite  varitey  of  marine  ani- 
mals, many  of  which  belong  to  species  now  extinct. 

Fulton  contains  4  churches,  2  public  schools,  10  ship  yards, 
several  steam  saw  mills,  1  dry  dock,  1  rolling  mill  and  nail  factory, 
1  foundery,  1  planing  machine,  a  number  of  mechanics'  shops 
of  all  descriptions,  about  40  stores,  and  a  population  of  near  3,000. 
The  Little  Miami  Railroad  track  passes  through  Fulton  from 
west  to  east. 

Cincinnatiy  county  seat  of  Hamilton  county,  and  the 
largest  city  in  the  Western  States,  stands  on  the  north  bank  of 


(  ■, 


m 


118 


ROUTE   OF   THE   OHIO   RIVER. 


the  Ohio  River,  in  N.  Lat.  390  6'  30",  and  W.  Long.  84^  27' 
from  Greenwich,  and  7°  24'  45"  from  Washington. 

The  city  was  laid  out  in  the  year  1789,  by  Matthias  Denman, 
Col.  Patterson,  and  Col.  Israel  Ludlow.  "The  name  first  given  to 
the  settlement,  was  Losanteville,  which,  greatly  to  the  credit  of 
the  inhabitants,  was  soon  abandoned  for  the  beautiful  name  it 
now  bears.  The  town  was  surveyed  and  laid  off  in  lots,  by  Col. 
Ludlow,  which  were  given  to  settlers,  gratis.  A  short  time  after 
this.  Fort  Washington  was  erected ;  and  a  garrison  being  sta- 
tioned here,  the  settlement  was  comparatively  safe,  and  com- 
menced increasing  very  rapidly.  In  1800,  the  population  was 
750;  in  1810,  2,540;  in  1820,  9,602;  in  1830,  24,830;  in  1840, 
46,383;  and  in  1850,  117,000;  having  more  than  doubled  Itself 
within  the  last  ten  years.  This  rapid  increase  is  unparalleled  in 
the  history  of  the  world. 

The  city  stands  in  a  valley  about  twelve  miles  in  circumference, 
and  now  occupies  every  portion  of  that  part  of  it  lying  north  of 
the  Ohio  River.  It  is  laid  out  with  considerable  regard  to  regu- 
larity; the  streets  in  the  center  of  the  city  being  broad,  and 
intersecting  each  other  at  right  angles.  But  in  those  portions  of 
the  city  which  have  been  recently  laid  out  and  built  up,  the  same 
degree  of  regularity  has  not  been  observed.  Cincinnati  is  encir- 
cled by  hills  on  every  side,  many  of  which  are  adorned  by  stately 
and  elegant  mansions  with  ornamental  grounds  attached;  while 
some  of  them  are  yet  covered  with  groves  of  ancient  forest  trees, 
which  afford  a  delightful  retreat  for  the  citizens,  in  the  sultry 
months  of  summer. 

In  point  of  commercial  importance,  Cincinnati  has  no  equal  in 
the  West  or  South-west,  with  the  single  exception  of  New  Orleans. 
By  means  of  the  numerous  steamers  which  are  constantly  plying 
to  and  fro  on  the  bosom  of  the  majestic  river  which  rolls  grace- 
fully on  the  south  of  the  city,  and  the  several  canals  and  railroads 
which  center  here,  Cincinnati  is  connected  with  every  available 
point  of  importance  in  the  great  and  highly  productive  valley  of 
the  Mississippi.  The  trade  is  not,  however,  confined  to  the  inte- 
rior; but,  on  the  contrary,  a  vast  amount  of  foreign  importation 
and  exportation  is  done;  so  important  has  this  branch  of  commerce 
become  of  late  years,  that  Congress,  who  had  tfieir  eyes  opened 
to  the  fact  by  the  Hon.  S.  P.  Chase,  Senator  from  Ohio,  have 
contracted  for  the  building  of  a  custom  house,  which  will  be 
commenced  this  year.  The  site  selected,  is  the  corner  of  Fourth 
and  Vine  streets,  a  point  near  the  business  center  of  the  city. 
The  branch  of  business  which  excels  all  others  in  Cincinnati,  is 
the  pork  business,  which  is  carried  on  more  extensively  here 
than  at  any  other  place  in  the  world.     The  value  of  pork  annu- 


ROUTE    OF   THE    OHIO   RIVER. 


119 


ally  exported  from  Cincinnati,  Is  estimated  at  $3,000,000.  This 
is  not  above,  although  it  may  be  considerably  under  the  true 
value.  All  other  branches  of  budness  are  in  a  prospering  con- 
dition, and  the  total  amount  of  capital  invested  in  commercial 
pursuits  is  estimated  at  $22,000,000. 

It  is  deeply  to  be  regretted,  that  those  in  authority  in  Cincinnati 
do  hot  or  will  not  see  the  necessity  of  extending  the  public  wharf. 
A  space  two  squares  in  length,  and  containing  about  four  thou- 
sand square  feet,  is  not  the  kind  of  wharf  that  this  city  ought  to 
have. 

Manufacturing  is  also  entered  into  here  with  great  energy,  and 
employs  a  vast  amount  of  capital. 

The  Franklin  Cotton  Factory j  erected  in  1845  by  a  company  of 
capitalists  of  Cincinnati,  is  one  of  the  largest  cotton  factories  in 
the  West  Numerous  other  mills  and  factories  are  in  operation, 
besides  founderies,  planing  mills,  saw  mills,  rolling  mills,  flour 
mills,  type  founderies,  machine  shops,  distilleries,  &c.,  &c. 
Nearly  all  kinds  of  machinery  is  driven  by  steam,  and  there  are 
now  over  two  hundred  steam  engines  in  operation  iiiUhis  city. 
The  Chemical  Lahoratory,  for  the  preparation  of  numerous  kinds 
of  drugs,  and  the  manufacture  of  alcohol,  sulphuric,  nitric  and 
muriatic  acids,  is  quite  an  extensive  building.  It  is  owned  by  £. 
Graselli  &  Co.,  and  does  a  large  and  lucrative  business. 

The  Fire  Department  of  Cincinnati  is  second  to  none  in  the 
Union  in  point  of  efficiency.  This  is  probably  the  reason  that 
there  have  been  fewer  lar^e  fires  in  this  city  than  any  other  either 
east  or  west  of  the  mountains-  The  department  is  divided  into 
separate  companies,  each  having  two  engines  and  one  hose  car- 
riage, and  generally  composed  of  respectable  and  worthy  young 
men.  The  whole  is  subject  to  the  direction  of  the  Fire  Asso- 
ciation, which  is  composed  of  members  elected  from  each 
company. 

The  Public  BuiLmNCS  of  Cincinnati  are  numerous,  and  many 
of  them  handsome  specimens  of  architecture. 

The  Cincinnati  Observatory  was  built  by  public  contribution, 
and  is  a  fine  stone  building,  situated  on  a  beautiful  hill  to  the  east 
of  the  city,  called  Mount  Adams,  in  honor  of  the  late  ex-president, 
who  officiated  on  the  occasion  of  laying  the  corner  stone,  on  the 
9th  of  November,  1843.  The  Observatory  is  the  residence  of 
^ofessor  Mitchell,  who  devotes  his' whole  attention  to  astro- 
nomical observations.  The  telescope  is  from  the  manufactory  of 
Mentz  &  Mahler,  of  Munich.  It  is  an  excellent  instrument,  of 
fine  finish  and  vast  power.     Its  cost  was  $10,000. 

The  Mechanics^  Institute  is  a  splendid  building,  situated  on  the 
south-west  corner  of  Sixth  and  Vine  streets.    It  was  erected  by 


■ 


Hi 


pi 


■I 


1 


120 


ROUTE   OP   THE   OHIO  RIVER. 


'1, 


voluntary  subscriptions  of  the  citizens.  The  design  of  the  insti- 
tution is  a  noble  one — that  of  improving  the  intellectual  condi- 
tion of  the  v^orking  man.  It  well  deserves  the  encouragement  of 
all  classes.  The  ground  floor  is  rented  out  for  stores  of  various 
kinds,  with  the  exception  of  one  large  room,  used  as  a  permanent 
place  of  exhibition  for  articles  manufactured  by  the  mechanics  of 
the  city.  The  second  story  is  divided  into  several  separate  apart- 
ments, and  in  the  third  story  is  a  fine  largo  hall  used  for  concerts, 
public  meetings,  &c.  Attached  to  the  institution  is  a  library 
containing  over  four  thousand  volumes  of  useful  and  standard 
works  of  every  description.  An  annual  fair  for  the  encourage- 
ment of  the  mechanical  arts,  is  held  in  the  hall  of  the  Institute. 

The  Masonic  Hall  is  a  fine  edifice,  situated  on  the  corner  of 
Third  and  Walnut  streets.  It  was  erected  by  the  society  of  Free- 
masons of  Cincinnati,  and  cost  $30,000.  The  corner  room  of 
the  lower  story  is  occupied  by  Messrs.  Ellis  &  Morton,  as  a 
banking  house.  The  second  story  is  used  as  a  concert  and  public 
hall,  and  the  third  story  is  occupied  by  the  subordinate  Lodges, 
Chapters  of  Royal  Arch  Masons,  and  the  Encampment  of  Knights 
Templars. 

The  Odd  Fellows*  Hall,  situated  on  the  north-west  corner  of 
Third  and  Walnut  streets,  is  a  fine  brick  building,  three  stories 
high,  belonging  to  the  Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows. 

The  Cincinnati  College  Edifice  is  situated  on  the  east  side  of 
Walnut  street,  between  Fourth  and  Fifth  streets.  The  front  is 
of  Dayton  granite,  and  presents  a  chaste  and  beautiful  appear- 
ance. The  building  is  used  by  the  merchants  as  an  Exchange, 
and  also  by  the  Young  Men's  Mercantile  Library  Association. 
Thi?  Association  consists  of  about  1,250  members,  with  a  library 
of  16,500  volumes,  beside  all  the  principal  American  and  foreign 
periodicals. 

The  Art  Union  Buildings^  corner  of  Fourth  and  Sycamore 
streets,  is  a  place  of  interest  to  citizers  and  strangers.  In  the 
upper  story  of  the  building,  is  the  gallery  of  the  Western  Art 
Union,  where  the  works  of  some  of  the  most  eminent  artists  in 
the  world  may  be  seen  at  all  times.  This  institution  was  gotten 
up  by  subscription — each  subscriber  paying  five  dollars,  being 
entitled  to  all  the  rights  and  privileges  of  membership,  for  the 
term  of  one  year.  It  is  conducted  on  the  same  plan  as  similar 
institutions  in  the  East,  having  annual  drawings  of  prizes.  The 
great  prize  of  1850  was  Powers'  statue  of  the  Greek  Slave.  It 
was  drawn  by  Mr.  D'Arcy,  of  New  Orleans,  and  is  valued  at  over 
$3,000. 

The  Burnet  House  is  a  large  and  elegant  hotel,  situated  on  the 
corner  of  Third  and  Vine  streets.     It  was  built  about  one  year 


I 


n 


',  • 


1 


ROUTE   OF   THE   OHIO   RIVER. 


121 


ago  by  a  company  of  capitalists  of  thia  city,  and  was  named  in 
honor  of  Judge  Burnet,  one  of  the  early  pioneers  of  the  West 
The  whole  cost  of  the  building,  with  the  ground,  was  $300,000. 
The  building  contains  342  rooms,  and  the  furniture  cost  $100,000. 
The  stockholders  have  leased  it  to  Messrs.  Coleman  &  Reily. 
These  gentlemen,  by  their  energy  and  perfect  knowledge  of  the 
business,  have  stamped  it  as  the  hotel  of  the  West.  The  number 
of  servants  employed  is  172.  The  highest  number  that  have 
lodged  at  this  house  at  one  time,  up  to  this  date  (February,  1851,) 
is  1,253.  The  architect  of  the  building  was  Mr.  Isaiah  Rodgers, 
a  gentleman  who  stands  at  the  very  top  of  his  profession. 

Saint  Peter'' s  Cathedral  is  a  splendid  edifice,  200  feet  long  by  80 
feet  broad,  with  a  spire  250  foet  high,  erected  by  the  Catholics  of 
tlfls  city.  The  corner  stone  was  laid  in  the  year  1841,  with  all 
the  pomp  and  ceremony  which  characterizes  this  peculiar  religious 
sect.  The  cost  of  the  building  alone  was  $100,000;  that  of  the 
ground  was  $24,000  more.  The  architect  was  the  late  William 
Walters,  of  Cincinnati.  The  altar  is  of  pure  Carrara  marble, 
and  was  executed  by  Chiappri,  of  Genoa.  The  roof  is  supported 
by  eighteen  fluted  free-stone  Corinthian  columns.  The  ceiling 
is  richly  and  elegantly  ornamented,  being  of  stucco-work,  and  is 
considered  a  masterly  piece  of  workmanship.  The  walls  are 
adorned  with  several  splendid  paintings  executed  by  the  old  mas- 
ters. The  organ  of  this  chuich  is  one  of  the  largest  in  the  West; 
it  has  2,700  pipes,  44  stops,  and  cost  $5,500. 

There  are  many  otlier  churches,  hotels,  and  public  buildings 
of  various  kinds,  wliich  deserve  separate  notices,  but  our  limits 
will  not  admit  of  it. 
The  number  of  religious  denominations  in  Cincinnati  is  about  100. 

The  number  of  Methodist  Episcopal  churches  is  10,  viz: 
Wesley  Chapel,  Morris  Chapel,  Asbury  Chapel,  Hamline  church, 
Soule  Chapel,  Bethel  Vhapel,  Maley  Chapel,  Christie  Chapel,  Union 
Chapel,  (pewed,)  and  the  New  Street  church. 

The  number  of  German  Methodist  Episcopal  is  3,  \iz:  First 
church.  Second  church,  and  Third  church. 

The  number  of  Methodist  Protestant  is  3,  viz :  the  Sixth 
street,  the  George  street,  and  the  Elm  street  churches. 

The  number  of  Methodist  Wesleyan  is  2,  viz:  the  First  and 
Second  churches. 

The  number  of  Catholic  churches  is  7,  viz :  Saint  Peter^s 
Cathedral,  Holy  Trinity,  St.  Joseph's,  St.  Mary's,  St.  PhUomena, 
St.  John  the  Baptist,  St.  Xavier's,  and  one  or  two  others  in  process 
of  erection. 

The  number  of  Baptist  is  5,  viz:  First  church,  Ninth  street 


r 


^i 


^ 

n 


122 


ROUTE   OF   THE   OHIO   RIVER. 


church.  Fifth  street  churchy  High  street  churchy  and  the  Welch  Bap- 
tist church. 

The  number  of  Old  School  Presbyterian  is  5,  viz .  First 
church,  Broadway  street  church,  Fourth  church,  Fifth  church,  and 
Central  church. 

The  number  of  New  School  Presbyterian  is  4,  viz:  Second 
church.  Third  church,  Eighth  church,  and  Taberna,.ld  church. 

The  number  of  other  Presbyterian  churches  is  5,  viz:  Associate 
Reformed,  Reformed  Presbyterian  (O.  S.),  Reformed  Presbyterian 
(N.  S.),  Church  of  the  Covenanters,  and  Associate  Presbyterian. 

The  number  of  Episcopal  is  5,  viz:  Christ  church,  St.  PauVs, 
Trinity,  Mission  church,  and  one  in  process  of  erection  for  Rev. 
Mr.  Nicholson, 

The  number  of  Congregational  is  4,  viz:  First  church,  Vine 
street  church,  the  Welch  church,  and  the  Clinton  street  church. 

The  number  of  Christian  Disciples,  or  "  Campbellite  Bap- 
tist," is  3,  viz:  First  church,  Christian  church,  and  the  Church  of 
the  United  Brethren  in  Christ. 

The  number  of  Lutheran  is  7,  viz:  German  church,  English 
Evangelical  church,  German  Lutheran,  German  Protestant  Evan- 
gelical church,  Zion  church,  German  church,  and  the  United  Evan- 
gelical church. 

The  number  of  German  Reformed  is  2,  viz:  First  church,  and 
Reformed  church. 

The  number  of  Universalist  is  2,  viz:  First  and  Second  church. 

There  is,  also,  1  Unitarian  and  1  Swedenborgian  church;  2 
Hebrew  Synagogues,  and  a  society  styled  the  Universal  Church 
op  Man,  who  meet  on  Sabbath  afternoon  in  the  hall  of  the  Me- 
chanic's Institute. 

The  Hotels  of  Cincinnati  will  equal  any  in  the  Union  in  point 
of  convenience  and  superior  arrangements.  Besides  the  Burnet 
House,  which  has  been  previously  mentioned,  there  is  the  Broad- 
way Hotel,  corner  of  Broadway  and  Second  streets;  the  City  Hotel, 
on  Fourth  street,  near  Main;  the  Pearl  Street  House,  corner  of 
Pearl  and  Walnut  streets;  the  Walnut  Street  House,  a  firo  n-^w 
hotel  on  Walnut  street,  between  Sixth  and  Seventh;  the  Dennison 
House,  which  has  lately  been  enlarged  and  fitted  up  handsomely, 
on  Fifth  street,  between  Main  -iid  Sycamore;  the  United  States^ 
Hotel,  corner  of  Walnut  and  Sixth  streets;  the  Gibson  House,  on 
Waiiiut,  near  Fifth  street ;  the  Henrie  House,  on  Third,  near 
Main  street;  the  Mansion  House,  on  Main,  near  the  Canal;  the 
Cincinnati  Hotel,  at  the  foot  oi  Broadway;  and  many  others  of 
inferior  grade. 

There  are  several  important  Public  Buildings  now  in  contem- 
plation, several  of  v/iuch  will  be  commenced  Qurirr  the  coming 


i 


i 


summer,  which  will  add  greatly  to  the  appearance  of  the  city. 
The  Court  House  is  to  be  erected  on  the  site  of  the  old  one  which 
was  burned  down  two  years  ago,  on  Main  street,  opposite  Court. 
The  Custom  House,  with  government  offices,  is  to  be  built  on  the 
corner  of  Fourth  and  Vine,  as  has  been  previously  mentioned. 
The  City  Hall  is  to  be  erected  on  the  corner  of  Plum  and  Eighth 
streets,  opposite  the  Cathedral;  and  last,  not  least,  is  the  Widow^s 
Home,  which  is  to  be  located  on  Mount  Vuburn.  This  building 
will  be  what  its  name  indicates — a  home  for  the  houseless  and 
friendless  widow.  The  ground  on  which  the  building  is  to  be 
erected,  was  donated  for  that  purpose  by  several  worthy  individ- 
uals of  the  city;  and  the  money  to  build  with,  was  subscribed  by 
the  citizens.  The  whole  amount  was  made  up  in  a  few  weeks, 
which  goes  far  to  show  that  Cincinnati  is  not  'behindhand  in 
objects  of  real  charity. 

The  institutions  of  learning  in  Cincinnati  are  numerous  and 
well  sustained.  There  are  five  medical  colleges,  viz:  the  Ohio 
Medicalj  the  Eclectic  Medical,  the  Botanico  Medical,  and  the  Ohio 
College  of  Dental  Surgery.  These  are  all  flourishing  institutions, 
and  as  ably  conducted  as  any  in  the  country. 

The  Wesleyan  Female  College,  St.  Xa.ier  College,  and  the 
Woodward  College,  or  High  School,  are  well  regulated  institu- 
tions, and  extensively  patronized.  There  are  many  private 
schools  and  seminaries,  which  hold  a  prominent  place  in  the 
esteem  of  the  cilizens;  but  there  are  none  which  are  looked  on 
with  so  much  pride  as  the  Common  or  District  Schools.  The 
city  is  divided  into  fourteen  school  districts,  each  having  a  school 
house  capable  of  accommodating  fivt  hundred  pupils.  The 
houses  are  bui't  of  brick,  three  stories  high.  There  are  now 
employed  in  the  common  schools  of  Cincinnati,  147  feachersj 
with  7,000  pupils  in  daily  attendance.  In  connection  with  the 
common  schools,  there  is  a  Central  High  School,  to  which  those 
scholars  who  have  made  sufficient  advancement  in  the  district 
schools,  are  sent.  They  here  have  an  opportunity  of  studying 
the  languages  and  the  higher  branches  of  science.  It  is  designed 
to  make  this  school  equal  to  the  best  eastern  academies. 

In  the  vicinity  of  Cincinnati,  there  are  many  handsome  and 
beautifully  located  country  scats.  The  principal  portion  of  these 
are  situated  on  "Mount  Auburn"  and  "Walnut  Hills,"  two 
delightful  villages  lying  north  and  east  of  the  city.  They  were 
formerly  separate  and  distinct  from  the  city;  but  have  lately,  by 
vote  of  the  citizens,  been  taken  into  the  c^'poration.  On  Walnut 
Hills  is  situated  Lane  Seminary,  an  institution  which  ranks  high 
as  a  theologicai  school.  It  is  under  the  patronage  of  the  Presby- 
terian church.     The  library  contains  over  15,000  volumes. 


!      t 


124 


ROUTE  OF   THE   OHIO   RIVER. 


About  five  miles  to  the  north-west  of  the  city  is  Spring  Grove 
Cemetery.  It  is  now  becoming  the  principal  burial  place  for  per- 
sons living  in  and  near  Cincinnati.  It  is  a  beautiful  place,  well 
laid  out,  and  adorned  with  shade  trees  and  shrubbery,  and  com- 
prising about  250  acres,  a  large  portion  of  which  is  still  covered 
with  native  forest  trees. 

The  Wat  sr- works  of  Cincinnati  is  an  object  of  some  interest. 
The  water  is  forced,  by  means  of  a  powerful  steam-engine,  from 
the  river  on  to  a  hill,  about  fifty  rods  distant,  and  near  two  hundred 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  lowest  part  of  the  city;  it  is  then  con- 
ducted, by  means  of  iron  pipes,  through  all  the  principal  parts  of 
the  city;  thus  affording  a  full  supply  of  excellent  water  to  every 
inhabitant,  provided  he  pa^s  for  it. 

The  city  is  supplied  with  gas  by  the  Cincinnati  Gas  Light  and 
Coke  Company.  A  few  of  the  principal  streets  are  lighted;  but 
the  greater  portion  of  the  city,  and  that  which  really  needs  it 
most,  is  left  to  revel  in  all  the  glory  of  Egyptian  darkness. 

The  charitable  institutions  of  Cincinnati  are  not  numerous; 
yet  her  citizens  are  ever  ready  to  exercise  that  godlike  virtue 
whenever  occasions  demand.  Hence  the  destitute  are  so  well 
provided  for  through  private  channels,  as  to  have  but  little  need 
of  public  charity.  There  are,  however,  a  hospital  and  lunatic  asy- 
lum, a  ^est-house,  four  orphan  asylums,  a  widow's  home,  house 
of  correction,  and  a  poor-house  with  a  large  farm  attached.  The 
last  two  are  a  few  miles  beyond  the  corporate  I'mits  of  the  city. 

Within  the  city  of  Cincinnati,  there  are  a  number  of  worthy 
benevolent  societies,  which  owe  their  existence  to  the  philan- 
thropy of  the  ladies.  These  societies  are  daily  scattering  the 
blessings  and  comforts  of  this  life  among  those  who  need  them. 

The  Public  Markets  of  Cincinnati  are  six  in  number.  The 
houses  are  usually  one-story  buildings,  about  three  hundred  feet 
long,  the  roofs  of  which  rest  upon  brick  pillars  about  eight  feet 
I  apart.  The  markets  are  well  supplied  with  fruits  and  vegetables 
"  raised  in  the  adjacent  country,  together  with  fish  and  meats  of  all 
kinds.  Fruits  and  butter  always  find  a  ready  sale,  and  command 
good  prices. 

There  are  printed  in  Cincinnati  eight  daily  papers,  viz:  the 
Gazette,  Enquirer,  Times,  Nonpareil,  (Commercial,  Chronicle  and 
Atlas,  and  three  German  papers.  The  most  of  these  issue  week- 
lies. There  are  several  weekly  offices  which  do  not  issue  dailies; 
among  which  are  the  Presbyterian  of  the  West,  Watchman  of  the 
Valley,  Star  in  the  West,  Columbian  and  Great  West,  Western^  - 
Fountain,  Merchants^  Herald,  Western  Christian  Advocate,  and 
Catholic  Telegraph 

Besides  these,    there  are  seven  monthly   publications,  viz  : 


frove 
per- 
well 


VIZ 


I 


I 


ROUTE   OF   THE    OHIO   RIVER. 


126 


1 


I 


Buchanan's  Journal  of  Man,  The  Western  Lancet,  the  Botanico- 
Medico  Journal,  the  Illuminated  Western  World,  the  Masonic 
Review,  the  Ladies'*  Repository,  and  a  horticultural  journal. 

There  are  two  canals,  the  Miami  and  Whitewater,  which  ter- 
minate at  Cincinnati.  The  former  lies  wholly  within  the  state, 
extending  from  Lake  Erie  to  the  Ohio  River;  but  the  latter  lies 
principally  in  the  state  of  Tnd'ana.  Besides  these,  there  is  the 
Little  Miami  Railroad,  having  branches  extending  to  Cleveland, 
Hillsborough  and  Belpre,  w'lich  enters  the  city  on  the  east,  and 
the  Hamilton  and  Dayton  Road,  which  comes  in  from  the  north. 
On  the  south  is  the  contemplated  Lexington  Road.  Casting  our 
eyes  westward,  we  behold  two  projected  lines  of  road  extending 
to  St.  Louis,  which,  when  finished,  will  be  the  most  important 
roads  in  the  Wesl.  It  will  not  be  more  than  three  years  before 
most  of  these  lines  are  in  complete  operation.  When  this  is 
done,  Cincinnati  will  possess  advantages  which  must  necessarily 
add  much  to  her  wealth  and  importance,  and  make  her  truly  the 
Queen  and  Star  City  of  the  West. 

Newport,  situated  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Ohio  river,  at 
the  mouth  of  Licking,  is  opposite  Cincinnati,  in  Campbell  county, 
Kentucky.  This  town  progressed  very  slowly  for  a  long  time 
after  it  was  laid  out;  but  during  the  last  five  years,  large  additions 
have  been  made  to  it.  Several  hundred  acres  of  land  adjoining 
the  old  town,  which  but  a  few  yenrs  since  were  covered  with 
fields  of  corn,  have  recently  been  hud  out  in  lots,  upon  which  a 
large  number  of  buildings  have  already  been  erected.  The  town 
is  bounded  east  and  south  by  a  fine  range  of  limestone  hills  con- 
taining many  rare  geological  specimens  of  the  antediluvian  world. 

Newport  is  rapidly  increasing  in  population  and  wealth,  and 
her  commerce  and  manufactures  have  more  than  doubled  within 
*he  period  of  five  years.  The  town  contains  a  number  of  churches, 
■several  schools.  Odd  Fellows'  and  Masonic  Lodges,  a  large  num- 
•  ;r  of  stores,  mills,  factories  and  shops  of  all  kinds.  Population 
.;irrir  6,000. 

At  the  mouth  of  Licking  there  is  an  old  United  States'  recruit- 
ing station,  under  the  command  of  Capt.  McCrea  ;  the  buildings 
beloi  ^ing  to  the  station  have,  within  a  few  years,  been  rebuilt  in 
a  neat  and  handsome  manner.  The  mansion  of  the  late  Gen. 
James  Taylor,  situated  near  the  bank  of  the  Ohio,  about  half  a 
mile  east  of  the  Licking,  on  a  beautiful  knoll,  a  little  above  the 
general  level  of  the  town,  is  one  of  the  finest  private  residences 
in  the  West.  There  are  several  acres  of  ground  attached  to  the 
building,  the  greater  portion  of  which  is  laid  out  and  ornamented 
with  shrubbery,  in  a  most  beautifiil  manner. 


*'-,. 


^■a 


mm 


126 


ROUTE    OF    THE    OHIO    RIVER. 


5  i 


A 


11 


h 

i  !; 


n 


I: 


Note. 

Alexandria)  county  seat  of  Campbell  county,  Kentucky,  is  situated 
about  tliirteen  miles  south-east  of  Newport.  It  is  a  small  village,  of  very 
little  importance,  save  that  derived  from  the  assemblage  of  the  concentrated 
legal  wisdom  of  the  county.  It  contains  a  court-house,  several  stores,  and  a 
population  of  200. 

liicRlllg^  River*  —  This  is  a  very  remarkable  stream,  and 
with  but  little  expense  could  be  made  of  immense  value  to  the 
state.  It  is  usually  from  fifty  to  one  hundred  yards  wide,  with 
high  steep  banks,  and  in  many  places,  even  in  low  water,  is  more 
than  thirty  feet  deep.  The  average  depth  for  sixty  miles  above 
its  mouth,  during  two-thirds  of  the  year,  except  on  the  ripples, 
will  no  doubt  exceed  eight  feet.  It  is  generally  muddy,  with  but 
very  little  current.  The  shores  are  covered  with  large  forest 
trees,  whose  gigantic  limb  ;  almost  touch  each  other.  The  state 
commenced  some  years  sinr  improve,  by  means  of  locks,  (a 

thing  which  could  easily  be  ac.  mplished,)  the  navigation  of  this 
river.  Several  locks  were  built,  and  a  large  quantity  of  stone 
for  others  is  now  lying  in  sweet  repose  in  the  bottom  of  the  river, 
never  to  be  again  disturbed  so  long  as  the  state  maintains  its 
present  position  with  regard  to  internal  improvements. 

During  high  water,  liglit  draught  steamboats  can,  without  dif- 
ficulty, ascend  fifty  or  sixty  miles.  This  river  rises  in  the  Cum- 
berland mountains,  Floyd  county,  Kentucky,  and  after  pursuing 
a  north-westerly  course  of  one  hundred  and  eighty  miles,  empties 
into  the  Ohio  opposite  Cincinnati. 

There  are  many  small  streams  called  Licks,  which  empty  into 
this  river,  and  whose  waters  are  highly  prized  throughout  the 
United  States.  The  principal  of  these  are  situated  in  Nicholas 
county,  and  are  known  as  the  Blue  Lick  Springs.  The  water  is 
found  to  contain  sulphureted  hydrogen,  carbonic  acid,  muriate  of 
soda,  muriate  of  magnesia,  muriate  of  lime,  sulphate  of  lime, 
sulphate  of  soda,  sulphate  of  magnesia,  and  carbonate  of  lime. 
Several  thousand  barrels  of  this  water  are  annually  exported. 
Connected  with  the  springs  are  fine  accommodations  for  visitors. 
The  main  hotel  i»  six  hundred  and  seventy  feet  in  length,  and 
three  stories  high.  Thousands  of  the  Parisians  of  the  West  and 
South  visit  this  place  during  the  summer  months. 

The  action  of  the  water  upon  the  system  is  purgative,  dia- 
phoretic, and  alterative,  and  for  some  diseases  is  highly  recom- 
mended. 

Covington,  Kenton  county,  Kentucky,  (see  note,)  is 
beautifully  situated  on  the  Ohio  and  Licking  rivers,  opposite  the 
public  landing  of  Cincinnati.    It  is  one  of  the  most  important 


^ 


ROUTE   OF   THE   OHIO   RIVER. 


127 


places  in  the  state.  The  streets  are  regularly  laid  out,  and  viewed 
from  a  distance,  appear  to  be  a  continuation  of  those  of  Cincin- 
nati. This  city  is  bounded  south  and  west  by  a  continuation  of 
the  same  range  of  hills  that  surround  Newport,  and  we  might 
add,  were  it  not  for  the  passage  of  the  Ohio  and  Licking  rivers, 
the  sites  of  Newport,  Covington  and  Cincinnati  would  form  one 
vast  circular  valley  of  more  than  twelve  miles  in  circumference, 
surrour  ed  by  hills,  varying  from  two  to  three  hundred  feet  in 
hight. 

The  pnblic  buildings  of  the  city  are  2  Methodist  churches,  1 
Presbyterian,  1  Baptist,  1  Christian,  1  Episcopal,  and  2  Catholic; 
one  large  city  hall,  which  stands  in  the  public  sqnare,  2  female 
academies,  2  common  and  several  private  schools,  and  the  Wes- 
tern Baptist  Theological  Institute.  This  college  is  situated  on  a 
high  point  of  the  city,  about  a  mile  from  the  Ohio  river.  It  is 
surrounded  by  beautiful  grounds,  is  richly  endowed,  and  is  in  a 
very  flourishing  condition.  The  Rev.  S.  W.  Lynd,  formerly 
pastor  of  the  Ninth  street  Baptist  church,  Cincinnati,  is  now 
(1851)  president.  The  female  seminary  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Orr  is 
beautifully  situated  on  the  bank  of  Licking,  in  a  retired  place. 
It  is  surrounded  by  fine  grounds  for  exercises  and  promenade. 
This  school  is  well  conducted  and  has  a  good  reputation.  The 
Licking  Iron  Works,  situated  on  Licking  river,  and  owned  by 
Messrs.  Morrell,  Stewart  &  Co.,  of  Cincinnati,  is  a  fine,  new 
establishment  for  the  manufacture  of  bar,  sheet  iron,  &,c.  The 
business  of  the  establishment  is  rapidly  increasing,  and  will,  no 
doubt,  in  time,  equal  any  of  the  Pennsylvania  manufactories  of  a 
similar  kind. 

The  Linden  Grove  Cemetery,  situated  about  a  mile  back  of 
Covington,  is  a  lovely  place  for  the  repose  of  the  silent  dead. 
The  ground  is  level  and  beautifully  ornamented  with  trees.  The 
avenues  are  narrow  and  intersect  each  other  at  right  angles. 

The  population  of  Covington  is  12,000. 

Notes.  ^ 

Kenton  county  is  named  in  honor  of  Gen.  Simon  Kenton,  one  of  the  early 
pioneers  of  Kentucky  and  of  the  West.  Gen.  Simon  Kenton  was  born  in 
Fauquier  county,  Virginia,  on  the  15th  of  May,  1765.  The  adventures  of 
this  singula?.'  man  appear  more  like  the  imaginings  of  a  writer  of  romance, 
than  the  erents  of  real  life.  His  career  teems  with  incidents  of  a  most  won- 
derful and  romantic  character.  But  these  ended,  in  a  measure,  with  his 
youth.  After  spending  his  life  in  the  service  of  his  adopted  state,  he  was 
called  upon,  in  his  old  age,  to  mourn  over  tho  legal  acts  of  our  so-called 
enlightened  and  Christian  society. 


i 


At  the  age  of  sixteen,  having  got  into  difficulty  with  a  young  man  by  the 
name  of  ycaoli,  about  a  young  lady  with  whom  it  appears  he  was  enamored, 
he  encountered  his  rival  in  a  retired  spot,  and  beat  him  unmercifully,  so 
much  80  that  he  thought  he  had  killed  him.  Horror-struck  at  the  thought 
of  being  a  murderer,  he  immediately  fled,  and  to  this  circumstance  is  Ken- 
tucky indebted  for  one  of  her  noblest  and  truest  defenders. 

lie  remained  in  the  western  wilds  for  the  period  of  thirteen  years,  engaged 
in  the  variour  struggles  with  the  savagos,  and  always  holding  a  prominent 
place  under  the  command  of  Boone,  Clarke,  and  others.  He  was  generally 
employed  as  a  spy  or  guide,  having,  from  his  expertness  and  knowledge  of 
the  countiy,  become  invaluable  in  that  capacity.  Ho  suffered  many  hard- 
ships, and  among  others,  captivity  by  the  savages;  but  it  is  probable  that 
his  remorse  of  conscience,  believing  himself  a  murderer,  was  greater  than 
all  his  other  sufferings.  Who  then  can  depict  his  joy,  when  in  the  year  1782, 
he  heard  that  his  father  yet  lived,  and  also  that  young  Veach  whom  he 
thought  he  had  murdered  ?  On  hearing  this  news  he  immediately  determined 
to  return  home,  and  bring  his  father's  family  to  the  West.  His  father  died 
before  reaching  Kentucky.  Kenton,  during  his  career  in  the  West,  had 
accumulated  several  valuable  tracts  of  land,  on  which  he  determined  to 
build  up  settlements.  As  the  country  began  to  fill  up,  and  land  to  increase 
in  value,  speculators  from  the  East  begun  to  arrive,  and  before  Kenton  was 
aware  of  it,  he  found  his  lands  dwindling  away  like  the  snows  of  winter 
before  the  summer's  scorching  rays,  scarce  leaving  him  a  place  to  lay  his 
furrowed  head.  In  Kentucky,  that  state  for  which  he  had  suffered  so  much, 
and  for  whose  welfare  he  had  toiled  and  bled,  he  was  imprisoned  for  debt ! 
What  a  lasting  disgrace  to  the  state.  It  would  be  better  to  let  all  the 
swindlers  in  Christendom  go  free,  than  that  one  such  man  as  Simon  Kenton 
should  be  disgraced  by  imprisonment  for  debt. 

In  1802  he  moved  to  Ohio,  where  he  resided  in  poverty  and  obscurity,  until 
the  year  1813,  when  he  again  went  forth  to  meet  the  foe  at  the  battle  of  the 
Thames.  After  the  battle,  he  returned  to  his  cabin  home  in  Ohio,  and  dwelt 
in  complete  retirement  until  his  death,  which  occurred  in  the  month  of  April, 
1836,  at  the  age  of  eighty-one  years.  His  grave  may  bo  seen  about  five  miles 
from  Bellefontaine,  Ohio.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  rude  picket  fence,  now  fallen 
to  pieces,  and  over  it  is  a  small  slab,  having  inscribed  on  it  his  name,  place 
of  birth,  and  death.    So  rest  the  brave. 

Tlie  liatonla  Sprinj^Sy  about  four  miles  south  of  Covington,  have 
good  accommodations  for  visitors,  and  being  but  an  hour's  ride  teom.  Coving- 
ton, are  much  frequented  during  the  summer  months. 

Independence)  county  seat  of  Kenton  county,  Kentucky,  is  a  small 
village  situated  about  ten  miles  from  Covington.  It  contains  a  court-house, 
church,  post  office,  several  stores,  and  about  150  inhabitants. 


lan  by  the 

enamored, 

rcifully,  so 

ho  thought 

ice  is  Ken- 

■rs,  engaged 

prominent 

ks  generally 

nowlodge  of 

many  hard- 

obable  that 

rcater  than 

le  year  1782, 

h  whom  he 

determined 

J  father  died 

West,  had 

termincd  to 

i  to  increase 

Kenton  was 

[V8  of  winter 

Be  to  lay  his 

red  so  much, 

icd  for  debt ! 

»  let  all  the 

iMON  Kenton 

scurity,  until 
battle  of  the 
io,  and  dwelt 
(nth  of  April, 
)ut  five  miles 
ce,  now  fallen 
;  name,  place 

ington,  have 
fl-om  Ck)ving- 

;;,  is  a  small 
.  court-house. 


The  Miami  Canal,  connecting  the  Ohio  river  and  Lake 
Erie,  descends  to  the  level  of  the  Ohio  at  Cincinnati,  by  means  of 
locks.  This  was  the  second  great  work  of  internal  improvement  in 
the  state.  The  canal  is  one  hundred  and  eighty-  one  miles  in  length, 
about  four  feet  deep,  and  forty  feet  wide,  and  cost  $3,750,000. 
The  Warren  canal  is  a  branch  of  the  Miami,  about  twenty  miles 
in  length,  extending  from  Middletown  to  Lebanon. 

Above  Dayton,  for  the  distance  of  113  miles,  the  canal  is  known 
as  the  Miami  Extension.  It  here  forms  a  junction  with  the 
Wabash  and  Erie  canal,  and  thus  connects  with  Lake  Erie. 

The  followitig  table  shows  th«  relatiye  distancos  of  the  principal  towns  on 
these  canals,  from  Cincinnati  to  Toledo : 
Miami  Canal, 

Lockland, • "  15 

Hamilton, 15      30 

Middletown, 14      44 

Fr«inkUa, 6      60 

Miamisfourg, 6      56 

Dayton, 12      68 

Miami  ExtensioH. 

Troy, 22  90 

Piqua, 8  98 

Newport, 16  114 

Minster, 9  123 


Fare,  $6  60. 


St.  Mary's, 11 

Deep  Cut, 12 

Junction,  •••'"•.•> 35 

Wuba^k  and  Erie  Oarud, 

Deflance,»-»«»« >    9 

Florida, 10 

Napoleon, 8 

Damascus, 9 

Providence, 6 

Watervilte, 11 

Maumee  city, •  •    6 

Toledo, 10 

Time,  56  hours. 


134 

146 
181 

190 
200 
2Q8 
217 
223 
234 
240 
250 


The  .bllowing  is  a  table  of  distances  on  the  Wabash  and  Erie  canal,  from 
Cincinnati  to  Lafayette,  Indiana : 


Junction, — 181 

Antwerp, 14  195 

State  Line, 4  199 

Indiana  City,  la , 3  202 

Lewistown, 4  206 

FoET  Wayne, 11  217 

Aboite, 12  229 

Huntington, 16  245 

Wabash, -     20  265 

Fare,  $10  00.    Time,  about  3  days. 

Itoclciand)  is  a  small  village  on  the  Miami  canal,  about  fifteen  miles 
from  Cincinnati,  in  Hamilton  county,  Ohio.  There  are  several  mills  in  ope- 
ration, which  serve  to  give  an  air  of  industry  to  the  place.  It  contains  a 
few  stores,  and  about  150  inhabitants.  The  canal  locks  at  this  place  afford 
excellent  water  power. 


Peru, ••• 

Lewisburg, 

Logansport, 

Lockport, 

CarroUton, 

Delphi, *•• 

Americus, 8 

Lafayette, 


15 

280 

8 

288 

8 

296 

15 

311 

6 

317 

6 

322 

8 

330 

10 

340 

M 


fl 


I 


130 


ROUTES  ON  THE  MTAMI  CAKAL. 


Hamilton)  coanty  seat  of  Butler  coxakijf  is  situated  on  the  Great 
Miami  river  and  the  Miami  canal,  twenty  miles  north  of  Cincinnati.  It  is 
quite  a  large  and  flourishing  town,  neatly  built,  with  a  handsome  public 
square,  in  which  are  located  the  county  buildings.  The  town  contains  7 
churches,  viz. :  1  Methodist,  1  Baptist,  1  Episcopal,  X  Presbyterian,  1  German 
Lutheran,  1  Associate  Reformed,  and  1  Catholic.  It  has  also  a  female  semin- 
ary, 2  newspaper  printing  offices,  3  cotton  factories,  5  flour  mills,  4  saw  mills, 
3  founderies,  4  machine  shops,  about  40  stores,  and  has  a  population  of  8,000. 

The  business  of  Hamilton  consists  chiefly  in  manufacturing,  for  the  aid  of 
which  there  faaye  been  constructed  within  the  last  few  ;;ears,  hydraulic  works 
of  immense  power.  There  is  a  fine  bridge  connecting  Hamilton  with  BoesTille, 
which  cost  $25,000. 

Hamilton  is  situated  on  the  site  of  Fort  Hamilton,  j  t  was  built  in  the 
yeat  1791,  by  order  of  the  unfortunate  Gen.  8t.  Clair,  and  was  intended  as  a 
depot  for  provisions  during  the  disastrous  campaign  of  that  commander. 

At  Hamilton  may  be  seen  the  gravo  of  John  Cleves  Symmes,  author  of  the 
Ixieory  of  Concentric  Spheres.  Ue  oudcavorcd  to  demonstrate  that  the  earth 
was  hollow,  and  inhabited  on  the  inside ;  and  that  it  was  possible  for  those 
who  lived  on  the  outer  crust  to  descend  to  those  within  by  means  of  openings 
at  the  poleSr  He  petitioned  Congress  several  times  to  supply  him  with  means 
and  m  ney  to  start  on  a  voyage  of  discovery  to  the  north  pole.  That  august 
assembly,  being  too  dull  of  comprehension  to  see  the  practicability  and  utility 
of  such  a  discovery,  refused  to  grant  his  request.  A  waggish  fellow  once  told 
Mr.  Symmes,  that  if  the  inside  of  the  earth  was  inhabited,  the  volcanoes  were 
no  doubt,  the  chimneys  of  some  of  the  large  houses ;  in  that  case,  the  best 
thing  he  could  do  would  be  to  hire  a  chimney-sweep  to  go  on  an  exploring 
expedition  down  the  crater  of  Vesuvius.  Whether  this  did  not  meet  his 
views,  or  whether  he  was  not  fortunate  enough  to  find  a  sweep  willing  to 
undertake  the  voyage,  is  an  unfathomable  mystery. 

He  made  but  few  converts  to  his  theory,  being  almost  universally  met  with 
ridicule.  He  however  bore  the  scorn  and  ridicule  of  the  world  like  a  martyr, 
and  for  that  reason  should  be  entitled  to  our  respect.  There  has  lately  been 
a  monument  built  to  place  over  his  remains.  It  is  surmounted  by  a  globe 
open  at  tfiepolesy  which  is  a/oc  simile  of  his  theory. 

Stages  leave  Hamilton  daily  for  Cincinnati  and  Dayton.  Cansd  boats  arrive 
and  depart  constantly. 

Ross'vllle)  situated  opposite  Hamilton,  in  the  same  county,  is  a  town  of 
considerable  and  growing  commercial  importance.  It  contains  1-Baptist,  and 
1  Presbyterian  church,  several  mills,  about  30  stores,  and  2,500  inhabitants. 

Oxford)  situated  about  twelve  miles  north-west  from  Hamilton,  in  the 
same  county,  is  a  beautiful  and  pleasantly  located  town.  It  is  the  seat  of  the 
Miami  University,  an  institution  of  high  rank  and  extensive  patronage.    It 


he  Great 
ti.    It  is 

e  public 
ontainB  7 

Qerman 
,le  semin- 
saw  mills, 

of  3,000. 
the  aid  of 
ilic  works 
BoflSTille, 

lilt  in  the 
ended  as  a 
ander. 
thor  of  the 
t  the  earth 
e  for  those 
)f  openings 
^rith  means 
hat  august 
and  utility 
V7  once  told 
anoes  were 
se,  the  best 
1  exploring 
it  meet  his 
>  willing  to 

ly  met  with 

;e  a  martyr, 

lately  been 

by  a  globe 

)Oats  arrive 

s  a  town  of 
Saptist,  and 
nhabitants. 

Iton,  in  the 
a  seat  of  the 
ronage.    It 


I 


• 


ROUTES  ON  THE  MIAMI  CANAL. 


131 


was  chartered  in  1809,  and  endowed  by  Congress  with  a  township  of  land  for 
its  support.  It  was  not  opened  for  the  reception  of  students,  however,  until 
1824.  Besides  the  university,  Oxford  contains  a  theological  school,  under 
the  patronage  of  the  Associate  Keformed  church,  5  churches,  about  15  stores, 
and  a  population  of  2,000. 

Day  tony  county  seat  of  Montgomery  county,  Ohio,  is  situated  sixty-eight 
miles  from  Cincinnati,  on  the  Great  Miami  river  and  Miami  canal.  The  town 
was  laid  out  in  1795,  by  Gen.  Jonathan  Day,  Arthur  St.  Clair,  James  Wilkin- 
son, and  Col.  Israel  Ludlow.  It  was  made  the  county  seat  in  1803,  and  at 
that  time  contained  but  five  families.  Its  progress  was  very  slow,  until  the 
year  1812,  when  an  impetus  was  given  to  it  by  the  arrival  of  troops  belong- 
ing to  the  army.  From  this  time  until  1820  it  improved  very  rapidly.  After 
this,  business  declined,  and  Dayton  received  a  shock  from  which  many  sup- 
posed she  would  not  recover ;  but  at  the  opening  of  the  Miami  canal  in 
1827,  business  begun  to  revive,  and  from  that  time  there  has  been  a  rapid 
and  steady  improvement,  and  it  now  ranks  as  the  second  city  in  wealth  in 
the  state.  The  city  of  Dayton  is  laid  out  with  a  great  degree  of  regularity 
and  neatness,  the  streets  being  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  wide,  and  inter- 
secting each  other  at  right  angles.  It  is  almost  universally  pronounced  by 
visitors,  the  haadsomest  city  in  the  West.  The  court-house  at  Dayton  is  one 
of  the  handsomest  buildings  in  the  state.  It  is  built  of  gray  granite  and  cost 
$63,000.  In  addition  to  the  court-house,  the  city  contains  17  churc^  ^s,  viz : 
4  Methodist,  2  Lutheran,  3  Presbytei'ian,  1  Episcopal,  1  New  Light,  1  Disci- 
ple, 1  German  Reformed,  1  Catholic,  1  Albright,  1  .T)unker,  and  1  African 
Baptist,  4  newspaper  offices,  a  female  seminary  of  high  standing,  4  common 
schools,  and  1  high  school,  2  banks,  a  jail,  14  mills  of  various  kinds,  several 
factories,  2  market  houses,  3  iron  founderies,  with  a  large  number  of  stores 
of  all  descriptions.  The  population  of  Dayton  in  1810,  was  383 ;  in  1820, 
1139;  in  1830,  2,954;  in  1840,  6,067  ;  and  in  1850,  i?,roo. 

The  citizens  of  Dayton  have,  at  considerable  expense,  built  a  hydraulic 
canal,  something  similar  to  the  one  at  Hamilton,  which  affords  a  vast  amount 
of  water  power  for  the  various  mills  and  factories  in  and  near  the  city. 

Canal  boats  ply  daily  to  and  from  Cincinnati,  Toledo,  and  all  intermediate 
ports.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Cincinnati,  Columbus,  Indianapolis,  Indiana, 
and  Sydney. 

Troy,  county  seat  of  Miami  county,  Ohio,  is  a  flourishing  town,  situated 
on  the  Great  Miami  river  and  Miami  canai,  ninety  miles  north  of  Cincinnati) 
It  was  laid  out  in  the  year  1808,  and  soon  after  became  the  seat  of  justice. 
It  is  a  place  of  considerable  commercial  importance.  Vast  quantities  of 
wheat,  corn,  oats,  barley,  whiskey,  flour,  pork,  lard,  clover  and  flax-seed,  salt, 
sawed  lumber,  Ac,  ai-e  exported.  The  annual  shipments  to  and  from  this 
place,  amounting  to  25,000  tons.    Manufacturing  is  also  carried  on.  to  some 


132 


ROUTES  ON  THE  MIAMI  CANAL. 


extent,  though  not  so  energetically  as  the  mercantile  busineAS.  Troy  con- 
tains 2  Methodist,  2  Presbyterian,  1  Episcopal,  and  1  Baptist  church,  a  town 
and  masonic  hall,  1  bank,  1  market'house,  3  printing  offices,  1  academy, 
several  mills^and  factories,  1  foundery  and  machine  shop,  6  large  warehouses, 
a  large  number  of  store's,  and  mechanics'  shops  of  all  kinds,  with  a  popula- 
tion of  near  3,000.  Canal  boats  arrive  and  depart  daily.  Stages  leave 
regularly  for  Cincinnati  and  intermediate  points. 

Plquaj  situated  in  the  same  county,  about  eight  miles  abofe  Troy,  on 
the  Miami  canal,  is  a  thriving  business  town.  It  was  laid  out  in  the  year 
1809,  and  was  first  called  Washington,  which  name  it  retained  until  about 
the  year  1820,  when  it  received  its  present  name.  The  plan  of  the  town  is 
strikingly  uniform  and  symmetrical,  being  laid  off  in  regular  blocks,  with 
wide  and  straight  streets.  The  town  contains  12  churches,  viz :  3  Methodist, 
2  Presbyterian,  1  Baptist,  1  Episcopal,  1  Lutheran,  I  Associate  Reformed,  1 
Disciple,  and  2  Catholic ;  a  town  hall,  a  high  school,  1  bank,  a  number  of 
mills  and  factories,  several  of  which  are  driven  by  steam,  about  125  mechan- 
ics' shops,  a  large  number  of  stores  of  various  descriptions,  and  a  population 
of  3,500.  Canal  boats  arrive  and  depart  daily.  Stages  also  leave  for  Cincin- 
nati and  Dayton. 

Deftancey  county  seat  of  Defiance  county,  Ohio,  is  situated  on  the 
Wabash  and  Erie  canal,  at  the  junction  of  the  Maumee  and  Auglaize  rivers, 
and  is  one  hundred  and  ninety  miles  from  Cincinnati  by  the  canal.  It  was 
laid  out  in  1822,  and  now  contains  1  Methodist  and  1  Catholic  church,  10 
stores,  and  a  population  of  1,000.  It  is  well  situated  for  trade,  and  will,  no 
doubt,  in  time,  make  a  place  of  considerable  commercial  importance. 

The  town  occupies  the  site  of  Ibrt  Defiance,  which  was  erected  in  1794,  by 
Gen.  Wayne.    There  are  traces  of  the  old  fortifications  still  to  be  seen 


ROUTES   FROM   CINCINNATI. 


The  following  table  contains  a 
their  distance  from  Cincinnati,  to 

North  Bend,  0., 

Great  Miami  river,  0., 6 

Lawrenceburg,  la., 2 

Petersburg,  Ky..».»«« 2 

Aurora,  la., 2 

Belleview,  Ky., 6 

Rising  Sun,  la., 3 

Big  Bone  Lick,  and  )  ^. 
Hamilton,  Ey.,     ) 


list  of  the  principal  places,  together  with 
the  mouth  of  the  Ohio  ri>  or : 


15 
20 
22 
24 
26 
32 
35 


Patriot,  la.,'" 
Warsaw,  Ky.,< 
New  York,  la.,  ■ 
Vevay,  la.,  and 

Ghent,  Ky., 
Carroll  ton,  Kentucky  river,) 

and  Preston,  Ky., ) 

Milton,  Ky.,  and  ) 

Madison,  la.,    j 


} 


2 

49 

11 

60 

1 

61 

10      71 


10      81 


12      98 


Troy  con- 
,  a  town 
academy, 
rehouses, 
a  popula- 
tes leave 

Troy,  on 
the  year 
itil  about 
e  town  is 
)cks,  with 
lethodist, 
iformed,  1 
lumber  of 
5  mechan- 
>opulation 
for  Cincin- 

d  on  the 
dze  rivers, 
i[.  It  was 
church,  10 
ad  will,  no 
ce. 

in  1794,  by 
seen 


ether  with 

•  •2  49 
..11  60 
..     1      61 


1 


10      71 

10      81 

12      98 


to 


I 


ROUTES    FROM    CINCINNATI. 


133 


.} 


] 


America,  111., 

Trinity,  111., 

Cairo,  111.,  and  Mouth 
of  the  Ohio. 


} 


8 

803 

3 

306 

3 

309 

12 

821 

6 

327 

8 

385 

12 

847 

25 

iJ72 

16 

887 

6 

892 

6 

898 

5 

408 

10 

413 

.  2 

415 

Hanover  Landing,  la., 6  99 

New  London,  la., 4  103 

Bethlehem,  la., 8  111 

Westport,  Ky., 6  117 

Charleston  Landing,  la.,-  •  •  •  12  129 

Utica,  la, 5  134 

Jeffersonville,  la., 9  143 

Louisville,  Ky, 1  144 

ShippiDgport,  Ky., 2  146 

Portland,  Ky.,  and  > 

New  Albany,  la.,  5    ^  ^^^ 

Salt  river,  and        >  ,«  j^g 

West  Point,  Ky.,) 

Brandenburg,  Ky., 18  183 

Manchport,  la., 3  186 

Northampton,  la., 7  193 

Amsterdam,  la., 3  196 

Leavenworth,  la., 8  204 

Fredonia,  la., 4  208 

Alton,  la., 14  222 

Concordia,  Ky., 10  232 

Rome,  la,  Stephensport,  )  ^ 

and  Sinking  creek,  Ky ., ) 

Cloverport,  Ky., 10  253 

Hawsville,  Ky.,  and  > ^^  ^ge 

CanneltoU)  la.,  •  •  • . ) 

Troy,  la., 6  272 

Maxville,  la., 1  273 

Batesville,  la., 2  275 

Lewisport,   Ky., 3  278 

Rockport,  la., 13  291 

Owensburg,  Ky., 9  800 

Total  length  of  the  Ohio  river,  according  to  the  best  authorities,  1,027  miles. 


Bon  Harbor,  Ky.,.  •  • 
Enterprise,  la.,  •  •  •  • 
Point  Isabel,  la.,*  •  • 

Newburg,  la., 

Qreen  river,  Ky.,  •  •  • 

Evansville,  la., 

Henderson,  Ky.,-  •  •  • 
Mount  Vernon,  la., 
Uniontown,  Ky.,*.. 

Wabash  river, 

Raleigh,  Ky., 

Shawneetown,  111.,* 
Casey ville,  Ky,«... 
Battery  Rock,  111.,* 

Cave-in-Rock,  111., 12    427 

Elizabeth,  111., 6    433 

Golconda,  111., 23    456 

Cumberland  river,  and 

Smithland,  Ky.,*  * 
Tennessee  river,  and 

Paducah,  Ky, 

Belgrade,  111., 

Fort  Massac,  111.,  *  •  * 
Metropolis,  111.,  •  •  •  • 

Ilillaman,  111., 

Wilkinaonville,  111., 9 

Caledonia,  111., 10 


17  473 


12  485 


8 
2 
1 

7 


3 
5 


493 
495 
496 
508 
512 
522 
525 
580 


6  586 


From  Cincinnati f  East. 

There  are  two  principal  routes,  known  as  the  Pittsburgh,  and 
Northern  routes.  Those  wishing  to  take  the  former  can  always 
find  in  waiting,  at  the  Cincinnati  wharf,  one  of  the  fine  daily  line 
of  steamers  which  run  to  that  place.  The  time  is  from  one  and 
a  half  to  three  days,  and  fare  generally  about  six  dollars,  (depend- 
ing upon  the  state  of  the  river,  and  the  amount  of  competition.) 
The  remainder  of  the  route  is  the  same  as  that  previously  given 
on  page  81. 


Hi 


ill; 


h\ 


!i 


)  ■■ 


134 


ROUTES    FROM    CINCINNATI. 


Persons  going  the  Northern  route^  leave  the  Little  Miami  rail- 
road depot,  on  East  Front  street,  at  6  o'clock,  A.  M.,  and  arrive 
at  Sandusky  early  next  morning,  where  they  will  find  in  waiting 
one  of  the  splendid  line  of  lake  steamers,  which  will  convey  them 
to  Buffalo.  At  BufTulo  they  take  the  Albany  and  |3uffalo  railroad 
to  Albany  ;  (for  routes  on  this  road,  sees  page  218,)  thence  down 
the  beautiful  Hudson  to  New  York.  Time,  about  three  days  — 
fare  $20. 

Distance  to  Sandusky,  218  miles,  running  time,  16  hours  ;  to 
Buttalo,  250  miles,  time,  20  hours  ;  to  Albany,  325  miles,  time, 
24  hours  ;  to  New  York,  150  miles,  time,  8  hours.  From  Albany 
to  Boston,  by  railroad,  207  miles,  time,  10  hours.  Total  distance 
from  New  York  to  Cincinnati,  O.'if  miles,  time  68  hours.  From 
Boston,  1,000  miles,  time,  70  hours.  Through  tickets  can  be 
purchased  at  the  office  in  Cincinnati,  corner  of  Broadway  and 
Front.  Fare  to  Xenia,  ${  90;  to  Springfield,  $2  50;  to  Bellevue, 
$6;  to  Sandusky  city,  ,f  6  50;  to  Columbus,  $3  50;  to  Wheeling, 
$10  50;  and  to  Buffalo,  $10. 

From  Cincinnati  to  Springfield. 

From  Cincinnati  (by  the  Little  Miami  railroad)  to  Columbia, 
4  miles;  to  Plainville,  5  miles;  to  Lovclaiid's,  9  miles;  to  Deerfield, 
9  miles;  to  Morrow,  5  miles;  to  Freeport,  8  miles;  to  Corwin,  6 
miles;  to  Spring  Valley,  7  miles;  to  Xenia,  7  miles;  to  Yellow 
Springs,  9  miles;  to  Springfield,  10  milos.  Whole  distance  from 
Cincinnati  to  Springfield,  84  miles.  (For  remainder  of  the  route 
to  Sandusky,  see  Tables  of  Western  Railroads,  page  223.) 

Springfield,  Clark  county,  Ohio,  is  situated  on  the  National  Road, 
forty-three  miles  west  of  Columbus,  and  at  the  northern  extremity  of  the 
Little  Miami  Railroad.  It  is  the  county  seat,  and  was  laid  out  in  the  year 
180-3,  by  James  Demint.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  fertile  and  highly  cultivated 
country,  and  is  considered  one  of  the  most  beautiful  villages  in  the  state. 

The  town  has  excellent  advantages  for  water  power,  and  within  a  circuit  of 
three  miles,  there  are  upward  of  twenty  mill  seats. 

The  Methodist  Episcopal  church  have  a  flourishing  high  school  at  Spring- 
field, and  the  public  libraries  of  the  town  contain  near  4,000  volumes. 
There  are  in  Springfield  12  churches,  3  printing  oflices,  and  about  25  stores, 
besides  a  large  number  of  mechanics'  shops.    Population  about  8,000.  __ 

Stages  leave  regularly  for  Columbus,  via  national  road ;  also  for  Dayton, 

and  other  towns  in  the  state.    Fare  to  Columbus,  $2;  time,  from  five  to 

seven  hours. 

From  Cincinnati  to  Columbus.      n 

From  Cincinnati,  (by  railroad,)  as  in  previous  route,  to  Spring- 
field, 84  miles;  to  Summerfield,  (by  stage,)  16  miles;  to  Lafayette, 


(!! 


I  rail- 
arrive 
aiting 
them 
iilroad 
down 
ays  — 

rs  ;  to 

time, 

Ibany 

stance 

From 

:an   be 

iy  and 

llevue, 

eeling, 


iimbia, 
ierfield, 
rwin,  6 
Yellow 
ce  from 
le  route 

\T.  Road, 
ty  of  the 
the  year 
iultivated 
state, 
circuit  of 

kt  Spring- 
volumes. 
25  stores, 

0.  __ 

r  Dayton, 
a  five  to 


Spring- 
ifayette, 


ROUTES    FROM    CINCINNATI.  135 


.1 


5  miles;  to  West  Jefferson,  8  miles;  to  Alton,  5  miles;  to  Colum- 
bus, 9  miles:  whole  distance  from  Cincinnati  to  Columbus,  127 
miles;  fare,  $4  50.  Or,  from  Cincinnati  to  Xenia,  (by  Little 
Miami  railroad,)  65  miles;  thence  to  Columbus,  by  the  Xenia 
and  Columbus  railroad,  (for  routes  on  this  road,  see  page  221,) 
•54  miles :  whole  distance  from  Cincinnati  to  Columbus,  119 
miles.     Fare,  $3  50;  time,  3  hours. 

From  Cincinnati  to  MaijsvUle, 

Daily  packets  run  regularly  to  Maysville,  leaving  Cincinnati  at 
10  o'clock,  A.  M.     Fare,  with  excellent  accommodations,  $1  50. 

From  Cincinnati  to  Madison, 

A  splendid  line  of  steamers  run  dally  from  Cincinnati  to  Mad- 
ison, leaving  the  wharf  at  12  o'clock,  M.  Distance,  100  miles. 
Fare  $1  50. 

From  Cincinnati  to  Louisville. 

There  are  usually  two  daily  lines  of  steamers,  morning  and 
evening  ones,  running  regularly  to  Louisville.  The  lines  are 
composed  of  the  first  class  steamers,  and  commanded  by  some  of 
the  most  experienced  men  on  the  river.  The  accommodations 
are  superior,  and  every  thing  is  in  the  most  perfect  order.  The 
morning  line  leaves  at  11  o'clock,  A.  M  ,  and  arrives  at  Louisville 
during  the  night.  The  cars  of  the  Little  Miami  Railroad  arrive 
at  the  depot  at  10  o'clock,  A.  M.;  so  there  is  always  a  boat  in 
waiting  for  those  going  to  Louisville.  The  distance  to  Louisville 
is  about  140  miles;  time  down,  from  12  to  14  hours;  up,  about 
20  hours,  including  stoppages.     Fare,  $2  50. 

* 

From  Cincinnati  to  Nashville,  Tennessee. 

From  Cincinnati  to  the  mouth  of  the  Cumberland,  474  miles; 
to  Eddyville,  50  miles;  to  Canton,  20  miles;  to  Tobacco  Port,  13 
miles;  to  Dover,  18  miles;  to  Palmyra,  30  miles^  to  Clarksville, 
15  miles;  to  Nashville,  55  miles;  whole  distance  from  Cincinnati 
to  Nashville,  675  miles.  Fare,  $10;  time,  4  days.  These  packets 
leave  Cincinnati  every  Wednesday  at  4  o'clock,  P.  M. 

From  Cincinnati  to  Toledo. 

From  Cincinnati  (by  Miami  canal)  to  Hamilton,  30  miles;  to 
Middletown,  14  miles;  to  Franklin,  6  miles;  to  Miamisburg,  6 
miles;  to  Dayton,  12  miles;  to  Troy,  (by  Miami  Extension  canal,) 
22  miles;  to  Piqua,  8  miles;  to  Newport,  16  miles;  to  Minster, 
9  miles;  to  St.  Mary's,  11  miles;  to  Deep  Cut,  13  miles;  to  Junction, 
35  miles;  to  Defiance,  (by  Wabash  and  Erie  canal,)  9  miles;  to 
Florida,  10  miles;  to  Napoleon,  8  miles;  to  Damascus,  9  miles; 


WZ 


?  I 


I 


!l! 


•  iUi 


to  Providence,  6  miles;  to  Watorville,  11  miles;  to  Maumee  City, 

6  mi^^es;  to  Toledo,  9  miles:  whole  distance  from  Cincinnati  to 
Toledo,  250  miles.     Fare,  $6  50;  time,  3  day;?,. 

From  Cincinnati  to  Dayton, 

To  fcsaaron,  (by  stage,)  12  miles  j  to  Che,J^te^,  4  miles;  to 
Bethany,  4  miles;  to  Monroe,  5  mjies;  to  Franklin,  5  miles;  to 
Miamfsburg,  4  miles;  to  Alexandria,  7  miles;  to  Dayton,  12  miles; 
whole  distance  from  CincirjAati  to  Dayton,  (by  stage,)  52  miles. 
Fare,  $2;  time,  8  hours. 

From  Cinfrinnati  to  Chillicothe. 

To  Fulton,  (by  si^^e,)  2  miles;  to  Plainville,  7  miles;  to  Mil- 
ford,  5  miles;  to  Perrin's  Mills,  4  miles;  to  Gordonville,  8  miles; 
to  Fayetteville,  6  miles;  to  DodsonvMle,  26  miles;  to  RaJnsboro% 
II  FiYiles;  to  Bafnbrrige,  9  miles;  to  Bourneville,  10  miles;  to 
Chillicothe,  14  miles:  whoJe  distance  from  Cincinnati  to  Chilli- 
COPHE,  102  miles*    Fare,  $3  50;  time,  16  hours. 

From  Cincinnati  to  Indianapolis^ 

To  Cheviot,  (by  stage,)  5  miles;  to  Miami,  7  mites;  to  Har- 
rison, 6  miles;  to  New  Trenton,  5  miles;  to  Bi'odkville,  8  miles; 
to  Laurd  City,  13  miles;  to  Rushviile,  15  miles;  to  Burlington, 
8  mil -is;  to  MorHstown,  7  miles;  to  Sugar  Creek,  10  miles;  to 
Indianapolis,  15  miles:  whole  distance  from  Cincinnati  to  iNOiAN- 
AFOLis,  102  miles.    Fare,  $-^  50;  time,  20  hours. 

From  Cincinnati  to  Piqua, 

To  Reading,  (by  stage,)  9  miles;  to  Mason,  6  miles;  to  Leba- 
non, 4  miles;  to  Rrdgeville,  7  miles?  to  Centreville^  9  miles;  to 
D.yton,  6  miles,  to  Troy,  14  miles;  to  Piqua,  1'*  m:!cs;  whole 
distance  from  Cincinnati  to  Piqua,  (by  stagej  79  miles.  Fare, 
^3  50;  time,  14  hours. 

From  Ctncinnaii  to  West  XJrmn,  Ohio. 

Ta  Newtown,  (by  stage,)  8  miles;  to  Mt.  Cannel,  5  miles;  to 
Batavia,  10  miles;  to  WillFamsburg,  8  miles;  to  Bethel,  6  miles; 
to  Hamersville,  3  miles;  to  Georgetown,  8  miles;  to  Russellville^ 

7  miles;  to  Decatur,  8  miles;  to  West  Union,  10  miles:  whole! 
distance  from  Cincinnati  to  West  Union,  77  miles.    Fare,  $3  50; 
time,  15  hours. 

From  Cineinnati  t9  Wheeling,  Virginia. 

To  Columbus,  (by  railroad  or  stage,)  127  miles;  to  Reynolds- 
burg,  11  miles ;  to  Kirksville,  11  miles  ;  to  Lury,  3  miles ;  to 
Hebron,  2  miles;  to  LlnnTille,  8  miles;  to  Brownsville,  5  miles; 


ee  City, 
inati  to 


i)es;  to 
lies;  to 
2  miles; 
Q  miles.. 


to  Mil- 
8  miles; 
insboro% 
liles;  to 
Cbilli- 


to  Har- 

8  miles; 

rlington, 

iiiles;  to 

Indian - 


o  Leba- 
n\\ea:  to 
;:  whole 
*    Fare^ 


niles;  to 
6  miles; 
sellville^ 
»:  \rboIel 
>>$3  50; 


Bynolds- 
iiles ;  to 
&  miles; 


ROUTE   OF    THE   OHIO   RIVER. 


137 


to  Gratiot,  2  miles;  to  Hopewell,  4  miles;  to  Zanesville,  8  miles; 
0  Norwich,  11  miles;  to  New  Concord,  4  miles;  to  Cambridge, 
10  miles;  to  Washington,  7  miles;  to  Fairview,  11  miles;  to  Mor- 
ristown,  12  miles;  to  St.  Clairsville,  12  n'iles;  to  Bridgeport,  11 
miles;  to  Wheeling,  1  mile:  whole  distance  from  Cincinnati  to 
Wheeling,  (by  stage,)  258  miles.  Fare,  $10  50;  time,  about  40 
hours. 

From  Cincinnati  to  NashviUe,  Tennessee, 

To  Covington,  1  mile;  to  F'orence,  (by  stage,)  9  miles;  to  Crit- 
tenden, 16  miles ;  to  Georgetown,  46  miles ;  to  Lexington,  12 
miles;  to  Nicholasville,  12  miles;  to  Harrodsburg,  19  miles;  to 
Lebanon,  30  miles;  to  Campbellsville,  19  miles;  to  Greensburg, 
12  miles;  to  Monroe,  10  miles;  to  Blue  Spring  Grove,  11  miles; 
to  Glasgow,  13  miles;  to  State  Line,  33  miles;  to  Nashville,  35 
miles:  whole  distance  from  Cincinnati  to  Nashville,  295  miles. 
Fare,  $12;  time,  about  48  hours. 

From  Cincinnati  to  Lancaster,  Ohio. 

To  Montgomery,  13  miles;  to  Hopkinsville,  12  miles;  to  Mor- 
row, 7  miles;  to  Rochester,  3  miles;  to  Clarksviile,  7  miles;  to 
Wilmington,  15  miles;  to  Sabina,  10  miles;  to  Washington,  12 
miles;  to  New  Holland,  10  miles;  to  Williamsport,  6  miles;  to 
Circleville,  12  miles ;  to  Lancaster,  22  miles :  whole  distance 
from  Cincinnati  to  Lancaster,  129  miles.  Fare,  $5  25;  time,  28 
hours. 

Mill  Creek,  enters  the  Ohio  just  below  Cincinnati,  and 
forms  the  western  boundary  of  the  corporation  of  said  city.  It 
is  a  very  crooked  stream,  and  during  low  water  can  be  easily 
crossed  on  foot.  It  is  bounded  on  both  sides  by  a  high  range  of 
hills,  which,  on  the  west,  descend  to  the  edge  of  the  stream;  those 
on  the  east,  however,  are  about  half  a  mile  distant.  The  Miami 
canal  passes  along  the  edge  of  the  latter,  at  an  elevation  of  about 
one  hundred  feet  above  the  waters  of  the  creek.  The  valley 
included  between  these  ranges  of  hills,  is  highly  productive;  but 
is  subject  to  constant  overflows  from  the  river,  the  backwaters 
of  which  often  ascend  the  creek  for  nine  miles.  Efforts  aro  being 
made  to  confine  the  water  to  a  narrower  channel.  The  Dayton 
and  Hamilton  Railroad  Company,  whose  road  passes  along  the 
side  of  the  western  hills,  have  already  changed  the  channel  in 
several  places. 

Industry,  situated  four  miles  below  Cincinnati,  in  Hamilton 
county,  Ohio,  is  a  small  village  which  has  been  built  up  within  a 
few  years.  It  contains  a  large  stove  foundery,  owned  by  an  asso- 
ciation of  journeymen  stove  molders,  and  about  150  inhabitants. 


M 
iiti 


ii''* 


Home  City,  six  miles  below  Industry,  in  the  same  county, 
has  been  laid  out  for  a  town  within  the  last  three  years,  by  an 
association  styled  "  The  CiiNcinnati  Building  Association.*' 
There  have,  as  yet,  been  but  few  houses  erected.  At  a  recent 
session  of  the  Ohio  legislature,  this  company  obtained  a  charter, 
which  will  no  doubt  insure  its  permanency. 

North  Bendi  five  miles  below  Home  City,  and  fifteen  from 
Cincinn  ivi,  is  a  beautiful  and  retired  spot,  celebrated  as  being  the 
residence  and  burial  place  of  the  lamented  General  Harrison. 
The  house  in  which  he  resided  is  still  standing;  it  is  built  of  logs, 
and  weather-boarded,  which,  being  painted  white,  gives  it  a  neat 
and  elegant  appearance.  It  is  now  occupied  by  the  widow  of  the 
President. 

The  tomb  in  which  the  remains  of  Harrison  are  interred,  stands 
on  a  small  knoll  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from  the  house.  It  is 
perfectly  plain,  without  either  inscription  or  ornament  of  any 
kind.  But  what  need  have  the  great  in  deeds  of  glory  and  virtue, 
of  "  the  trappings  and  suits  of  woe?  "  It  is  only  those  that  the 
world  knows  not,  who  have  need  of  monuments  and  sounding 
epitaphs. 

It  was  at  North  Bend  that  Judge  Symmes  intended  to  have 
planted  the  emporium  of  the  West.  But  fate  decreed  it  other- 
wise. After  laying  off  a  town,  and  making  immense  exertions 
to  bring  settlers  here,  he  was  forced  to  abandon  the  project,  and 
every  vestige  of  a  city  has  long  since  disappeared  from  the  face 
of  the  country.  Judge  Symmes'  remains  lie  entombed  a  short 
distance  from  Harrison's  gi.^.ve. 

The  Oreat  Miami  River,  rises  in  Hardin  county, 
Ohio,  and  after  a  south-west  course  of  about  one  hundred  miles, 
it  empties  into  the  Ohio,  five  miles  below  North  Bend,  at  the 
state  line  between  Indiana  and  Ohio.  The  country  through 
which  it  flows  is  highly  cultivated  and  exceedingly  fertile;  it  is 
termed  the  **  Great  Miami  Bottoms,"  in  contradistinction  to  the 
**  Little  Miami  Bottoms."  There  is  a  great  amount  of  water 
power  obtained  from  this  stream,  which  renders  it  of  immense 
importance  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  region  through  which  it 
passes.  Several  of  the  most  important  towns  in  the  state  of  Ohio 
are  situated  on  this  river;  but  being  also  situated  on  the  Miami 
Canal,  they  have  been  previously  mentioned.     (See  page  129.) 

I^awrenceburg^,  county  seat  of  Dearborn  county,  In- 
diana, situated  two  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Great  Miami, 
is  a  flourishing,  business-like  place.  That  part  of  the  town  near 
the  river  being  low,  is  liable  to  inundations;  this  has  served  some- 
what to  retard  its  growth.     The  inhabitants  are  now  building 


j*ta 


ne  county, 
ars,  by  an 

OCIATION.*' 

t  a  recent 
a  charter, 

fteen  from 
being  the 
Harrison. 

ilt  of  logs, 
ds  it  a  neat 

dow  of  the 

•red,  stands 
»use.  It  is 
nt  of  any 
and  virtue, 
se  that  the 
I  sounding 

ed  to  have 
d  it  other- 
e  exertions 
►roject,  and 
m  the  face 
)ed  a  short 

in  county, 
Ired  miles, 
end,  at  the 
y  through 
5rtile;  it  is 
tion  to  the 
;  of  water 
f  immense 
1  which  it 
ite  of  Ohio 
the  Miami 
ge  129.) 

junty,  In- 
lat  Miami, 
town  near 
•ved  some- 
V  building 


^. 


ROUTE    OF    THE    OHIO   RIVER. 


139 


farther  back,  on  higher  ground,  where  the  waters  cannot  reach 
them,  and  the  town  is  improving  very  fast.  It  contains  a  court- 
house, 6  churches,  a  large  and  extensive  distillery,  8  mills,  a 
carding  machine,  a  large  number  of  stores  of  various  kinds,  and 
a  population  of  about  4,000.  The  Whitewater  canal  passes 
through  the  town,  bringing  it  in  connection  with  some  of  the 
most  populous  districts  of  Indiana.  Its  advantages  are  numerous, 
and  consequently  it  must  prosper.  • 

Petersburg'^  situated  in  Boone  county,  Kentucky,  two 
miles  below  Lawrenceburg,  is  a  small  village,  containing  a  mill, 
2  churches,  2  schools,  a  tobacco  factory,  several  stores,  and  a 
population  of  250.  The  village  seems  to  have  occupied  the  site 
of  an  ancient  burial  ground  of  some  race  who  have  long  ago 
passed  to  those  blissful  regions  where  the  wicked  cease  from 
troubling  and  the  weary  are  at  rest.  Many  curious  remains  of 
this  ancient  race  have  been  found  by  the  inhabitants  of  Peters- 
burg, in  digging  their  wells,  cellars,  &c.  About  a  quarter  of  a 
mile  above  the  town,  there  are  the  remains  of  an  ancient  fortifi- 
cation, evidently  erected  by  a  more  intelligent  and  civilized  people 
than  any  of  our  North  American  Indians  appear  to  have  been  ; 
but  their  history  is  yet  unwritten. 

Aurora,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  Hogan  creek,  two  miles 
below,  in  Dearborn  county,  Indiana,  is  a  flourishing  place,  and 
has  recently  become  a  city.  It  was  laid  out  in  1819,  and  incor- 
porated as  a  city  in  1848.  A  large  pork  business  is  done  here, 
besides  distilling  and  various  other  branches  of  business.  There 
are  3  churches,  a  saw-mill,  distillery,  1  ^>  stores,  and  a  population 
of  2,500. 

Belleview,  situated  six  miles  below  Aurora,  in  Boone 
county,  Kentucky,  is  a  small  village,  containing  a  few  stores  and 
about  40  inhabitants. 

Rising  f^un,  county  seat  of  Ohio  county,  Indiana,  situate'^ 
three  miles  below  Belleview,  is  a  growing  and  flourishinpf  towii. 
It  was  made  the  county  seat  of  the  new  county  of  Otuo  about 
six  years  ago,  and  from  that  time  has  continued  to  improve 
steadily.  It  really  is  astonishing,  what  importance  the  concen- 
tration of  legal  wisdom  gives  to  a  town,  and  how  it  thrives  ii  ier 
the  benign  smile  of  those  whose  duty  and  glory  consists  i  deal- 
ing out  justice  (?)  to  the  erring  sons  of  men.  Rising  Sun 
contains  a  court  house,  3  churches,  an  academy,  a  printing  office, 
3  mills,  a  large  cotton  and  woolen  factory,  an  extensive  distillery, 
a  tannery,  a  number  of  stores  of  various  kinds,  and  a  population 
of  2,500. 


li!! 


140 


ROUTE    OF    THE    OHIO    RIVER. 


I' 


Tflillersliurg,  formerly  North's  Mills,  is  a  small  town  in 
Ohio  county,  three  miles  below  Rising  Sun.  It  is  one  of  the 
principal  landing  points  for  several  of  the  interior  counties. 

Blg^  Bone  liick  Creek,  empties  into  the  Ohio  River, 
twelve  miles  below  Rising  Sun,  in  Boone  county,  Kentucky. 
Near  the  mouth  of  the  creek,  are  the  Big  Bone  Lick  Springs, 
formerly  a  watering  place,  but  now  seldom  resorted  to.  The 
creek  derives  its  name  from  the  bones  of  the  mastodon  and  arctic 
elephant,  which  have  been  found  here.  The  first  were  collected 
in  1803,  by  Dr.  William  Goforth,  an  eminent  physician,  and  one 
of  the  pioneers  of  the  West.  The  collection  was  intrusted  by 
him  to  the  care  of  an  English  traveler  by  the  name  of  Thomas 
Ashe,  who  took  them  to  England  to  exhibit.  When  he  arrived 
there,  instead  of  performing  his  trust,  he  sold  the  whole  collec- 
tion, and  kept  the  money.  He,  however,  showed  his  wisdom  in 
one  thing,  which  was,  never  to  show  his  face  in  this  country 
again.  A  second  collection  of  tiiese  boi:  3S  was  made  in  the  year 
1805,  by  order  of  President  Jefferson;  a  third  collection  was  made 
in  1819,  by  the  Western  Museum  Society;  and  a  fourth  in  1831, 
by  Mr.  Finnell. 

Hamilton^  situated  a  short  distance  below  the  mouth  of 
Big  Bone  Lick  Creek,  in  the  same  county,  is  a  small  village  of 
minor  importance,  containing  half  a  dozen  stores,  and  a  popula- 
tion of  about  250. 

Patriot,  situated  two  miles  below  Hamilton,  in  Switzerland 
county,  Indiana,  is  a  thriving  little  village,  containing  3  churches, 
half  a  dozen  stores,  and  a  population  of  about  GOO. 

Warsaw,  the  county  seat  of  Gallatin  county,  Kentucky, 
situated  eleven  miles  below  Patriot,  is  a  town  of  considerable 
trade  and  growing  importance.  There  is  now  quite  a  large 
business  done,  in  exporting  corn,  tobacco,  and  various  kinds  of 
produce. 

It  was  laid  out  in  1831,  and  was  at  first  called  Fredericksburg. 
It  retained  this  name  but  a  short  tiiup;  the  inhabitants  having 
imbibed  an  enthusiasm  for  suffering  Poland,  adopted  the  name  of 
Warsaw,  in  honor  of  that  unfortunate  country.  Warsaw  con- 
tains a  court-house,  1  Baptist  and  1  Reformed  church,  1  news- 
paper printing  office,  3  schools,  a  distillery,  2  pork  houses,  15 
stores,  and  a  population  of  about  900. 

New  ITork,  also  called  Little  York,  for  fear  that  travelers 
should  mistake  it  for  the  city  of  New  York,  is  a  tnall  village,  one 
mile  below  Warsaw,  in  Switzerland  county,  Indiana.  It  contains 
two  or  three  stores,  and  about  150  inhabitants. 


iMtessi 


aasm 


ROUTE    OF    THE    OHIO    RIVER. 


141 


lall  town  in 
s  one  of  the 
)unties. 

Ohio  River, 
,  Kentucky. 
ICK  Springs, 
ed  to.  The 
m  and  arctic 
ere  collected 
ian,  and  one 
intrusted  by 
5  of  Thoma's 
n  he  arrived 
^hole  coller- 
s  wisdom  jn 
his  country 

I  in  the  year 
m  was  made 
rth  in  1831, 

le  mouth  of 

II  village  of 
id  a  popula- 

Switzerland 
3  churches, 

Kentocky, 
Jonsiderable 
ite  a  large 
us  kinds  of 

ericksburg. 
mts  having 
he  name  of 
arsaw  con- 
h,  1  news- 
houses,  15 

at  travelers 

village,  one 

It  contains 


p 
II 


Vevay,  situated  ten  miles  below  New  York,  is  the  county 
seat  of  Switzerland  county,  Indiana.  It  was  first  settled  in  1804, 
by  a  party  of  Swiss  emigrants,  who  received  a  grant  of  land  from 
Congress,  for  the  express  purpose  of  cultivating  the  grape.  This 
has  been  carried  on  successfully  ever  since,  and  large  quantities 
of  wine  are  annually  made.  The  county  is  settled  almost  wholly 
by  Swiss  emigrants  and  their  descendants,  and  it  would  be  a  diffi- 
cult matter,  in  any  country,  to  find  a  more  industrious,  orderly, 
and  well  informed  set  of  people.  Vevay  contains  a  court-house, 
two  or  three  churches,  a  jail,  a  dozen  or  more  stores,  and  about 
2,000  inhabitants. 

Oheilty  situated  directly  opposite  Vevay,  in  Carroll  county 
Kentucky,  is  a  pleasant  little  village,  containing  1  Methodist  and 
1  Reformed  church,  half  a  dozen  stores,  a  tobacco  factory,  and  a 
population  of  350. 

This  village  bears  the  name  of  the  city  where  the  treaty  of 
peace  was  negotiated  between  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States, 
which  closed  the  war  of  1812. 

CarrolltOti,  seat  of  justice  for  Carroll  county,  Kentucky, 
is  situated  ten  miles  below  Ghent,  at  the  mouth  of  Kentucky  river. 

The  town  was  laid  out  in  the  year  1792,  under  the  name  of 
Port  William.  Previous  to  this  date,  there  had  been  a  block- 
house erected  at  this  point,  by  Gen.  Charles  Scott,  which  was 
occupied  by  troops  for  several  years.  When  the  town  was  laid 
out,  the  post  was  abandoned.  Carrollton  received  its  present 
name  in  honor  of  the  abode  of  that  distinguished  patriot,  Charles 
Carroll.  (See  note.)  Carrollton  contains  a  court-house,  jail,  3 
churches,  1  academy,  1  common  school,  several  mills,  about  a 
dozen  stores,  and  a  population  of  1,000. 

Note. 

Charles  Carroll,  one  of  that  noble  band  that  dared  to  question  the  divine 
right  of  kingH,  was  born  in  the  city  of  Annapolis,  state  of  Maryland,  on  the 
8th  day  of  September,  1737.  He  received  an  excellent  edacation,  and  at  an 
early  age  showed  signs  of  more  than  common  talents.  He  took  a  firm  and 
decided  stand  against  British  aggression  and  tyranny ;  and  when  that  immor- 
tal paper  was  drawn  up,  which  declared  the  American  colonies  free  and 
independent  states,  he  hesitated  not  to  put  his  name  to  it  in  bold  and  fear- 
less characters.  An  anecdote  is  related  of  him,  which  is  as  characteristic  of 
the  man,  as  it  is  bold  and  decided.  A  short  time  after  signing  the  Declaration 
of  Independence,  a  friend  remarked  to  him,  "  that  if  the  British  caught  him 
ihey  would  not  know  whether  it  were  he,  or  Charles  Carroll,  of  Massachu- 
setts, whose  name  was  affixed  to  the  Declaration ;  hence  they  would  be  in 
doubt  which  to  hang.    His  reply  was,  "  In  order  that  there  may  be  no  mistake 


r 


i'i 


i 


HIi 


4 


142 


ROUTE   OF   THE   OHIO   RIVER. 


al)put  it,  I  will  inlbrm  them  where  I  may  be  found,"  and  immediately  affixed 
the  name  of  his  estate.  He  was  ever  after  known  as  Charles  Carroll,  ol 
Carrollton.  This  worthy  patriot  and  distinguished  statesman,  died  on  the 
14th  of  November,  1832,  at  the  good  old  age  of  ninety-five.  He  lived  to  see 
all  those  who  had  placed  their  names  with  his,  on  that  glorious  scroll,  go  to 
"  that  bourne  from  whence  no  traveler  returns ;"  then  quietly  resigned  his 
body  to  the  peaceful  earth,  and  in  spirit  hastened  to  join,  in  the  angelic 
world,  those  noble  souls  who  had  gone  before  him. 

The  Kentucky  River,  rises  in  the  Cumberland  moun- 
tains, and  after  pursuing  a  north-westerly  course  for  the  distance 
of  two  hundred  and  sixty  miles,  empties  into  the  Ohio  river  at 
Carrollton.  The  river  has  been  rendered  navigable,  by  means  of 
dams  and  locks,  as  far  as  Frankfort.  There  are  seventeen  locks, 
built  at  a  cost  of  $2,300,000.  The  perpendicular  hight  overcome 
by  these  locks,  is  two  hundred  and  ten  feet. 

The  Scenery  along  the  banks  of  the  Kentucky  river  is  not 
surpassed  by  any  other  river  in  the  Union,  unless  it  be  the  Hudson. 
The  channel,  for  the  greater  part  of  its  course,  runs  through  beds 
of  solid  limestone  rock.  In  the  neighborhood  of  the  mouth  of 
the  river,  there  are  many  remains  of  ancient  works,  relics  of  a 
race,  whose  history  is  beyond  the  present  limits  of  human  knowl- 
edge, and  whose  deeds  are  buried  in  the  impenetrable  mysteries 
of  the  past. 

Notes. 

Frankfort,  county  seat  of  Franklin  county,  and  capital  of  the  state  of 
Kentucky,  is  situated  in  a  beautiful  plain  surrounded  by  lofty  hills,  on  the 
Kentucky  river,  about  sixty  miles  from  its  mouth.  It  was  laid  out  in  the 
year  1773,  and  was  made  the  seat  of  government  in  1792.  The  capitol  is  a 
large  and  handsome  edifice,  built  of  Kentucky  marble.  The  representative 
hall  is  a  large  room  situated  in  the  second  story  of  the  building;  it  is  hand- 
somely ornamented,  and  is  adorned  with  portraits  of  Gen.  Washington, 
I»a  Fayette,  and  Col.  Daniel  Boone.  The  senate  chamber,  also  in  the  second 
story,  is  a  smaller  room,  but  very  tastefully  furnished.  It  has  a  full  length 
portrait  of  Gen.  Harrison,  hanging  immediately  behind  and  over  the  presi- 
dent's chair. 

The  Penitentiary  buildings  are  spacious,  and  admirably  arranged.  The 
plan  on  which  this  prison  is  conducted  is  a  very  superior  one,  combining 
punishment  with  moral  reform  and  mental  progress.  The  prisoners  are 
required  to  work  through  the  day,  with  the  exception  of  the  Sabbath ;  on 
this  day  there  is  divine  service,  at  which  all  are  required  to  attend.  There 
is  also  an  excellent  library  for  the  use  of  the  prisoners ;  and  those  who  can- 
not read  are  taught.    Their  diet  is  plain  and  simple,  but  amply  sufficient  for 


-fl 


ROUTE   OP   THE   OHIO   RIVER. 


143 


sdiately  affixed 
les  Carroll,  of 
a,  died  on  the 
Se  lived  to  see 
us  scroll,  go  to 
ly  resigned  his 
in  the  angelic 


irland  moun- 
the  distance 
3hio  river  at 
by  means  of 
»nteen  locks, 
fht  overcome 

river  is  not 
>  the  Hudson, 
through  beds 
;he  mouth  of 
B,  relics  of  a 
iman  knowl- 
ale  mysteries 


of  the  state  of 
ty  hills,  on  the 
laid  out  in  the 
Fhe  capitol  is  a 

representative 
ing;  it  is  hand- 
a.  Washington, 
o  in  the  second 
as  a  full  length 

over  the  presi- 

&rranged.  The 
one,  combining 
e  prisoners  are 
le  Sabbath;  on 
attend.  There 
those  who  can- 
>ly  sufficient  for 


I 


all  the  wants  of  life.    The  keeper's  office  is  a  handsome  building,  ornamented 
with  two  Gothic  towers. 

In  addition  to  these  buildings,  Frankfort  contains  a  fine  court-house,  4 
churches,  viz :  1  Baptist,  1  Methodist,  1  Presbyterian,  and  1  Episcopal,  an 
academy  1  bank,  2  newspaper  offices,  several  factories,  a  large  number  of 
mechanics'  shops,  about  40  stores  of  various  kinds,  and  a  population  of  3,009. 
The  railroad  from  Lexington  to  Louisville  passes  through  Frankfort.  Cars 
<irrive  and  depart  daily  for  Lexington,  Louisville,  and  intermediate  points. 
Stages  leave  daily  and  semi- weekly  for  Louisville,  Harrodshurg,  and  Madison 
Indiana. 

Ijextn§fton)  county  seat  of  Fayette  county,  Kentucky,  is  beautifully 
situated  twenty-five  miles  south-east  of  Frankfort,  on  a  small  branch  of  the 
Elkhom  river.  The  first  settlement  made  here,  was  in  1776,  and  was  called 
Lexington^  in  commemoration  of  the  place  where  the  first  battle  of  the  Amer- 
ican Revolution  was  fought.  It  was  incorporated  as  a  town  in  the  year  1782, 
and  was,  for  a  few  years,  the  seat  of  government.  Lexington  is  situated  in 
the  richest  and  most  delightful  portion  of  the  state  of  Kentucky.  The  country 
around  is  exceedingly  fertile,  and  under  the  highest  degree  of  cultivation. 
The  staple  product  of  the  county  is  hemp,  for  the  manufacture  of  which 
there  are  in  Lexington  and  vicinity  more  than  twenty  establishments,  turn- 
ing out  annually  2,600,000  yards  of  ba^  ,Ing,  and  2,200,000  pounds  of  rope. 

The  plan  of  the  city  of  Lexington  is  elegant  anJ,  uniorm.  The  streets  are 
broad,  crossing  each  other  at  right  angles,  and  well  paved.  The  residences 
are  nearly  all  noted  for  their  neatness  and  comfort,  and  many  of  them  have 
tastefully  ornamented  grounds  attached  to  them. 

The  public  buildings  of  Lexington  are  numerous,  and  generally  good 
specimens  of  modern  architecture.  The  Transylvania  XJniversitt,  since  the 
year  1842  under  the  patronage  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South, 
was  founded  by  the  state  in  the  year  1798,  by  the  association  of  the  Transyl- 
vania seminary  and  the  Kentucky  academy.  It  comprises  a  medical  school, 
having  eight  professors,  and  an  average  of  one  hundred  and  eighty  students, 
a  law  school,  having  three  professors,  with  an  average  of  about  one  hundred 
students,  and  a  literary  department,  denominated  Morrison  College.  This 
department  has  six  professors,  and  an  average  of  three  hundred  students. 

The  Lunatic  Asylum  is  an  institution  of  which  the  state  may  well  be 
proud.  The  buildings  are  spacious  and  admirably  well  adapted  to  the  wants 
of  the  patients.  The  treatment  of  patients  is  conducted  on  the  best  and 
most  approved  system,  and  the  success  with  which  it  is  followed,  reflects 
great  credit  on  those  having  charge  of  the  institution. 

The  other  public  buildings  of  Lexington  are  a  court-house,  masonic  hall, 
city  hospital,  work-house,  a  free  school,  and  eleven  churches,  viz.:  2  Metho- 
dist, 1  Baptist,  1  Reformed,  1  Episcopal,  2  Presbyterian,  1  Seceder,  1  Catho- 
lic, and  2  African.    The  population  is  about  10,000.    The  Lexington  and 


I'-'ll 


H 


il 


,'» 


^ 


*i>    ■ 


;1 


Ml 
i 


i 


144 


ROUTB  OP   THE   OHIO   RIVER. 


Ohio  railroad  terminates  here,  bringing  this  city  in  connection  with  Louis- 
ville, at  which  place  the  road  commences.  The  road  is  ninety-three  miles  :n 
length,  and  cost  $1,000,000.  Cars  arrive  and  depart  daily  for  Louisville  and 
intermediate  points  on  the  railroad.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Maysville,  Zanes- 
ville,  Ohio,  and  Wheeling,  Virginia;  tri-weekly  for  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  and 
Nashville,  Tennessee,  via  Harrodsburg  and  Bowling  Green. 

Aslilandy  situated  about  one  and  a  half  miles  from  Lexington,  is  the 
residence  of  the  distinguished  American  statesman,  Henrt  Clat.  It  com- 
prises an  estate  of  about  six  hundred  acres,  considered  the  best  and  most 
productive  land  in  the  state  of  Kentucky.  The  house  of  Mr.  Clay  is  built  of 
brick,  plain  and  neat,  without  any  display  of  architectural  beauty.  The 
grounds  immediately  surrounding  the  house  are  laid  out  in  an  elegant  and 
tasteful  manner,  and  ornamented  with  a  variety  of  trees  and  shrubbery. 
The  name  of  Ashland  is  as  familiar  to  the  American  public,  as  that  of  the 
honorable  gentleman  who  resides  there. 

BoonglMtrougliy  situated  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Kentucky  river,  in 
Madison  county,  is  a  small  village,  and  now  of  little  or  no  importance,  save 
its  connection  with  the  early  history  of  the  West.  It  was  on  this  spot  that 
Col.  Daniel  Boone  made  the  first  permanent  settlement  in  the  state  of  Ken- 
tucky. Here,  in  the  midst  of  a  trackless  forest,  filled  with  hordes  of  remorse- 
IbZ'^  and  bloodthirsty  savages.  Col.  Boone  built,  in  the  year  1775,  a  rude  fort 
of  logs,  and  with  his  family  took  up  his  abode. 

Colonel  Daniel  Boone,  was  born  in  Bucks  county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the 
11th  of  February,  1731,  being  one  year  and  eleven  days  before  the  birth  of 
Washington.  When  he  was  but  a  boy  his  father  moved  to  the  head  waters 
of  the  Yadkin,  in  North  Carolina.  At  an  early  age  Boone  evinced  an  ardent 
love  for  roving  through  the  woods  with  his  gun  on  his  nhoulder,  in  pursuit 
of  game  and  the  excitements  of  the  chase.  From  his  childhood  he  was  char- 
acterized by  undaunted  courage,  and  it  is  related  of  him  that  when  but 
fourteen  years  of  age,  while  out  hunting  in  company  with  several  boys  near 
his  own  age,  they  encountered  a  huge  panther.  Young  Boone's  companions 
fled  in  terror  and  dismay  —  not  so  the  youthful  hero,  bat  coolly  raising  his 
gun  to  his  cheek  and  taking  deliberate  aim,  shot  the  animal  dead,  while  in 
the  very  act  of  springing  on  him. 

Boone  continued  to  reside  in  North  Carolina  until  his  fortieth  year;.,.^ery 
little  is  known  of  his  adventures  during  this  period.  The  only  fact  of  which 
there  is  any  degree  of  certainty,  is  his  marriage.  In  the  year  1769,  having 
been  fired  by  the  glowing  descriptions  of  Finley  and  others  concerning  the 
beautiful  country  of  the  Far  West,  he  determined  to  set  out  on  a  visit  to  the 
vast  hunting  grounds  lying  west  of  the  Cumberland  mountains.  Leaving 
his  family  at  their  home  on  the  Yadkin,  he,  in  company  with  Finley  and  four 
others,  started  on  their  expedition.    Boone  remained  in  Kentucky  for  the 


n  with  Louis- 
three  miles  :n 
[iOuisTille  and 
jTSville,  Zanes- 
iti,  Ohio,  and 

Ington,  is  the 
!lat.  It  corn- 
iest and  most 
Jlay  is  built  of 
beauty.  The 
,n  elegant  and 
id  shrubbery, 
as  that  of  the 

tucky  river,  in 
portance,  saye 
this  spot  that 
!  state  of  Ken- 
ies  of  remorse- 
75,  a  rude  fort 

[rania,  on  the 
e  the  birth  of 
e  head  waters 
iced  an  ardent 
ler,  in  pursuit 
d  he  was  char- 
[lat  when  but 
eral  boys  near 
i's  companions 
»lly  raising  his 
dead,  while  in 

th  year;.„^ery 
y  fact  of  which 
ir  1769,  haying 
concerning  the 
n  a  yisit  to  the 
;ains.  Leaving 
Finley  and  four 
ntucky  for  the 


space  of  three  years.    Often,  for  months,  without  a  single  human  companion, 
hundreds  of  miles  from  any  white  settlement,  he  quietly  and  contentedly 
pursued  his  favorite  occupation  of  hunting.    His  companions  had  all  fallen 
victims  to  the  tomahawk  and  scalping  knife,  but  one;  and  he  becoming 
disheartened,  returnp»l  bome.     But  Boone's  stern  sy;irit  know  nothing  of 
discouragement,  and  the  idea  of  relinquishing  his  expeditiou  never  once 
occurred  to  him.    In  fact  the  very  perils  and  hardships  of  the  life,  were 
the  charms  by  which  he  was  won,  and  accordingly  he  determined  to  make 
this  adventurous  land  his  future  abode.    With  this  dctermmation  he  started 
after  his  family.    After  selling  his  possessions  in  North  Carolina,  and  taking 
leave  of  his  friends,  he,  accompanied  by  his  own  and  five  other  families  with 
about  forty  men,  started  once  more  towards  the  Far  West.   The  party  encoun- 
tered numerous  hardships  and  privations,  which  so  discouraged  them,  that 
thoy  gave  up  the  expedition,  and  joined  the  settlements  on  Clinch  river. 
The  party  remained  here  until  1774.    Boone  was  employed  as  a  guide  to 
conduct  a  party  through  the  wilderness  to  the  falls  of  the  Ohio.    After  this, 
he  again  started  for  Kentucky.    Accompanied  by  only  a  few  followers,  he 
arrived  at  the  spot  where  Boonsborough  now  stands,  in  the  early  part  of  the 
year  1775,  and  erected  a  fort.    While  building  the  fort,  the  party  were  several 
times  attacked  by  the  Indians,  and  lost  about  half  their  number.     As  soon 
as  the  fort  was  completed,  Boone  returned  to  Clinch  river  for  his  family, 
having  fully  determined  that  Kentucky  should  be  his  abode.    The  little 
garrison  at  the  fort  were  frequently  attacked  by  the  Indians,  and  lost  many 
of  their  best  men.    In  the  month  of  January,  1778,  Boone  and  a  party  of 
twenty-seven  men  were  captured  by  a  large  body  of  Indians,  at  the  Blue 
Lick  Springs.    Boone  remained  a  captive  until  the  following  June,  when 
being  apprized  of  the  design  of  the  British  and  Indians  to  attack  the  fort  at 
Boonsborough,  he  mustered  all  his  energies  for  an  attempt  to  escape.    This, 
by  his  consummate  skill  and  cool  intrepidity,  he  was  enabled  to  accomplish, 
and  in  a  short  time  arrived  at  Boonsborough.    His  arrival  produced  the 
most  heartfelt  joy  in  the  little  fort.    They  had  all  supposed  him  long  since 
dead,  and  his  family  had  returned  to  their  friends  in  Novth  Carolina.    Imme- 
diately on  his  arrival,  Boone  proceeded  to  put  the  fort  in  a  state  of  defense, 
and  a  short  time  afterward  the  Indians,  under  the  command  of  British 
oflftoers,  appeared  before  the  fort.   The  garrison  was  csilled  upon  to  surrender, 
which  Boone  answered  by  a  request  that  they  would  give  him  two  days  to 
think  about  it.    This  request  was  granted.    At  the  expiration  of  the  time, 
Boone  informed  them  that  he  would  decline  surrendering,  at  least  for  the 
present.    A  proposition  was  then  made  to  treat,  which  ended,  as  might  have 
been  supposed,  by  treachery  on  the  part  of  the  enemy ;  and  the  party  sent 
out  to  treat  barely  escaped  with  their  lives.     The  attack  then  commenced, 
and  continued  nine  days,  making  no  impression  on  the  fort,  and  killing  but 
two  of  the  garrison,    The  enemy  then  dispersed  with  the  loss  of  twenty- 


10 


i 


146 


ROUfE    OF    THE   OHIO    RlVER. 


Rotcn  killed,  and  a  lAtgo  utimber  i^ownded.  This  wss  ibe  last  stricnut  nUack 
mode  on  Boonsborougb;  and  Boone  having  once  mofo  bfougfat  bia  famity  to 
thia  piftco,  iha  settlement  en  joyud  peace  and  prospei'itf  lior  several  yean.  In 
the  month  of  AuguH,  1782^  Boone  \n\s  engaged  In  the  memorable  and  disas' 
trous  battle  of  the  Bl/Ue  Licks.  Out  limit*  will  not  admit  of  a  full  account 
of  this  battle  J  sOfflco  it  to  nay,  that  Boone  conducted  himself  with  that 
gallantly  and  fearless  coufagc,  which  always  characterized  him  in  the  hour 
of  trial.  A  short  time  after  this  battle^  he  accompanied  Oeii<  Clark  in  his 
expedition  against  the  Indians,  which  was  the  last  campvign  of  any  note  in 
which  ho  wai»  engaged*  In  the  year  1795,  he  Icfft  Kentucky,  and  started  for 
the  bank«of  the  Missouri,  where  ho  lived  until  1820,  when  he  resigned  his 
body  to  its  mother  earth,  and  took  his  flight  to  realms  of  joy  and  peace.  He 
died  at  the  adtanced  age  of  eighty-nine  ycars/ 

The  remains  of  Col.  Boone  and  his  Wife  hayp  been  rcmoted  to  Prankfort, 
Kentucky,  and  now  lie  entombed  at  that  place.  The  remoral  of  the  bodies 
took  place  on  the  13th  Soptombcr,  1845.  There  is  to  be  a  monument  erected 
to  mark  the  place  of  the  repose  of  this  true  nobleman  of  nature.  A  monu- 
ment to  him  cannot  add  to  his  futae^  he  has  feared  a  name  among  men 
vrhich  is  more  durable  than  marble^  and  will  live  as  long  as  virtue  exists, 
and  good  deeds  are  appreciated. 

Preston,  Jsr  a  mnaJl  vJlIag'e  ju.<?f  befow  the  mouth  of  the 
Kentiiclty  rivef,  Darned  in  honor  of  Col.  Preston,  of  Virginia. 
It  contains  2  stores,  and  about  150  inhabitdnt^. 

Ma.clii<M>ll9  county  aeat  of  Jefferson  county,  Indiana,  situated 
on  the  Ohio,  twelve  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Kentucky 
river,  is  one  of  the  largest  and  most  important  commercial  cities 
in  the  state.  It  is  beautifully  located  in  a  valley,  about  three- 
fourths  of  a  mile  in  width  and  three  miles  in  length,  lying  in  a 
bend  of  the  river,  and  snrroanded  by  steep  and  rugged  hills, 
from  four  to  iive  htiudred  feet  hi  hight*  The  pr}i>cipul  part  of 
the  city  is  situated  more  than  thirty  feet  above  the  highest  floods 
of  the  Ohio  river. 

The  trade  of  Madison  fs  quite  extensive,  and  the  manufactures 
are  very  important.  The  principal  part  of  the  trade  of  the  city 
is  in  wheat  ana  pork,  those  articles  being  the  chief  prod^icts  of 
the  state.  For  many  years  after  the  settlement  of  Madison,  its 
progress  was  slow  ;  but  for  the  past  twenty  years  it  has  improved 
very  rapidly.  The  population  in  1830  was  2,000,  in  1840,  4,000, 
and  now  it  is  10,000.  There  has  lately  been  built  a  fine  new 
hotel,  at  d  cost  of  $30,000,  which  has  added  much  to  the  appear- 
ance of  the  city.  The  other  buildings  of  note  in  the  city,  are 
the  court'house,  jail,  and  county  offices,  2  market-houses,  a  bank, 
2  schools,  and  about  IS^churches,  viz  :  3  Methodist,  1  Baptist,  2 


flCtlouR  ffUack 
t  bis  funity  to 
ral  yean.  In 
tble  and  disas' 
a  full  account 
self  with  that 
in  in  the  hour 
<  Clark  in  his 
)f  any  note  in 
bnd  started  for 
e  resigned  his 
md  peace.    He 

[  to  f  rankfort, 
1  of  the  bodies 
ument  erected 
urc.  A  monn- 
le  among  meu 
»  virtue  exiRis^ 

lOiith  of  the 
of  Virginia. 

iana,  situated 
e  Kentucky 
nercial  cities 
about  three- 
h}  lying  in  a 
rugged  hills, 
tcipal  part  of 
lighest  Hoods 

nanufactures 

of  the  city 

f  proxlttcts  of 

Madison,  its 

lias  improved 

1840, 4,000, 

a  fine  new 

0  the  appear- 

the  city,  are 

>uses,  a  bank, 

,  1  Baptist,  2 


ROUTE  OF   THE   OHIO   RIVER. 


147 


Presbyterian,  1  Episcopal,  1  Christian,  1  Catholic,  besides  those 
of  various  other  denominations.  Several  of  these  buildings  are 
handsome  and  costly  edifices.  Madison  contains  several  mills  of 
various  kinds,  founderies,  factories,  and  a  large  number  of  stores, 
many  of  which  are  wholesale  houses,  and  do  an  extensive  business. 
The  Madison  and  Indianapolis  railroad  was  completed  in  the 
year  ]849,  and  is  one  of  the  most  important  works  in  the  state. 
It  was  commenced  by  the  state,  but  after  a  short  time  fell  into 
the  hands  of  a  company.  This  road  extends  through  some  of  the 
most  populous  and  productive  districts  of  the  state  of  Indiana, 
and  is  of  immense  advantage  to  Madison  in  a  commercial  point 
of  view.  There  are  several  branches,  some  completed  and  some 
in  contemplation,  extending  from  the  main  road,  which  tend  to 
enhance  the  importance,  and  increase  the  business  of  this  road 
amazingly.  There  are  several  important  towns  on  the  railroad 
between  Madison  and  Indianapolis,  among  which  are  Vernon, 
Columbus,  Franklin,  and  some  others'  of  minor  importance. 

Note* 

Indianapolis,  capital  of  the  state  of  Indiana,  and  seat  of  Justice  for 
Marion  county,  is  situated  at  the  northern  terminus  of  the  Madison  and 
Indianapolis  railroad,  on  the  West  Fork  of  White  river.  It  lies  on  a  beauti- 
ftil  plain,  nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  county.  The  location  is  healthy  and 
every  way  desirable.  The  city  was  laid  out  in  the  year  1820,  for  the  purpose 
of  mailing  it  the  seat  of  government.  At  that  time  the  country  around  was 
an  unbroken  wilderness,  the  nearest  settlement  being  more  than  fifty  miles 
distant.  It  was  but  a  short  time,  however,  until  the  town  began  to  improve, 
and  this  has  continued  to  go  on  steadily  up  to  this  time.  The  commerce  and 
manufactures  of  Indianapolis  are  in  a  flourishing  condition.  The  city  is 
situated  in  the  midst  of  a  most  fertile  agricultural  district,  with  ntunerous 
facilities  for  transportation.  Besides  the  Madison  railroad,  there  is  one 
extending  to  Lafayette,  ono  to  Bcllefontaine,  Peru,  and  Terre  Haute ;  it  is 
also  on  the  line  of  the  national  road.  These  advantages  render  the  onward 
progress  of  Indianapolis  a  certainty. 

The  public  buildings  are,  a  fine  state-house,  80  by  160  feet,  erected  at  a 
cost  of  $60,000,  7  first  class  hotels,  a  splendid  masonic  hall,  a  court-house,  3 
seminaries,  and  17  churches,  viz :  6  Methodist,  2  Presbyterian,  1  Baptist,  2 
German,  1  Associate  Reformed,  1  Lutheran,  1  Christian,  1  Quaker,  1  Episco- 
palian, 1  Catholic,  and  2  African.  Indianapolis  also  contains  a  number  of 
private  and  district  schools,  5  mills,  2  carding  machines,  2  founderies  and 
machine  shops,  and  about  130  stores  of  various  kinds. 

Besides  the  above  mentioned  public  buildings,  there  are  some  important 
state  institutions  near  the  city,  which  have  been  but  recently  established, 
and  which  deserve  separate  notices. 


\ 


,    .1 


^  { 


;*4 


■  i 


148 


ROUTE   OF   THE   OHIO   RIVER. 


The  Astlum  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  was  established  by  an  act  of  the 
stato  legislature,  in  1844.  The  buildings  are  located  in  a  beautiful  grove, 
about  a  mile  east  of  the  city.  The  whole  length  of  the  main  building  is 
two  hundred  and  fifty-six  feet,  and  is  beautifully  stuccoed  with  hydraulic 
cement.  There  are  now  over  one  hundred  pupils  in  attendance,  and  the 
institution  is  in  a  very  flourishing  condition.  The  session  commences  on  the 
first  Wednesday  in  October,  and  closes  on  the  last  Wednesday  in  July. 

Tub  Indiana  Institute  for  the  Education  of  the  Bund,  was  founded  in 
1847,  by  legislative  enactment.  It  occupies  a  beautiful  site  of  eight  acres  in 
the  northern  part  of  the  city.  The  building  is  four  stories  high,  including 
basement,  with  a  fine  portico  in  front,  and  is,  no  doubt,  largo  enough  tu 
meet  the  wants  of  the  state  for  several  years  to  come. 

The  Indiana  Hospital  for  the  Insank,  is  beautifully  located  on  a  farm 
of  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres,  two  miles  west  of  Indianapolis.  The  co8t 
of  farm  and  buildings  is  estimated  at  $72,000.  The  present  edifice  will 
accommodate  two  hundred  patients.  The  institution  is  in  a  very  prosperous 
condition,  and  the  number  of  inmates  is  constantly  increasing. 

The  population  in  1830,  was  1,100;  in  1840,  2,700,  and  in  1850,  8,000. 

UliltOIly  Trimble  county,  Kentucky,  is  a  small  village  situ- 
ated nearly  opposite  Madison.  It  contains  2  stores,  a  post  office, 
and  about  150  inhabitants. 

Hanover 9  six  miles  below  Madison,  in  Jefferson  county,  is 
a  beautiful  town,  situated  on  the  high  bluffs  of  the  Ohio.  The 
town  was  first  settled  in  1810,  and  now  contains  about  600  inhab- 
itants. 

Hanover  College,  established  about  thirty  years  ago  by  Rev.  J. 
F.  Crowe,  D.  D.,  and  the  Hon.  W.  Dunn,  is  a  literary  institution 
of  the  highest  order.    The  average  number  of  students  is  about  100. 

I¥ew  IjOBICIoii,  four  miles  below  Hanover,  in  the  same 
county  and  state,  is  a  small  village,  containing  1  store,  and  about 
40  inhabitants. 

BethlellCIIl,  situated  eight  miles  below  New  Londop,  in 
Clark  county,  Indiana,  is  a  small  town,  containing  a  churcH^sev- 
eral  stores,  and  a  population  of  about  300. 

ItVestport,  situated  on  the  Ohio  river,  in  Oldham  county, 
Kentucky,  six  miles  below  Bethlehem,  is  a  village  of  some  impor- 
tance, containing  1  mill,  3  stores,  2  churches,  and  about  300 
inhabitants.  Westport  was  formerly  the  county  seat,  but  for 
some  mysterious  cause  which  the  worthy  inhabitants  could  never 
fathom,  the  seat  of  justice  was  removed  to  LaGrange,  where 
there  is  a  Masonic  college  under  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Kentucky. 


f; 


r 


ROUTE  OF   THE   OHIO   RIVER. 


149 


in  act  of  the 
lutiful  grove, 
n  building  Ih 
ith  hydraulic 
anco,  and  the 
mences  on  the 
n  July. 

as  founded  in 
eight  acres  in 
igh,  including 
ge  enough  tu 

id  on  a  farm 
olis.  The  cost 
it  edifice  will 
iry  prosperous 

'• 

0,  8,000. 

village  situ- 
(i  post  office, 

n  county,  is 
Ohio.  The 
t  600  inhub- 

[)  by  Rev.  J. 
Y  institution 
is  about  100. 

in  the  same 
d,  and  about 

London, in 
shurcTirsev- 

lam  county, 
}ome  impor- 
l  about  300 
sat,  but  for 
could  never 
ingfe,  where 
'  Kentucky. 


Charleston  Lianding,  twelve  miles  below  Westport,  is 
the  landing  point  for  the  town  of  Charleston,  which  is  situated 
two  miles  and  a  half  from  the  river,  and  is  the  county  seat  of 
Clark  county,  Indiana. 

JJiiCB.,  situated  five  miles  below  Charleston  Landing,  is  a 
small  village  in  the  same  county.     Population,  350. 

JefierfSOnville^  situated  nine  miles  below  Utica,  in  the 
same  county,  on  the  Ohio  river,  is  a  pleasant  and  finely  located 
town  for  business.  It  was  named  in  honor  of  Mr.  Jefferson,  who 
furnished  a  plan  for  the  town.  His  plan  was  to  build  on  alternate 
squares,  leaving  the  intermediate  ones  for  pleasure  grounds. 
This  plan  was  soon  abandoned.  The  Indiana  State  Penitentiary 
is  located  at  this  place.  It  is  a  fine,  large  building,  admirably 
arranged,  and  well  adapted  for  the  confinement  of  convicts.  The 
town  also  contains  a  land  office,  printing  office,  several  churches, 
and  a  population  of  2,000. 


VIEW    OF   LOUISVILLE. 

liOniSVille,  county  seat  of  JefTerson  county,  Kentucky, 
and  the  largest  city  in  the  state,  is  situated  on  the  south  bank  of 
the  Ohio  river,  in  north  latitude  38°  3',  and  west  longitude  8°  45' 
form  Washington,  and  85°  30'  from  Greenwich.  It  is  laid  out 
regularly.     The  principal  business  streets  are  120  feet  wide. 

The  commerce  of  Louisville  is  very  extensive  ;  the  net  amount 
of  capital  employed  in  mercantile  business  being  estimated  at 
nearly  $10,000,000.  The  manufactories  are  also  numerous  and 
flourishing;  there  being  8  factories  for  the  manufacture  of  bagging, 
cordage,  rope,  &c.,  12  iron  founderies,  1  brass  foundery,  1  rolling 
mill,  4  lard  oil  factories,  4  mills,  1  white  lead  factory,  1  nail  fac- 
tory, gas  works,  several  glass  houses,  candle  factories,  pork  houses, 
besides  a  large  number  of  smaller  establishments  of  various  kinds. 


I 


m\ 


•k  : 


I 

If 


160 


ROUTE   OF   THE   OHIO   RIVER. 


The  public  buildings  of  Louisville  are  numerous,  and  some  of 
them  handsome  specimens  of  architecture.  The  churches  are 
thirty  in  number,  viz  :  9  Methodist,  5  Baptist,  2  Universalist,  3 
Episcopalian,  1  Unitarian,  4  Presbyterian,  1  Christian  Disciples^ 
1  Bethel,  1  Free  church,  1  Jewish  Synagogue,  and  2  Roman 
Catholic. 

The  University  of  Louisville  has  a  fine  edifice,  and  is  a  flourishing 
and  growing  institution.  It  has  been  established  but  a  few  years. 
The  first  course  of  lectures  was  delivered  in  the  winter of  1847. 

The  Mediccd  Institute f  founded  in  the  year  1837,  is  a  public 
institution  of  high  rank.  It  has  been  extensively  patronized,  and 
enjoys  the  entire  confidence  of  its  patrons.  The  edifice  is  a 
handjcme  and  elegant  structure;  and  the  arrangements  of  thecpl* 
lege  are  surj.  issed  by  none  in  the  West. 

The  Marine  Hospital,  established  in  1890,  as  a  place  of  refuge 
for  sick  and  disabled  boatmen,  is  an  institution  which  the  dan- 
gerous navigation  of  our  western  waters  renders  of  vast  impor- 
tance. 

The  Asylum  for  the  Blind,  is  a  noble  instUution,  and  reflects 
the  highest  honor  on  the  state.  It  was  established  in  the  year 
1842.  The  building  of  the  institution  is  large  and  commodious. 
The  students  are  instructed  in  all  the  principal  branches  of  edu- 
cation 'aught  in  our  colleges.  They  are  also  instructed  in  various 
kinds  of  mechanical  arts,  by  which  they  may  be  enabled  to  earn 
a  livelihood. 

Besides  these  buildings,  thore  is  a  splendid  court-house  and  city 
hall,  a  city  and  county  jaii.  a  large  theatre,  a  hospital,  2  orphan 
asylams,  a  Magdalen  asylum,  4  krge  school-houses  belonging  to 
the  city,  4  market-houses,  a  city  work-house,  5  banks,  and  sev- 
eral fine  hotels,  the  principal  of  which  are  the  Gait  House  and 
Louisville  Hotel 

The  newspapers  and  periodicals  of  Louisville  are, — The  Louis- 
viUe  Journal,  Morning  Courier,  Evening  Express,  and  Louisville 
Democrat,  dailies;  and  the  Journal  of  Commerce,  Baptist  Banner, 
Presbyterian  Herald,  Spirit  of  the  Age,  Examine.  >  and  Cathottc 
Advocate,  weeklies;  the  Western  Journal  of  Medicine  and  Surgery, 
monthly;  and  the  Southern  Mtk,hodist  Quarterly  Review, 

The  falls  rn  the  Ohio,  just  below  Louisville,  is  a  great  obstruc- 
tio'ti  to  navigation,  and  a  serious  hindrance  to  the  trade  and  com- 
merce of  the  whole  river.  It  has  been  in  some  measure  obviated 
by  building  a  canal,  with  locks,  to  overcome  the  difference  in 
grade  from  Louisville  to  Portland,  two  miles  below.  The  can&l 
is  inadequate  to  the  wants  of  navigation;  many  of  the  boatfa 
which  ply  on  our  we«:^«)rn  waters  are  unable  to  get  through. 


EOUTE    OF    THE    OHIO   RIVER- 


151 


il 


some  of 
rches  are 
srsalist,  3 
Disciples^ 
S  Roman 

ourishing 
ew  years, 
of  1847. 
)  a  public 
lized,  and 
ifice  is  a 
>f  the  col* 

of  refuge 

the  dan- 

st  impor- 

d  reflects 
the  year 
imodious. 
•s  of  edu- 
in  various 
id  to  earn 

e  and  city 
2  orphan 
Oiiging  to 
and  sev- 
[ouse  and 

he  Louis- 
Louistille 
'  Banner, 
i  Cathottc 
I  Surgery, 

t  obstruc- 
and  com- 
*  obviated 
3rence  in 
fhe  can&l 
the  boatia 
through. 


i 


The  attention  of  governraeut  has  been  called  to  this  repeatedly; 
yet  it  remains,  as  heretofore,  in  the  hands  of  a  company  of  capi- 
talists, whoso  interest  it  is  to  make  it  as  inconvenient  ats  possible. , 
It  is  to  be  hoped  that  Congress  will  soon  do  something  toward 
improving  the  great  thoroughfares  of  the  West.  The  loss  of  life 
has  really  become  terrific;  and  it  is  a  well  known  fact,  that  a 
voyage  down  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  rivers,  is  accompanied 
with  more  dangers  than  one  on  the  ocean. 

LouisviUe  was  first  settled  in  the  year  1778,  by  a  few  families, 
who  emigrated  from  Virginia  under  Gen.  George  Rogers  Clark. 
They  built  a  block-house  where  Ijoutsvilie  now  stands,  and  %verc 
soon  joined  by  numerous  other  parties  of  emigrants.  The  town 
was  established  by  the  Virginia  legislature  in  the  year  1780,  and 
at  that  time  contained  just  thirty  inhabitants.  I'he  settlers  suf- 
fered severely  for  many  years,  from  the  encroachments  of  the 
savages.  lu  the  year  1800,  I^uisviile  contained  a  population  of 
600;  in  1810,  1,300;  in  1820,  4,000;  in  18:i0,  10,000;  in  1840, 
21,000;  aud  in  1850,  50,000. 


ROUTES    PROM    LOUISVILLE. 

Steamboats  arrive  and  depart  dailv  for  Cincinnati,  Pittsburgh, 
St.  Louis,  New  Orleans,  and  intermediate  ports;  cars  arrive  and 
depart  daily  fur  Lexington;  stages  leave  for  the  principal  points 
in  the  interior  of  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  Indiana,  Illinois  aud 
Missouri. 

From  LouisvUle  to  Lexington. 

To  Middletown,  {by  railroad,)  12  miles;  to  Long  Run,  6  miles; 
to  Simpsonville,  5  miles;  to  Shelbyville,  8  miles;  to  Clay  village, 
6  miles;  to  Hardinsville,  8  miles;  to  Bridgeport,  4  miles;  to  Frank- 
fort, 3  miles  ;  to  Versailles,  12  miles  ;  to  Lexington,  12  miles  : 
whole  distance  from  Louisville  to  L£Xin£!ton,  78  miles.  Time, 
6  hours;  fare,  $2  50. 

From  Louistille  to  St.  Louis. 

To  New  Albany,  Indiana,  (by  steamboat,)  4  miles;  to  Green- 
ville, (by  stage,;  12  miles;  to  Fredericksburg,  13  miles;  to  Puoli, 
17  miles;  to  Columbiaville,  16  miles;  to  Ml-  Pleasant,  12  miles; 
to  Washington,  15  miles;  io  Vinecnnes,  20  miles;  to  Lawrcnce- 
vllle,  Illtuois,  9  miles;  to  Olnoy,  22  milos;  to  Mavsville,  25  miles; 
to  Salem,  .']6  miles;  to  Carlisle,  2G  miles;  to  Lebanon,  27  miles; 
to  Belleville,  12  miles;  to  St.  Louis,  14  miles :  whole  distance  from 
Louisville  to  St.  Louis,  279  miles.     Time,  about  50  hours;  fare. 


(I 


-il 


F;;i 


152 


ROUTE   OF   THE   OHIO   RIVER. 


From  Louisville  to  Indianapolis. 

To  Paoli,  (by  stage,)  46  irJies;  to  Orleans,  6  miles;  to  Spring 
Mill,  5  miles;  to  Bedffyrd,  lO  miles;  to  Marysville,  8  miles;  to 
Bloomington,  14  miles;  to  Martinsville,  21  miles;  to  Indianapolis, 
15  miles:  whole  distance  from  Louisville  to  Indianapolis,  125 
miles.     Time,  20  hours;  fare,  $7  50. 


From  Louisville  to  Nashville. 
To  Salina,  (by  stage,)  11  miles;  to  West  Point,  10  miles; 


to 
13 
to 
to 


Elizabethtown,  22  miles;  to  Nolen,  11  miles;  to  Leesville, 
miles;  to  Mumfordsville,  8  miles;  to  Woodsonville,  10  miles; 
Dripping  Spring,  20  miles ;  to  Bowling  Green,  13  miles ; 
Franklin,  22  miles;  to  State  Line,  10  miles;  to  Tyree  Springs, 
Tennessee,  14  miles ;  to  Mausker's  Creek,  7  miles;  to  Pleasant 
Hill,  7  miles;  to  Nashville,  6  miles:  whole  distance  from  Louis- 
ville to  Nashville,  183  miles.     Time,  30  hours^  fare,  $10. 


Shippingsport,  situated  two  miles  below  Louisville,  in 
the  same  county,  is  a  small  village  of  little  importance.  It  looks 
very  much  as  though  it  had  seen  its  best  days.  It  contains  a 
mill,  four  or  five  stores,  and  about  150  inhabitants. 

Portland,  three  miles  below  Louisville,  also  in  Jefferson 
county,  is  a  place  of  considerable  importance,  on  account  of  the 
large  steamers  generally  making  it  a  stopping  place,  not  being 
able  to  get  through  the  canal.  There  U  a  line  of  omnibuses 
running  from  Portland  to  Louisville,  for  the  convenience  of  trav- 
elers.    It  contains  about  a  dozen  stores,  and  a  population  of  600. 

New  Albany,  county  seat  of  Floyd  county,  Indiana,  is 
situated  opposite  Portland,  and  is  one  of  the  most  important 
towns  in  the  state.  It  was  laid  out  in  the  year  1813,  by  three 
brothers  of  the  name  of  Scribner.  It  is  regularly  laid  out,  with 
wide  streets  and  convenient  side-walks. 

The  business  of  steamboat  building  is  carried  on  here  to  a 
greater  extent  than  any  other  place  in  the  state.  Other  branches 
of  mechanics  are  also  in  a  flourishing  condition. 

There  are  11  churches,  viz:  3  Baptist,  1  Episcopalian,  2  Mef^- 
dist,  1  Lutheran,  2  Presbyterian,  1  Catholic,  and  1  Christian. 
There  is  also  a  collegiate  institute,  a  Presbyterian  theological 
seminary,  2  district  schools,  several  private  schools,  1  bank,  2 
printing  ofRccs,  3  iron  founderies,  1  brass  foundery,  1  bagging 
factory^  and  about  130  stores  of  various  kinds.  In  1830,  the 
population  of  New  Albany  was  2,000;  in  1840,  4,225;  in  1850, 
11,000. 


to  Spring 
miles;  to 
lianapolis, 
OLis,  125 


miles;  to 

sville,  13 

miles;  to 

miles ;    to 

Springs, 

Pleasant 

>m  Louis- 

(10. 


lisville,  in 
It  looks 
contains  a 

i  Jefferson 
unt  of  tho 
not  being 
omnibuses 
ce  of  trav- 
on  of  600. 

ndiana,  is 

important 

,  by  three 

out,  with 

here  to  a 
*  branches 

2  MefTio- 
Christian. 
heoiogical 
I  bank,  2 
1  bagging 

1830,  the 
;  in  1850, 


BOUTE  OF   THE  OHIO  RIVER. 


163 


There  is  a  railroad  from  this  place  to  Salem,  and  is  intended  to 
be  carried  still  farther.  This,  when  completed,  will  add  much  to 
the  importance  of  the  city. 

Steamboats  arrive  and  depart  daily  for  all  points  on  the  Ohio 
and  Mississippi  rivers.  Stages  leave  regularly  for  St.  Louis, 
Indianapolis,  and  Madison. 

Salt  River,  rises  in  Boyle  county,  Kentucky,  and,  pursuing 
a  north-westerly  course  of  about  200  miles,  empties  into  the  Ohio 
river,  at  the  line  between  Jefferson  and  Hardin  counties.  Its 
mouth  is  200  yards  wide.  It  derived  its  name  from  the  numerous 
salt  licks  along  its  banks.  The  first  salt  made,  was  at  Bullitt's 
old  licks,  about  three  miles  from  Shepardsville.  The  settlers  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Salt  river  experienced  a  full  share  of  those 
hardships  common  to  the  pioneers  of  our  western  country.  The 
district  of  country  through  which  Salt  river  runs,  comj)rises 
some  of  the  most  fertile  lands  in  the  state.  The  inhabitants  of 
this  section  of  country  are  generally  a  hardy  race,  and  little  accus- 
tomed to  the  restraints  and  formalities  of  refined  circles.  They, 
however,  possess  a  full  share  of  **  hard  Jiorse  sense"  to  use  their 
own  language  ;  and  if  any  doubt  their  patriotism,  we  would 
earnestly  advise  them,  as  friends,  not  to  tell  them  so,  as  it  would 
be  accompanied  with  some  danger. 

Salt  river  is  navigable  for  flat-bottom  boats,  for  a  distance  of 
150  miles. 

Notes. 

HaiTodsburg,  county  seat  of  Mercer  county,  is  situated  about  a  mile 
from  the  banks  of  Salt  river,  and  near  the  head  waters  of  that  stream.  It  is 
a  beautifully  located  town,  standing  on  a  commanding  eminence,  and  sur- 
rounded by  a  fine  country.  It  contains  the  usual  county  buildings,  6 
churches,  a  college,  seminary,  2  academics,  about  20  stores,  1  printing  office, 
several  factories,  a  number  of  mechanics'  shops,  and  a  population  of  1,800. 
It  received  its  name  in  honor  of  the  Ilarrod  family,  who  emigrated  to  Ken- 
tucky at  an  early  period.  ^     , 

TKe  Harrodsburgp  Springs,  situated  near  Harrodsburg,  is  one  of 
the  most  celebrated  watering  plocos  in  the  state  The  waters  contain  sulphate 
of  magnesia,  carbonate  of  magnesia,  sulphate  of  lime,  sulphate  of  soda,  iron, 
carbonate  of  lime,  and  sulphurated  hydrogen. 

Tho  proprietor  of  the  Springs,  Dr.  Christopher  Graham,  has  erected  a 
magnificent  hotel,  and  laid  out  extensive  and  beautiful  grounds,  at  a  cost  of 
$300,000.  The  medicinal  virtues  of  the  waters,  and  the  excellent  accommo- 
dations, attract  crowds  of  visitors  during  the  summer  season. 


j 

■    M 


154 


ROUTE   OF   THE   OHIO    RIVER. 


lil^est.  Point,  situated  on  the  Ohio,  just  below  the  mouth 
of  Salt  river,  in  Hardin  county,  is  a  thriving  little  village,  des- 
tined, no  doubt,  to  future  greatness.  It  contains  an  extensive 
boat  yard,  4  stores,  and  about  200  inhabitants. 

Brandenburg^,  county  seat  of  Meade  county,  Kentucky, 
is  situated  eighteen  miles  below  Salt  river,  on  a  high  bluff  bank 
of  the  Ohio.  It  is  a  place  of  some  trade,  being  a  shipping  point 
for  large  quantities  of  corn  and  tobacco.  It  contains  2  mills,  2 
churches,  16  stores,  several  mechanical  shops,  and  about  700 
inhabitants. 

maucliLport,  situated  three  miles  below  Brandenburg,  is  a 
small  village  in  Harrison  county,  Indiana.  It  contains  one  store, 
and  half  a  dozen  houses.     Population,  30. 

Northampton,  seven  miles  below  Mauckport,  is  a  small 
village  in  the  same  county.  It  contains  but  few  houses,  and  is 
of  little  importance.     Population,  50. 

Amsterdam,  three  miles  below  Northampton,  also  in 
Harrison  county,  is  a  pretty  little  village,  contaiiiing  2  stores,  and 
about  100  inhabitants. 

Blue  River,  a  small  stream,  rises  in  Washington  county, 
Indiana,  and  flows  in  a  southerly  direction  for  the  distance  of 
about  75  miles.  It  empties  into  the  Ohio  about  two  miles  above 
Leavenworth. 

LieaveniVOrtll,  county  seat  of  Crawford  county,  Indiana, 
is  situated  on  the  Ohio  river,  eight  miles  below  Amsterdam.  It 
is  a  thriving  town,  and  well  situated  for  business;  being  at  the 
commencement  of  the  coal  region  in  Indiana.  The  country  in 
the  vicinity  of  Leavenworth  is  exceedingly  fertile,  and  well  culti- 
vated. The  advantageous  position  of  this  town,  will,  at  no  very 
distant  day,  render  it  an  important  business  place.  Leavenworth 
now  contains  2  churches,  1  newspaper  printing  office,  about  20 
stores,  and  a  population  of  700. 

Fredonia,  formerly  seat  of  justice  for  Crawford  county,  is 
situated  four  and  a  half  miles  below  Leavenworth,  on  a  high  blult 
of  the  Ohio  river.  It  contaiub  half  a  dozen  stores,  and  a  popula- 
tion of  about  300. 

Ijittle  Blue  River,  rises  in  Crawford  county,  and  empties 
into  the  Ohio,  at  the  line  between  Crawford  and  Perry  counties. 
Its  length  is  about  45  miles. 

Alton,  situated  fourteen  miles  below  Fredonia,  just  below 
the  mouth  of  Little  Blue  river,  in  Perry  county,  Indiana,  is  a 
small  village  containing  but  few  houses.     Population,  100. 


> 


the  mouth 
illago,  des- 
L  extensive 

Kentucky, 
bluff  bank 
ping  point 
2  mills,  2 
about  700 

nburg,  is  a 
i  one  store, 

,  is  a  small 
ses,  and  is 

n,  also  in 
stores,  and 

m  county, 
distance  of 
niies  above 

y,  Indiana, 
erdam.  It 
?ing  at  the 
country  in 
well  culti- 
at  no  very 
avenwortli 
,  about  20 

county,  is 

high  bluff 

1  a  popula- 

nd  empties 
Y  counties. 

just  below 
Jiana,  is  a 
100. 


iK  '' 


ROUTE    OP   THE    OHIO  RIVER. 


165 


Concordia,  ten  miles  below  Alton,  in  Meade  county,  Ken- 
tucky, is  a  pleasantly  situated  village,  containing  1  church,  2 
stores,  and  about  75  inhabitants.  The  hills  in  this  neighborhood 
abound  in  beds  of  limestone  rock,  from  which  immense  quantities 
of  lime  are  made. 

Rome,  county  seat  of  Perry  county,  Indiana,  is  situated 
twelve  miles  below  Concordia,  opposite  the  mouth  of  Sinking 
creek.  It  was  settled  in  1811,  and  now  contains  a  court-house, 
jailf  county  seminary,  3  churches,  a  number  of  stores,  and  about 
600  inhabitants. 

Stephensporty  situated  opposite  Rome,  in  Breckenridge 
county,  Kentucky,  is  u  pleasant  little  village,  containing  2 
churches,  several  stores,  and  a  population  of  about  250.  It  was 
established  in  1825,  and  is  now  rapidly  growing  into  importance. 

Sinkings  Creek,  is  a  very  remarkable  stream.  It  rises  in 
tlie  upper  part  of  Breckenridge  county,  and  after  pursuing  a 
course  of  about  six  miles,  suddenly  sinks  into  the  ground,  and  as 
suddenly  bursts  into  view  about  five  miles  from  the  spot  where  it 
sunk.  Of  its  subterraneous  passage,  nothing  definite  is  known. 
Whether  the  depth  to  which  it  sinks  is  but  a  few  feet,  or  many, 
or  whether  it  pursues  a  straight  course,  or  a  meandering  one,  is 
all  doubt  and  speculation. 

On  the  banks  of  this  creek  may  be  seen  a  natural  rock  mill- 
dam,  which  serves  all  the  purposes  of  one  constructed  by  the 
hand  of  man.     There  has  been  a  mill  erected  just  below  this  dam. 

Not  far  from  this  place  is  a  cave  called  Penitentiary  Cave,  of 
vast  size,  and  containing  many  magnificent  apartments.  Collins' 
Kentucky  says  :  "  In  one  of  the  rooms  about  one  hundred  yards 
from  the  mouth  of  the  cave,  the  roof  is  from  sixty  to  seventy 
feet  high,  and  on  the  floor  there  are  three  natural  basins  or  troughs 
of  cool,  clear  water,  of  very  remarkable  construction  and  appear- 
ance, fifteen  feet  in  length,  four  feet  wide,  and  twelve  inches  deep. 
These  basins  are  elevated  above  the  level  of  the  floor,  in  the  form 
of  troughs;  and  it  is  remarkable,  that  the  stones  which  form  the 
sides  and  ends  of  the  basins,  do  not  exceed  in  thickness  the  blade 
of  a  table  knife.'* 

Cloversport,  situated  ten  miles  below  Sinking  creek,  in 
the  same  county,  is  a  place  of  some  commercial  importance. 
There  is  considerable  shipping  done  from  this  point,  mostly  con- 
sisting of  tobacco.  The  town  contains  quite  a  number  of  stores, 
and  a  population  of  about  800. 

There  are  extensive  and  almost  inexhaustible  beds  of  coal  in 
this  vicinity.  But  little  attention  has  yet  been  turned  to  these 
mines. 


9 


156 


ROUTS   OF   THE   OHIO  RIVER. 


Near  Cloversport  are  the  White  SSulphuR)  Breckenrioge,  and 
Tar  Springs.  The  water  of  these  springs  is  highly  medicated, 
and  they  are  becoming  a  fashionable,  and  justly  celebrated  water- 
ing place. 

Hanresvllle^  county  seat  of  Hancock  county,  Kentucky, 
is  situated  fourteen  miles  below  Cloversport,  on  the  Ohio.  The 
town  has  considerable  trade,  being  situated  in  the  coal  region,  and 
being  conveniently  located  for  boats  passing  up  and  down  the 
river.  It  contains  a  court-house,  jail,  2  churches,  2  schools,  about 
a  dozen  stores,  and  a  population  of  600. 

About  four  miles  from  Hawesville,  may  be  seen  a  natural  forti- 
fication. It  is  a  circular  plat  of  land,  surrounded  by  inaccessible 
cliffs,  rising  to  the  hight  of  from  fifty  to  one  hundred  and 
twenty-five  feet,  and  projecting  over  at  the  top. 

CanneltOIlt  is  situated  opposite  to  Hawesville,  in  Perry 
county,  Indiana.  This  flourishing  village  promises  to  become 
an  important  manufacturing  city,  and  that  at  no  very  distant  day. 
In  the  year  1849,  its  population  was  about  500;  it  is  now  estimated 
at  2,000.  No  place  on  the  river  seems  in  be  increasing  with 
such  unparalleled  rapidity.  The  chief  business  of  the  town  has 
been  the  mining  of  coal  for  steamboats.  Recently  a  large  num- 
ber of  capitalists  have  commenced  at  this  place,  the  business  of 
manufacturing.  The  excellence  and  cheapness  of  coal,  building 
stone,  fire  clay,  &.C.,  together  with  the  healthiness  and  convenience 
of  the  site,  fully  warrant  the  belief,  that  this  mineral  district  will 
become  one  of  the  most  important  manufacturing  positions  in  the 
world.  The  coal  hills  seem  to  extend  along  the  river  more  than 
five  miles.  The  depth  of  the  coal  strata  averages  about  four  and 
a  half  feet;  this  is  underlaid  by  fire  clay,  and  runs  into  the  hills  with 
an  inclination  toward  the  river  sufficient  for  natural  drainage. 

The  CanneUon  Cotton  Mill,  situated  in  the  center  of  the  town, 
is  287  feet  long,  67  feet  wide,  with  towers  106  feet  high.  It  is 
constructed  entirely  of  a  beautiful  sandstone,  which  is  cut  with 
remarkable  facility  and  smoothness,  on  exposure  to  the  atmos- 
phere. The  mill  contains  11,000  spindles,  and  corresponding 
machines,  for  an  annual  product  of  5,000,000  yards  of  brown 
sheeting.  This  is  said  to  be  the  most  beautiful  edifice  of  the^nd 
in  the  Union. 

The  buildings  in  the  town  are  chiefly  of  wood,  and  seem  to 
have  been  put  up  hastily,  to  meet  the  necessities  of  emigrants. 
The  excellence  and  cheapness  of  stone,  however,  will  eventually 
insure  the  use  of  that  material  for  building  purposes. 

Immediately  below  Cannelton  is  the  site  selected  for  the  monu- 
ment to  Robert  Fulton.     The  land  was  purchased  by  h;m  soon 


rRioG£,  and 
medicated, 
ated  water- 
Kentucky, 
)hio.  The 
region,  and 
down  the 
ools,  about 

tural  forti- 
naccessible 
ndred  and 

»  in  Perry 
to  become 
listant  day. 
7  estimated 
aaing  with 
9  town  has 
large  num- 
business  of 
al,  building 
onvenience 
Jistrict  will 
tions  in  the 
more  than 
iit  four  and 
e  hills  with 
rainage. 

the  town, 
ligh.  It  is 
is  cut  with 
the  atmos- 
responding 

of  brown 
of  the^nd 

id  seem  to 
emigrants, 
eventually 

the  monu- 
h;m  soon 


after  the  introduction  of  steam  navigation  on  the  Ohio,  and  in 
reference  to  the  future  value  of  these  coal  banks  for  steam  pur- 
poses. This  place  is  peculiary  appropriate  for  the  erection  of  a 
tribute  to  the  memory  of  that  great  and  world-renowned  man. 

Xroy,  situated  six  miles  below  Cannelton  near  the  mouth  of 
Anderson  river,  in  the  same  county,  is  a  thriving  village,  and 
must  in  the  course  of  time,  command  the  commerce  of  a  portion 
of  the  rich  mineral  district  in  the  rear  and  along  the  margin  of 
this  section  of  tiie  great  central  coal  field.  Should  this  district 
increase  in  population  and  wealth,  as  accessible  coal  districts 
always  have  increased,  this  point  will  surely  become  one  of  im- 
mense importance.  The  banks  of  the  Ohio  from  the  mouth  of 
Anderson  river  to  Deer  creek,  and  embracing  Cannelton,  has 
been  pronounced  by  eminent  civil  engineers,  to  be  the  best  site 
for  a  manufacturing  city,  of  any  now  known  in  this  or  any  other 
country.  There  are  more  natural  advantages  here  for  the  manu- 
facture of  great  staples,  cotton,  wool,  iron,  and  the  various  kinds 
of  clay  and  earthenware,  than  at  any  point  known  elsewhere. 
In  view  of  the  movements  now  in  progress,  and  of  those  in  pros- 
pect, this  section  of  the  Ohio  possesses  unusual  interest  tu  the 
traveler. 

Troy  now  contains  2  churches,  several  stores  and  about  350 
inhabitants.  .  -       I 

Anderson  River,  rises  in  Crawford  county,  and  flows  in 
a  southerly  direction  and  empties  into  the  Ohio  near  Troy.  It  is 
navigable  for  flatboats  about  thirty  miles,  in  high  water.  It  also 
affords  many  valuable  mill  privileges. 

MnXVlHe,  situated  just  below  the  mouth  of  Anderson  river, 
in  Spencer  county,  Indiana,  is  a  small  village,  containing  several 
stores,  and  about  200  inhabitants.  | 

Ba.tesville,  two  miles  below  Mijxville,  in  the  same  county, 
is  a  small  unimportant  village,  containing  about  the  same  number 
of  inhabitants  as  Maxville. 

liCWisport,  situated  three  miles  below  Batesville,  in  Han- 
cock county,  Kentucky,  is  a  small  "illagc,  extending  for  some 
distance  along  the  banks  of  the  river.  It  contains  1  church, 
several  stores,  and  a  population  of  300. 

Rockport,  seat  of  justice  for  Spencer  county,  Indiana,  is 
situated  thirteen  miles  below  Lewisport,  on  the  Ohio.  Its  name 
is  derived  from  a  hanging  rock,  known  by  the  name  of  "  Lady 
Washington's  Rock.'*  This  rock  is  a  sandstone  formation,  and 
rises  to  the  hight  of  about  thirty  feet  above  the  general  level  of 
the  river. 


158 


ROUTE   OF   THE   OHIO   RIVER. 


The  town  contains  a  court^housei  jail  and  county  offices,  a 
county  seminary,  Methodist  church,  several  storesj  and  a  popu- 
lation of  about  600. 

Ol¥eitSt>urg[9  county  seat  of  Daviess  county,  Kentucky, 
is  situated  nine  miles  below  Rockport,  on  the  Ohio  river,  at  the 
Yellow  Banks.  The  town  has  considerable  trade  with  the  interior 
of  the  state.  It  contains  a  court-house  and  county  offices, 
1  Baptist,  1  Presbyterian,  and  1  Catholic  church,  2  schools,  an 
academy,  16  stores,  and  about  1,000  inhabitants. 

Daviess  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Col.  Joseph  Hamilton 
Daviess,  brother-in-law  of  Chief  Justice  Marshall,  and  one  of  the 
ablest  lawyers,  and  most  gallant  soldiers,  of  which  Kentucky  can 
boast.  He  received  the  appointment  of  major,  under  Gen.  Har- 
rison, in  his  expedition  against  the  Wabash  Indians,  in  1811.  He 
fell  at  the  battle  of  Tippecanoe,  while  gallantly  heading  a  charge 
of  his  brave  troops. 

Bon  Hnrbor,  three  miles  below  Owensburg,  in  the  same 
county,  is  a  thriving  and  progressive  little  village.  There  is  an 
eddy  formed  by  a  bar  in  the  river  at  this  place,  which  forms  an 
excellent  harbor  for  boats.  It  is  from  this  circumstance  that  the 
name  of  the  place  is  derived.  In  the  vicinity  are  fine  beds  of 
coal,  which  render  facilities  for  manufacturing  to  a  large  and 
extensive  cotton  and  woolen  establishment.  Bon  Harbor  contains 
a  number  of  stores,  and  a  population  of  about  300. 

Enterprise,  three  miles  below  Bon  Harbor,  is  a  small  village 
in  Spencer  county,  Indiana,  containing  a  few  stores,  and  a  popu- 
lation of  200. 

Point  Isabel,  three  miles  below  Enterprise,  is  a  small 
village  situated  in  the  same  county,  and  containing  only  about 
50  inhabitants. 

IVeWburg;,  situated  thirteen  miles  below  Point  Isabel,  in 
Warwick  county,  Indiana,  is  a  finely  located  and  thriving  town. 
It  was  laid  out  in  the  year  1817,  by  Michael  Sprinkle,  and  was  at 
first  called  Sprinklesburg.  It  now  contains  3  churches,  3  large 
commission  ware  houses,  2  mills,  several  stores,  and  a  population 
of  500.  ^ 

Oreen  River,  rises  in  Lincoln  county,  Kentucky,  and 
flowing  through  an  exceedingly  rich  country,  in  a  direction 
nearly  west  and  north-west,  enters  the  Ohio  six  miles  below 
Newburg,  fifty  miles  above  the  mouth  of  Cumberland  river, 
and  about  two  hundred  miles  below  Louisville.  It  has  been  made 
navigable,  by  means  of  locks  and  dams,  for  a  distance  of  one 
hundred  and  sixty  miles. 


offices,  a ! 
nd  a  popu- 

Kentucky, 
iver,  at  the 
the  interior 
nty  offices, 
schools,  an 

[  Hamilton 
one  of  the 

ntucky  can 
Gen.  Hur- 

1I8II.    He 

ig  a  charge 

n  the  same 
Phere  is  an 
h  forms  an 
nee  that  the 
me  beds  of 
a  large  and 
bor  contains 

small  village 
and  a  popu- 

is  a  small 
only  about 

t  Isabel,  in 
•iving  town. 
,  and  was  at 
;hes,  3  large 
I  population 

ttucky,  and 
a  direction 
niles  below 
rland  river, 
i  been  made 
ince  of  one 


Wa 


I 


\  :^ 


A  DESCRIPTION  OF  MAMMOTH  CAVE. 

UlamniotH  Ca-rc^  situated  on  the  banks  of  Green  rirer,  in  Edmonson 
county,  Kentucky,  is  the  most  stupendous  work  of  nature  to  be  found  any- 
where on  the  earth.  The  following  description  is  gleaned  from  the  publication 
of  a  Tisitor,  entitled  "  Rambles  in  the  Mammoth  Care  during  the  year  1844 : " 

For  a  distance  at  two  miles  from  the  cave,  by  the  approach  from  the  south- 
cast,  the  country  is  level.  It  was,  until  lately,  a  prairie^  on  which,  however, 
the  oak,  chestnut  and  hickory  are  now  growing ;  and  there  being  no  under- 
brush, its  smooth,  \''erdant  openings  present  here  and  there  a  close  resem- 
blance to  the  parks  of  the  English  nobility.  Emerging  from  these  beautiful 
woodlands,  the  visitor  is  presented  with  a  view  of  the  hotel  and  adjacent 
grounds.  The  hotel  is  a  large  edifice,  two  hundred  feet  long,  by  forty-five 
feet  wide,  with  piazzas  sixteen  feet  wide,  extending  the  whole  length  of  the 
building  above  and  below.    The  accommodations  of  tliis  hotel  are  excellent. 

The  cave  is  about  two  hundred  yards  from  the  hotel,  and  is  approached 
through  a  romantic  and  beautiful  dell,  shaded  by  a  forest  of  trees  and  grape- 
vines. Passing  by  the  ruins  of  some  old  saltpetre  furnaces,  and  large  mounds 
of  ashes,  and  turning  abruptly  to  the  right,  the  visitor  is  suddenly  startled 
by  a  rush  of  cold  air,  and  beholds  before  him  the  yawning  mouth  of  the  great 
cavern,  dismal,  dark  and  dreary.  Descend  some  thirty  feet,  by  rude  stone 
steps,  and  you  are  fairly  under  the  arch  of  this  "  nether  world."  Before  you, 
in  looking  toward  the  entrance,  is  seen  a  small  stream  of  water,  falling  fh)m 
the  face  of  the  rock,  upon  the  ruins  below,  and  disappearing  in  a  deep  pit. 
Proceeding  onward  about  one  hundred  feet,  the  progress  of  the  explorer  is 
arrested  by  a  door,  set  in  a  rough  stone  wall,  which  stretches  across  and 
completely  blocks  up  the  entrance  to  the  cave.  Passing  through  tliis  door, 
you  enter  a  narrow  passage,  at  the  end  of  which  is  the  great  vestibule  or 
ante-chamber  of  the  cave.  This  is  a  hall  of  an  oval  shape,  two  hundred  feet 
in  length  by  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  wide,  with  a  roof  as  flat  and  level  as 
if  finished  by  the  trowel,  and  from  fifty  to  sixty  feet  high.  Two  passages, 
each  a  hundred  feet  in  width,  open  into  it  at  its  opposite  extremities,  but  at 
right  angles  to  each  other;  and  as  they  run*in  a  straight  course  for  five  or 
six  hundred  feet,  with  the  same  flat  roof  common  to  each,  the  appearance 
presented  to  the  eye  is  that  of  a  vast  hall  in  the  shape  of  the  letter  L, 
expanded  at  the  angles,  both  branches  being  five  hundred  feet  long  by  one 
hundred  wide.  The  passage  to  the  right,  is  ^'Audubon  Avenue  ;  "  that  in  the 
ft-ont  is  the  beginning  of  the  Qrand  QaUtry^  or  the  main  cavern  itself.  The 
entire  extent  of  this  prodigious  space  is  covered  by  a  single  rock,  in  which 
the  eye  can  detect  no  break,  save  at  its  borders,  which  are  surrounded  by  a 
broad  and  sweeping  cornice,  traced  in  horizontal  panel  work,  exceedingly  bold 
and  regular.    Not  a  single  pillar  or  pier  of  any  kind  contributes  to  support  it. 


:i! 


.  Ill 


ih 


VM 


y  i 


1 


160 


MAMMOTH    CAVE. 


Leaving  this  ante-chamber  by  an  opening  on  the  right,  the  visitor  enters 
Audubon  Avenue,  which  is  a  chamber  more  than  a  mile  long,  fifty  or  sixty 
feet  wide,  and  as  many  in  hight.  The  roof  of  tliis  apartment  presents  the 
appearance  of  floating  clouds.  The  Little  Bat-room  cave,  a  branch  of  Audubon 
Avenue,  is  on  the  left  as  you  advance,  and  about  three  hundred  yards  from 
the  great  vestibule.  It  is  a  little  over  a  quarter  of  a  mile  in  length,  and  is 
romarkable  for  its  pit,  two  hundred  and  eighty  feet  doop.  During  the  winter 
Reason,  tens  of  thousands  of  bats  are  seen  hanging  from  the  walls,  in  an 
apparently  torpid  state ;  but  as  soon  as  spring  opens,  they  all  disappear. 

From  the  Little  Bat-room  and  Audubon  avenue,  the  visitor  returns  into 
the  vestibule,  from  whence,  by  another  passage,  at  right  angles  to  that  just 
mentioned,  ho  enters  the  Grand  Gallery  or  main  cavern.  This  is  a  vast  tun- 
nel, extending  for  many  miles,  averaging,  throughout,  fifty  feet  in  width  by 
as  many  in  hight.  Proceeding  down  this  main  cave  a  quarter  of  a  mile,  the 
visitor  comes  to  the  Kentucky  Cliffs,  so  called  from  a  supposed  resemblance 
to  the  cliffs  on  the  Kentucky  river;  and  descending  gradually  about  twenty 
feet,  enters  the  Church.  The  ceiling  here  is  sixty-three  feet  high,  and  the 
Church  itself,  including  the  recess,  is  about  one  hundred  feet  in  diameter. 
Eight  or  ten  feet  above  the  Pulpit,  and  immediately  behind  it,  is  the  Organ 
Loft,  which  is  sufficiently  capacious  for  an  organ  and  choir  of  the  largest  size. 
This  Church  is  large  enough  to  contain  many  thousan  a  solid  projection 
of  the  wall  seems  to  have  been  designed  for  a  pulpit,  and  a  few  feet  back,  is 
a  place  admirably  calculated  for  an  organ  and  choir.  In  this  great  temple  of 
Nature,  religious  service  has  often  been  performed,  and  it  requires  but  a 
slight  effort  on  the  part  of  the  speaker  to  make  himself  heard  by  the  largest 
congregation. 

Leaving  the  Church,  and  proceeding  through  the  ruins  of  the  old  saltpetre 
works,  the  visitor  will  see  a  large  cave,  connected  with  which  is  a  narrow 
gallery,  sweeping  across  the  main  cave,  and  losing  itself  in  a  cave  above,  and 
on  the  right.  This  latter  cave  is  the  Gothic  Avenue,  which,  no  doubt,  was  at 
one  time  connected  with  the  cave  opposite.  The  Gothic  Avenue,  to  which  the 
visitor  ascends  from  the  main  cave  by  a  flight  of  stairs,  is  about  two  miles 
long,  forty  fe6t  wide,  and  fifteen  feet  high.  The  ceiling,  in  many  places,  is  as 
smooth  and  white  as  if  formed  by  the  trowel  of  the  most  skillful  plasterer. 
In  a  recess,  on  the  left  hand,  elevated  a  few  feet  above  the  floo^r^wo  mum- 
mies were  found  in  the  year  1813.  A  description  of  one  of  these,  a  female, 
has  been  published  by  a  gentleman  of  New  York.  The  following  is  an 
extract  of  his  description : 

"  In  the  digging  of  saltpetre  earth  in  the  short  cave,  a  flat  rock  was  met 
with  by  the  workmen,  a  little  below  the  surfiaco  of  the  earth,  in  the  cave ; 
this  stone  was  raised,  and  was  about  four  feet  wide,  and  as  many  long; 
beneath  it  was  a  square  excavation  about  three  feet  deep,  and  as  many  in 
length  and  width.    In  this  small  nether  subterranean  chamber,  sat  in  solemn 


r== 


visitor  enters 
fifty  or  sixty 
,  presents  the 
b  of  Audubon 
3(1  yards  from 
length,  and  is 
ing  the  winter 
walls,  in  uii 
lisappear. 

r  returns  into 
es  to  that  just 
}  is  a  vast  tun- 
et  in  width  by 

of  a  mile,  the 
d  resemblance 

about  twenty 
high,  and  the 
t  in  diametrr. 
t,  is  the  0)-gan 
he  largest  size, 
olid  projection 
w  feet  back,  is 
p:eat  temple  of 
requires  but  a 
L  by  the  largest 

tie  old  saltpetre 
ich  is  a  narrow 
;ave  above,  and 

0  doubt,  was  at 
le,  to  which  the 
bout  two  miles 
iny  places,  is  as 
illful  plasterer, 
ops^-^wo  mum- 
these,  a  female, 
bllowing  is  an 

1  rock  was  met 
d,  in  the  cave; 
OS  many  long; 
tnd  as  many  in 
)t,  sat  in  solemn 


t. 


MAMMOTH    CAVE. 


161 


silence  one  of  the  human  species,  a  female,  with  her  wardrobe  and  ornaments 
placed  at  her  side.  The  body  was  in  a  state  of  perfect  presetratioo,  and 
sitting  erect.  The  arms  were  folded  up,  and  the  hands  laid  across  the  bosom ; 
around  the  wrists  was  wound  a  small  cord,  designed,  probably,  to  keep  them 
in  the  position  in  which  they  were  first  pku;ed  ^  around  the  body  and  next 
thereto,  were  wrapped  two  deer-skins.  These  skins  appeared  to  have  been 
dressed  in  some  mode  different  from  what  is  now  practiced  by  any  people  of 
whom  I  have  any  knowledge.  The  hair  of  the  skins  was  cut  off  very  near 
the  surface.  The  skins  were  ornamented  with  tho  imprints  of  vines  and 
leaves,  which  were  sketdied  with  a  substance  perfectly  white.  Outside  of 
these  two  skins  was  a  largo  square  sheet,  which  was  cither  wove  or  knit  The 
fabric  was  the  inner  bark  of  a  tree,  which  I  judge  {torn  appearances  to  be 
that  of  the  lind  trees  In  its  texture  and  appearance,  it  resembled  the  South 
Sea  Island  matting  or  cloth ;  this  sheet  enveloped  the  whole  body  and  head. 
The  hair  on  the  head  was  cut  off  withiL  an  eighth  of  an  inch  of  the  skin, 
except  near  the  neck,  where  it  was  an  irch  long.  The  color  of  the  hair  was 
a  dark  rod ;  the  teeth  were  white  and  perfect.  I  discovered  no  blemish  upon 
the  body,  except  a  wound  between  two  ribs,  near  the  ba^k  bone ;  and  one  of 
the  eyes  had  also  been  injured.  The  finger  and  toe  nails  vrere  perfect  and 
quite  long.  The  features  were  regular.  I  measured  the  length  of  one  of  the 
bones  of  the  arm  with  a  string,  from  the  elbow  to  the  wrist  joint,  and  they 
equaled  my  own  in  length,  vie :  ten  inches  and  a  half«  From  the  examination 
of  the  whole  frame,  I  judged  the  figure  to  be  that  of  a  very  tall  female,  say 
five  feet  ten  inches  in  hight.  The  body,  at  the  time  it  was  discovered,  weighed 
but  fourteen  pounds,  and  was  perfectly  dry;  on  exposure  to  th^^  atmosphere* 
it  gained  in  weight,  by  absorbing  dampness,  four  pounds.  The  features  of  this 
ancient  member  of  the  human  family  much  resembled  those  of  a  tall,  hand« 
some,  American  woman.    The  forehead  was  high,  and  the  head  well  formed." 

The  writer  enters  into  a  minute  and  very  interesting  account  of  the  ornar 
ments  and  articles  of  dress  which  were  found  with  this  relic  of  antiquity. 
Our  space,  however,  will  not  admit  of  a  more  lengthened  description. 

These  mummies  resembled  those  found  in  a  cave,  in  1775,  near  Lexington, 
Kentucky.  But,  having  been  discovered  by  the  unlearned,  and  at  a  time 
when  the  whites  were  very  much  excited  against  the  Indians,  nothing  but 
the  fact  of  their  existence  has  ever  been  preserved.  The  cave  in  which  the 
bodies  were  found  was  supposed  to  have  been  an  Indian  sepulchre ;  it  was 
soon  emptied,  and  all  the  bodies  burned  on  a  funeral  pile  together.  Thus  the 
world  has  probably  lost  forever,  that  which  time  can  never  restore  —  a 
knowledge  of  their  history. 

There  are  a  great  number  of  places  of  interest  and  attraction,  in  this  sub- 
terranean world,  which  we  have  not  time  to  mention  separately.  Among  the 
many  matters  of  interest,  we  may  mention  the  Star  Chamber,  the  Giant's 
Coffin,  the  Devil's  Arm-Chair,  Napoleon's  Breastwork,  the  Lover's  Leap,  the 


11 


•  \l 


ill 


ri 


■ft 


t 


1 

I 


162 


MAMMOTH   CAVE. 


Deserted  Chamben,  the  Bottomless  Pit,  Oorin's  Dome,  the  Winding  Way, 
Persioo  Avenue,  the  Rirer  Hall,  Relief  Hall,  the  Bandit's  Hall,  Ac,  Ac.  It  is 
estimated  thai  thi»  wonderful  cave  contains  two  hundred  and  twenty-six 
ayenues,  forty-seven  domes,  eight  cataracts,  several  rivers,  and  twenty-three 
pits.  This  is  the  estimate  so  far  as  it  has  been  explored,  which  is  about 
eighteen  miles;  what  lies  beyond  this,  is  wrapped  in  the  clouds  of  its  own 
impenetrable  gloom. 

No  person  who  is  traveling  through  the  country,  should  fail  to  vi»it  this 
cave,  as  we  are  confident  they  will  never  regret  the  time  spent  in  its  exami- 
nation. The  cave  can  be  readily  reached  from  Cincinnati,  Frankfort,  Lex- 
ington, Nashville,  Louisville.  St.  Lonis,  tc.  During  high  water,  steamboats 
ascend  Green  river  to  within  a  short  distance  of  the  cave.  It  is  about  130 
miles  from  Lexington,  98  miles  from  Harrodsbubo  Springs,  and  00  miles 
from  Louisville  and  Nashville. 

The  idr  which  circulates  throngh  the  cave,  is  considered  by  many  to  be 
highly  beneficial  to  those  laboring  under  diseases  of  the  lungs.  Thousands 
visit  the  cave  in  quest  of  health,  many  return  apparently  benefited,  while 
others  die  within  its  gloomy  chambers.  We  are  of  opinion  that  the  day  is 
fast  approaching  when  the  young  will  be  taught  to  live  in  accordance  with 
the  divine  principles  of  Nature  and  the  pure  air  that  floats  through  the 
broad  expanse  of  heaven,  and  the  crystal  fountain  that  jets  up  among  the 
sands  in  the  hill-side,  will  be  found  to  contain  medical  properties  sufficient  to 
eradicate  all  the  temporary  ills  with  which  this  life  is  accompanied. 

Cvatnsvilley  nine  miles  below  the  mouth  of  Green  river,  is 
the  county  Beat  of  Vanderburg  county,  Indiana.  It  was  laid  out 
in  the  year  1816,  and  received  its  name  in  honor  of  Gen.  R.  M. 
Evans,  who  was  one  of  the  early  settlers  of  the  place.  It  is  situ- 
ated on  an  elevated  bank  of  the  Ohio,  about  equi-distant  from 
Louisville  and  the  mouth  of  the  river.  The  trade  of  Evansville 
is  considerable,  and  rapidly  increasing.  The  Wabash  and  Erie 
canal,  when  finished,  will  terminate  at  this  place,  and  then  there 
can  be  no  doubt  that  Evansville  will  be  second  to  no  city  in  the 
state,  in  commercial  importance.  The  annual  amount  of  exnorts 
is  now  estimated  at  more  than  600,000  bushels  of  corn,  lt)0,000 
bushels  of  oats,  1,500  tons  of  hay,  and  1,500,000  pounds  of  pork 
and  bacon.  Evansville  contains  a  court-house,  jail,  a  branch  of 
the  state  bank,  7  churches,  viz  :  2  Presbyterians,  2  Methodists,  1 
Episcopalian,  1  German  Lutheran,  and  1  Catholic,  a  market 
house,  2  fire-companies,  7  hotels,  a  large  number  of  stores,  and  a 
population  of  6,000. 

Verooa,  situated  seven  miles  below  Evansville,  in  the  same 
county,  IS  a  small  village  of  little  importance,  and  containing  but 
few  houses. 


!'■! 


inding  Way, 
Ic,  Ao.  It  is 
d  twenty-six 
twenty-three 
ilch  ia  about 
da  of  ita  own 

1  to  Tisii  this 
in  ita  exami- 

anklbrt,  Lex- 
',  steamboats 

t  is  about  130 

and  00  miles 

>y  many  to  be 
Thousands 
neflted,  while 
lat  the  day  is 
;ordance  with 
through  the 
ip  among  the 
38  auffleient  to 
lied. 

een  river,  is 

vas  laid  out 

Gen.  R.  M. 

It  is  situ- 

istant  from 

Evansville 

h  and  Erie 

then  there 

city  in  the 

it  of  exports 

rn,  ltJO,000 

tids  of  pork 

1  branch  of 

ethodists,  1 

,  a  market 

tores,  and  a 

in  the  same 
itaining  but 


ROUTE   OF   THE   OHIO  RIVER. 


163 


Henderson,  situated  twelve  miles  below  Evansville,  is  the 
county  seat  of  Henderson  county,  Kentucky.  It  was  incorpo- 
rated in  1812,  and  is  now  a  place  of  extensive  trade.  It  is  the 
shipping  point  for  all  the  produce  of  the  extensive  and  highly 
fertile  country  bordering  on  Green  river.  There  are  numerous 
beds  of  stone-coal  and  iron  ore  found  in  the  vicinity  of  Henderson, 
which  will  some  day  vastly  enhance  the  manufacturing  interest 
of  this  region.  The  town  now  contains  a  court-house,  jail,  and 
county  offices,  1  Baptist,  2  Presbyterian,  1  Methodist,  and  1  Epis- 
copal church,  4  schools,  5  tobacco  factories,  20  stores,  and  a  popu- 
lation of  about  2,000. 

West  Franklin,  fourteen  miles  below  Henderson,  in 
Posey  county,  Indiana,  is  a  small  and  unimportant  village,  con- 
taining only  six  or  eight  houses,  and  about  40  inhabitants. 

Iflount  Vernon,  county  seat  of  Posey  county,  Indiana, 
is  situated  twelve  miles  below  West  Franklin,  on  a  fine  bluff  of 
the  Ohio.  It  was  settled  in  1803,  and  contains,  at  the  present 
time,  a  court-house,  jail,  and  county  offices,  2  hotels,  3  churches, 
(1  Baptist,  1  Methodist,  and  1  Presbyterian,)  a  number  of  stores, 
and  about  1,000  inhabitants. 

UniontOVrn,  situated  ten  miles  below  Mount  Vernon,  at 
the  mouth  of  Highland  creek,  in  Union  county,  Kentucky,  is  a 
fine,  flourishing,  business-like  little  place.  It  is  situated  in  a  very 
fertile  and  well  cultivated  district,  and,  in  consequence,  does  a 
considerable  shipping  business.  It  now  contains  two  or  three 
churches,  about  a  dozen  stores,  and  a  population  of  400. 

Near  Uniontown,  is  a  fine  tar  spring,  the  water  of  which  is 
said  to  be  highly  beneficial  in  pulmonary  complaints.  A  curiosity 
worth  visiting  in  this  country,  is  a  large  flat  rock,  on  which  may 
be  distinctly  seen  the  prints  of  the  naked  feet  of  men. 

Wa,1>nsll  River,  rises  in  Mercer  cormty,  Ohio,  and  after 
receiving  numerous  tributaries  in  its  course,  flows  first  north- 
west, and  then  in  a  general  southerly  direction  through  a  portion 
of  the  state  of  Indiana,  and  forms,  for  a  distance  of  near  two 
hundred  miles,  the  boundary  between  Indiana  and  Illinois.  It  is 
navigable  for  flat-boats  for  400  miles,  and  in  time  of  high  water, 
steamboats  ascend  as  far  as  Terra  Haute  and  Lafayette.  The 
navigation  of  this  river  is  now  being  extensively  improved,  by  a 
company  under  the  title  of  the  "Wabash  Navigation  Company." 
They  have  received  a  charter  from  the  legislature,  for  the  express 
purpose  of  clearing  the  obstructions  which  have  hitherto  impeded 
the  navigation  of  this  river.  If  our  general  government  were  to 
organize  itself  into  a  navigation  company,  and  make  some  exer- 
tions to  improve  the  condition  of  our  great  western  waters,  it 


lit! 


i     » 


164 


ROUTE   OF   THE   OHIO   RIVER. 


WO  lid  do  a  vast  amount  of  good,  and  form  a  br>lliant  pago  in  its 
history. 

The  portion  of  the  state  of  Indiana  through  which  the  Wabash 
runs,  is  probably  the  most  fertile  and  highly  productive  portion 
of  the  state.  The  growth  of  this  section  of  country  has  been 
somewhat  retarded,  on  account  of  ihe  unhealthiness  of  the  coun- 
try. The  principal  disease  is  fever  and  ague,  which,  however,  is 
rapidly  disappearing  before  the  beneficial  influence  of  scientific 
cultivation  of  the  lands. 

The  total  length  vf  the  Wabash  is  rather  more  than  500  miles. 
The  tributaries  it  receives  in  its  course  are  the  Salomonie,  Mis 
sissinewa.  White  river,  Patoka,  Tippecanoe,  Little  Eel,  Vermillior, 
Little  Wabaab.  Embarrass,  Wild  Cat,  Coal  creek.  Sugar  creek, 
and  Raccoon  creek.  Some  of  these  are  large  and  important 
streama 

Notes* 

Lafayette^  county  seat  of  Tippecanoe  county,  Indiana,  is  beautifully 
situated  on  the  Wabash  river,  three  hundre^T  and  sixty-one  miles  from  its 
mouth.  It  was  laid  out  in  the  year  1825,  on  land  bought  at  goyernment 
prices.  Its  progress  has  been  steady  and  rapid,  rnd  it  is  now  among  the  first 
towns  in  the  state,  in  population  and  commercial  importance.  The  Wabash 
and  Erie  canal  passes  through  this  place,  bringing  it  in  connection  with  Lake 
Erie ;  and  when  the  Wabash  Navigation  Company  complete  their  works,  the 
river  will  be  navigable  for  a  greater  portion  of  the  year  to  tbi.^  city.  Its 
commercial  advantages  will  then  be  increased  in  a  great  degree,  and  we  may 
look  for  8.  greater  and  more  rapid  improvement  than  has  yet  been  witnessed. 
The  public  buildings  of  Lafayette  are  a  fine  court-house,  jail,  and  public 
offices,  8  churches,  viz ;  1  Methodist,  1  Baptist,  2  Presbyterian,  1  Associate 
Reformed,  and  1  Catholic,  a  branch  of  the  state  bank,  and  a  county  seminary. 
There  are,  b^nides,  3  printing  offices,  2  paper  mills,  2  founderies,  several  pork 
houses,  1  district  and  4  private  schools,  and  about  100  stores  of  variou.s 
descriptions.  In  1840,  the  population  was  1,700 ;  \n  1845,  4,000 ;  and  is  now 
about  7,000.  Canal  boats  arrive  and  depart  daily.  Stages  leavejthree  times 
a  week  for  Logansport  and  Indianapcli<t. 

Terre  Havttey  county  seat  of  Vigo  county,  is  situated  one  hundred  and 
twenty-four  miles  below  Lafayette,  on  the  Wabash  rivor,  National  road,  and 
the  present  terminus  of  the  Wabf^sh  and  Erie  canal.  It  was  laid  out  in  tiie 
year  1816,  by  an  association  of  individuals  who  purchased  the  ground  at  a 
public  sale  of  government  lands.  The  trade  of  Terre  Ilaute  is  considerable, 
and  rapidly  increasing.  The  Terre  Haute  and  Indianapolis  railroad  will, 
when  completed,  give  increased  energy  to  the  busine^^s  of  this  place.  The 
town  contains  the  usual  county  buildings^  8  churches,  viz:  1  Congregational, 


pagcj  in  its 

;he  Wabash 
ive  portion 
y  has  been 
if  the  coun- 
however,  is 
of  scientific 

500  miles, 
nonie,  Mis 
Vermillior.', 
ugar  creeli, 
I   important 


is  beautifully 
niles  from  its 
it  government 
mong  the  first 
The  Wabash 
tion  with  Lake 
leir  works,  the 
thi3  city.  Its 
(C,  and  we  may 
)een  witnessed. 
til,  and  public 
an,  1  Associate 
anty  seminary. 
58,  several  pork 
)re8  of  various 
00 ;  and  is  now 
.vejthree  times 

le  hundred  and 
ional  road,  and 
laid  out  in  the 
he  ground  at  a 
\a  considerable, 
s  railroad  will, 
his  place.  The 
Congregational, 


ROUTE   OF   THE   OHIO   RIVER. 


166 


1  Methodist,  1  Baptist,  1  Episcopalian,  1  Presbyterian,  1  Universalist,  and  1 
Lutheran,  a  branch  of  the  state  bank,  a  county  seminary,  several  fine  hotels, 
two  or  three  large  pork  houses,  and  about  70  stores.  The  population,  in  1830, 
was  600 ;  in  1840, 1,200 ;  and  now  it  is  about  4,500.  Canal  boats  arrive  and 
depart  constantly  on  the  canal.  Stages  leave  regularly  for  Indianapolis,  St. 
Louis,  and  Shawneetown,  Illinois. 

Fort  Harrison  9  was  built  in  1812,  by  order  of  Gen.  Harrison,  on  the 
Wabash  river,  about  twenty  miles  below  Terre  Haute.  The  object  in  building 
the  fort  was  the  protection  of  the  frontier  settlements  against  the  incursions 
of  the  British  and  Indians.  The  command  was  given  to  Capt.  Zachary  Taylor, 
afterward  major  general  in  the  American  army,  and  late  president  of  the 
United  States.  Although  young  in  years  at  the  time — bein^but  twenty-seven 
years  old — the  result  proved  that  the  command  could  not  have  devolved  on 
one  more  able  to  fulfill  the  duties  of  this  respon^loie  station.  A  short  time 
after  Capt.  Taylor  was  appointed  to  this  command,  the  fort  was  attacked  by 
a  large  party  of  Indians.  The  attack  was  made  at  night,  and  before  the 
alarmed  garrison  could  recover  from  the  consternation  into  which  they  were 
thrown,  the  Indians  succeeded  in  setting  fire  to  the  block-house  containing 
the  stores  of  the  post.  Capt.  Taylor  had  just  recovered  from  a  severe  illness, 
and  more  than  half  his  men  were  disabled  from  sickness,  there  being  but 
fifteen  men  able  to  do  duty.  In  th's  critical  juncture,  the  military  talents 
of  the  future  hero  shone  forth  in  a  manner  which  has  never  since  been 
rivaled.  Cool  and  collected,  he  stood  in  tbe  midst  of  confusion  of  the  most 
appalling  kind,  and,  by  his  voice  and  man/^er,  inspired  hope  and  courage  in 
the  breasts  of  his  little  band,  who  ralUcJ  under  their  intrepid  leader;  and, 
by  the  dawn  of  morn,  succeeded  in  ariving  the  host  of  savages  from  their 
murderous  work.  The  Indians  lost  many  of  their  bravest  warriors  in  this 
contest,  while  the  garrison  lost  but  two  men.  For  this  gallant  affair,  Capt. 
Taylor  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  major ;  and  what  is  more,  he  gained  a 
p^oce  in  the  hearts  and  confidence  of  his  countrymen,  which  he  never  lost, 
and  never  can  lose,  so  long  as  men  hold  gratitude  to  be  a  virtue. 

VincenneS)  county  seat  of  Knox  county,  Indiana,  is  situated  on  the 
Wabash  river,  ninety-seven  miles  below  Terre  Haute.  This  place  derives  a 
great  interest  in  the  history  of  the  West,  from  the  fact  of  its  being  one  of  the 
first  settlements  formed  in  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi.  It  was  first  occu- 
pied by  the  French  settlers,  as  a  military  post,  in  1735,  and  was  called  Post 
St.  Vincent.  In  the  year  1743,  the  name  of  Vincennes  was  given  to  it,  in 
honor  of  F.  M.  De  Vinsenne,  a  gallant  and  much  respected  French  oflftcer, 
who  fell  in  battle  with  the  Chickasaws,  in  173G.  For  many  years  the  inhabi- 
tants were  all  French  and  their  descendants,  and  the  English  language  was 
scar^ly  ever  beard.  Now  the  French  is  almost  forgotten,  while  the  English 
is  spoken  by  all.    The  religion  of  the  inhabitants  of  Vincennes  and  vicinity 


> 

1 

4 

IE 

rB 

i( 

V 

i 


'< 


166 


ROUTE   OF   THE    OHIO   RIVER. 


is  mostly  Roman  Catholic.  The  bishop  of  the  state  of  Indiana  takes  his  title 
from  this  city. 

There  was  held,  in  1809,  a  celebrated  Indian  council  at  this  place.  The 
Indians,  under  the  command  of  the  renowned  chief  Tecumseh,  assembled  by 
invitation  of  Governor  Harrison,  to  obtain  satisfaction  for  the  supposed 
encroachments  of  the  whites.  The  council  assembled  under  the  shade  of 
some  trees  in  front  of  the  governor's  house,  Tecumseh  and  his  warriors 
refusing  to  accept  of  the  seats  offered  thom,  saying  that  the  sun  was  their 
father  and  the  earth  their  mother,  and  they  would  recline  on  her  bosom. 
During  the  conference,  something  that  Qovtrnor  Harrison  said,  offended  the 
haughty  chief,  Tecumseh,  who  rose  to  his  feet,  and  sounded  the  war  cry, 
bringing  together  about  four  hundred  of  his  dusky  warriors,  who  were  in  the 
vicinity.  The  whites  were  few  and  unarmed,  and  would  doubtless  all  have 
been  murdered,  had  it  not  been  for  the  cool  and  determined  bravery  of  Gov- 
ernor Harrison,  which  so  overawed  the  Indians,  that  they  quietly  dispersed. 

Vincennes  contains  a  fine  cathedral,  a  large,  commodious  city  hall,  court- 
house, jail,  and  county  offices,  Presbyterian,  Episcopalian,  Methodist,  Christian 
and  African  churches,  St.  G.^brii  l  College,  a  theological  seminary,  a  fine 
market-house,  2  newspaper  printing  offices,  several  manufactories,  a  large 
number  of  stores,  and  a  population  of  2,500. 

Steamboats  ply  regularly,  in  times  of  high  water,  on  the  river.  Stag*'H 
leave  daily  for  New  Albany,  and  St.  Louis,  IMissouri ;  and  three  times  a  week 
for  Terre  Haute  and  Evausville. 

"Sew  Harmony^  a  town  of  8.bout  1,000  inhabitants,  is  situated  on  the 
Wabash  river,  fifty  miles  from  its  month,  in  Posey  county,  Indiana.  It  was 
first  settled  by  a  German  colony,  under  the  renowned  George  Rapp.*  This 
society,  in  1803,  purchased  6,000  acres  of  land  in  Butler  county,  Pennsylvanin 
and  laid  out  a  town  which  they  named  Harmony.  Desiring  to  engage  in  tljc 
cultivation  of  the  grape,  and  believing  that  their  vineyards  did  not  prosper 
well,  they  determined  to  remove  to  the  Wabash.  They  accordingly  purchased 
a  large  tract  of  land,  containing  about  17,000  acres,  and  laid  out  .-tie  town  of 
New  Harmoey,  to  which  they  removed  in  1814.  They  remained  here  about 
eleven  years,  during  which  time  they  had  planted  fine  orchards  and  vine- 
yards, erected  several  mills  and  factories,  and  built  about  two  hundred  dwel- 
lings and  two  churrheK  Deeming  the  location  very  unhealthy,  they  sold  out 
to  the  celebrated  Robeet  Owen,  and  returned  to  Pennsylvania. 

Mr.  Owen  was  a  man  of  talent  and  wealth,  and  was  endeavoring  to  give  to 
the  world  a  practical  illustration  of  his  peculiar  views  of  Socialism.  Confi- 
dent of  success,  he  founded  a  society,  and  embarked  his  fortune  in  the  enter- 
prise. He  labored  with  great  zeal  to  build  up  a  community  that  would  be, 
in  his  opinion,  an  honor  to  the  state.    But  defeat  soon  overtook  him,  and  his 


t 


*See  note,  page  70;  also,  Hiittory  of  PcDDsylvauia,  page  ill. 


;es  his  title 

}lace.    The 

sembled  by 

e  supposed 

e  shade  of 

is  warriors 

1  was  their 

her  bosom. 

)ffended  the 

le  war  cry, 

were  in  the 

less  all  have 

v^ery  of  Gov- 

ly  dispersed. 

hall,  court- 

st,  Christian 

inary,  a  fine 

ries,  a  large 

iver.  Stag«B 
;imes  a  week 

uated  on  the 
ana.  It  was 
Rapp.*  Tliis 
onnsylvaniii, 
jngage  in  tlic 
no*^  prospf^r 
fly  purchased 
b  Mg  town  of 
d  here  about 
da  and  viue- 
lUndred  dwel- 
they  sold  out 

ing  to  give  to 
ilism.     Coiifi- 

in  the  entcr- 
liat  would  be, 

him,  and  his 


ROUTE   OF   THE   OHIO  RIVER. 


167 


experiment  failed.  This  appears  to  be  the  common  fate  of  all  such  associa- 
tions. Many  suppose  that  the  cause  of  such  failures  results  from  the  fact 
that  the  founders  of  sxxcb.  systems  endeavor  to  build  up  a  social  organization 
not  authorized  by  the  Bible  and  the  doctrines  of  the  church.  But  We  are 
inclined  to  assign  other  reasons.  The  principles  of  brotherly  love  and  charity, 
which  these  and  similar  ascociations  have  been-endeavoring  to  diffuse  through 
the  world,  are  the  fundamental  principles  of  the  Bible,  and  the  very  ones 
that  the  church  have  been  urging  upon  the  world  for  more  than  eighteen 
hundred  years.  Do  unto  others  as  ye  would  have  them  do  to  you,  is  sounded 
in  the  ears  of  thousands  of  idle  listeners  in  the  house  of  God,  from.  Sabbath 
to  Sabbath ;  yet  one-half  of  the  nineteenth  century  has  passed  aw  ay,  and 
Lazarus  still  sits  at  the  gate  begging,  while  the  rich,  clothed  in  costly  robes, 
go  up  to  the  temple,  thanking  God  that  they  are  not  as  other  men.  T7ith 
what  earnestness  do  many  call  upon  Heaven  to  remember  the  poor,  the  orphan, 
and  the  widow,  forgetting  that  tliey  have  anything  to  do  in  this  world,  but  to 
make  money.  Parents  spend  their  lives  to  accumulate  wealth,  but  their 
children  die  in  poverty,  not  having  been  taught  how  to  use  it. 

In  view  of  this,  we  would  regard  him  who  would  in  the  least  obviate  the 
errors  of  society,  as  one  of  the  greatest  benefactors  of  his  race.  Who,  then, 
does  not  hail,  as  the  herald  of  a  brighter  clay,  every  effort,  however  feeble,  to 
ameliorate  the  condition  of  the  human  race?  How  very  inconsistent  Is  it,  to 
pray  for  the  reign  of  universal  peace,  and  at  the  same  time  teach  children  to 
exercise  and  develop  those  traits  of  character  which  are  diametrically  opposed 
to  love  and  harmony.  Let  virtue,  goodness  and  truth  be  impressed  upon 
every  immortal  mind  that  enters  the  circles  of  this  world's  society,  and  a 
ncT?  order  of  things  will  spring  up,  while  songs  of  thanksgiving  and  rejoicing 
wo-uld  fall  from  every  lip.  But  reformers  should  not  expect  too  much,  nor 
be  discouraged  if  effects  do  not  immediately  follow  their  causes.  Let  each,  in 
his  day,  contribute  his  mite,  remembering  that  the  present  is  nXl  that  he  can 
call  his  own. 

Ralcig^ll,  six  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Wabash,  in 
Union  county,  Kentucky,  is  a  small  village  containing  only  a  few 
houses 

Sha¥meet01Vll,  county  seat  of  Gallatin  county,  Illinois, 
is  situated  five  miles  below  Raleigh,  on  a  low  bank  of  the  Ohio. 
It  is  liable  to  inundations  from  the  river  ;  which  has  retarded  its 
growth  very  materially.  It  is,  however,  a  place  of  considerable 
business,  and  is  the  largest  town  In  southern  Illinois.  It  was  laid 
out  in  1814,  and  now  contains  a  court-house  and  the  requisite 
county  buildings,  3  churches,  a  fine  banking  house,  a  land  office, 
a  large  number  of  stores,  and  a  population  of  2,000.  The  explo- 
sion of  the  bank  of  Shawneetown  in  1843,  produced  a  great 


I    II 


I 


,1' 

} 
■1 


' 

'i          * 

• 

'(.     i                     V' 

i 

:'    - 

I  il'' 


168 


ROUTE  OF   THE   OHIO  RIVER. 


excitement  in  the  West,  and  the  name  of  Shawneetown  became 
known  throughout  the  length  and  breadth  of  the  land. 

Stages  leave  regularly  for  Springfield^  Vincennes,  Indiana,  and 
St.  Louis,  Missouri. 

Caseyville^  ten  miles  below  Shawneetown,  in  Union 
county,  Kentucky,  is  a  small  village  containing  a  school,  half  a 
dozen  stores,  and  a  population  of  about  250.  About  three  miles 
from  Caseyville,  may  be  seen  a  natural  curiosity,  termed  the 
Anvil  Rock.  It  is  a  large  rock  about  fifty  feet  high,  twenty  feet 
in  width,  and  two  feet  thick,  and  bears  a  striking  resemblance  to 
a  blacksmith's  anvil.  It  stands  erect,  on  a  plat  of  ground  which 
is  perfectly  level,  and  not  at  all  rocky.  By  what  means  It  was 
placed  there,  is  likely  forever  to  remain  a  mystery. 

Battery  Bock,  twelve  miles  below  Shawneetown,  in  the 
same  county,  is  a  highly  picturesque  and  rugged  looking  rock, 
extending  for  several  miles  along  the  river.  Viewed  from  a  dis- 
tance, it  has  the  appearance  of  an  impregnable  battery  or 
fortification. 

€ave-in-Rock,  situated  twelve  miles  below  Battery  Rock, 
in  Hardin  county,  is  a  place  long  celebrated  as  having  been  the 
rendezvous  of  bands  of  outlaws,  in  the  eariy  settlement  of  the 
West.  One  of  these  bands,  under  the  command  of  a  famous  out- 
law by  the  name  of  Mason,  continued  their  depredations  so  long, 
and  were  so  successful  in  their  expeditions,  as  to  become  a  terror 
to  all  who  navigated  the  river  in  those  times.  They  woiik'  lie  in 
concealment  until  a  trading  boat  would  make  its  appearance,  and 
then  darting  out  in  their  light  boats,  would  fall  upon  the  crew  — 
rob  them  of  their  hard  earnings,  and  murder  them  to  conceal 
their  crimes.  These  depredations  at  last  became  so  alarming,  that 
the  governor  of  the  Mississippi  territory  issued  his  proclamation, 
offering  a  reward  of  five  hundred  dollars  for  the  head  oij^ason, 
the  deader  of  the  band.  This  reward,  one  of  his  band  by  the  name 
of  Harpe,  who  was  too  covetous  to  recollect  that  there  is 
**  honor  among  thieves,"  determined  to  secure  for  himself.  Being 
in  company  with  Mason  one  day  in  a  solitary  place,  Harpe  shot 
him,  cut  on  his  head  and  carried  it  to  the  governor.  His  reward, 
however,  was  of  quite  a  different  kind  from  that  he  anticipated. 
He  was  recognized  as  belonging  to  the  band,  and  was  without 
delay,  tried,  condemned,  and  executed  on  the  gallows.  This 
deprived  the  West  of  two  of  the  most  daring  outlaws  with  which 
it  was  ever  troubled.  The  following  description  of  the  cave 
we  copy  from  the  notes  of  a  visitor : 

**  Perhaps  one  of  the  most  beautiful  panoramic  views  which 
the  traveler  meets  in  our  extensive  country,  is  afforded  by  thu 


1 


n  became 
diana,  and 

in  Union 
ool,  half  a 
[iree  miles 
ermed  the 
wenty  feet 
mblance  to 
und  which 
ans  it  was 

^n,  in  the 
king  rock, 
rom  a  dis- 
battery  or 

tery  Rock, 
g  been  the 
lent  of  the 
amous  out- 
)ns  so  long, 
me  a  terror 
jvoiiiC  lie  in 
arance,  and 
the  crew  — 
to  conceal 
rming,  that 
oclamatton, 
J  of  JVIason, 
ly  the  name 
it  there  is 
iself.  Being 
Harpe  shot 
His  reward, 
anticipated, 
iras  without 
lows.  This 
with  which 
of  the  cave 

iews  which 
rded  by  the 


ROUTE    OF    THE    OHIO   RIVER. 


169 


bold,  rocky  bluffs,  with  the  intervening  valleys,  which  meet  the 
eye  as  one  descends  the  stream.  Cedars  cover  the  high  woodlands 
above  and  below  the  cave,  and  civilization,  which  has  extended 
its  hand  over  the  surrounding  country,  has  left  this  romantic  spot 
untouched.  The  entrance  to  the  cave  is  nearly  semicircular,  and 
when  the  river  is  high  it  is  on  a  level  with  the  water.  The 
passage,  which  is  twenty  feet  high,  affords  admission  into  a 
spacious  square  apartment,  whose  dimensions  may  be  fairly  stated 
at  about  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  feet.  Above  this  room  is 
a  magnificient  chamber,  whose  natural  limestone  formations 
greatly  resemble  the  carvings  of  a  Gothic  cathedral.  The  en- 
trance to  this  beautiful  room  is  by  a  chimney,  so  to  speak,  in  the 
roof  of  the  first.  An  opening  at  one  end  of  the  cave  leads  into 
a  deep  vault,  extending  far  into  the  heart  of  the  rock,  and  the 
traveler  may  amuse  himself  by  courting  the  many  seconds  which 
elapse  between  the  time  when  a  stone  is  cast  into  the  abyss  and 
the  return  of  its  reverberations." 

The  scenes  and  incidents  connected  with  this  cave,  will  always 
make  it  a  place  of  interest  to  the  traveler. 

Eliza,bctlltO\VIl,  county  seat  of  Hardin  county,  Illinois, 
is  situated  six  miles  below  Cave-in- Rock,  at  the  foot  of  Hurricane 
Islau'l.  It  is  a  small  village  of  no  commercial  importance  at 
present ;  but  being  bituatcd  in  the  vicinity  of  an  iron  region,  it 
may  one  day  become  a  manufacturing  place  of  some  note.  Pop- 
ulation, about  150. 

Oolconda,,  situated  twenty-five  miles  below  Elizabeth  town, 
is  the  county  seat  of  Pope  county,  Illinois.  It  is  finely  located, 
and  has  some  trade.  It  contains  a  brick  court-house,  about  a 
dozen  stores,  and  u  population  of  250. 

Cumberland  River,  rises  in  the  Cumberland  moun- 
tains, and  flows  first  in  a  south-westerly  course,  then  north-west, 
and,  receiving  .lumerous  tributaries  in  its  course,  empties  into 
the  Ohio,  fiftecL  miles  below  Golconda,  in  Livingston  county, 
Kentucky.  It  is  the  second  largest  tributary  of  the  Ohio,  is  six 
hundred  miles  in  length,  and  drains  a  territory  comprising  up- 
ward of  18/^00  square  miles.  It  is  navigable  for  the  largest  class 
steamboats  a^  far  as  Nashville,  which  is  two  hundred  a«d  three 
mileij  from  its  month  ;  and  for  llathouts  and  all  kinds  of  small 
craft,  *hree  hundred  miles  further.  This  river  passes  through  a 
couL,ry  of  remarkable  fertility,  though  as  yet  but  thinly  inhab- 
ited. The  natural  advantages,  however,  are  such  as  to  insure  u 
speedy  sett'ement,  and  we  may  expect,  before  many  years,  in 
passing  up  the  Cumberland,  to  see  its  banks  lined  with  populous 
and  enterprising  towns  and  cities. 


i 


170 


ROUTE   OF   THE    OHIO    RIVER. 


Note. 

NasHvllle,  capital  of  tho  state  of  Tennessee,  and  seat  of  justice  for  David- 
son county,  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Cumberland  river,  two  hundred  and 
three  miles  from  its  mouth.  The  city  stands  on  a  solid  rock  elevated  to  the 
distance  of  from  fifty  to  one  hundred  and  seventy-five  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  river.  The  location  is  delightful,  and  is  considered  very  healthy.  It  is 
in  consequence  much  frequented  by  southern  people  during  the  sultry  heat 
of  summer.  The  commerce  of  Nashville  is  very  extensive,  and  is  rapidly 
increasing.  The  principal  article  of  commerce  is  cotton,  of  which  large  quan- 
tities are  shipped  to  the  southern  markets.  There  are  some  fine  public 
buildings  and  institutions  of  note  in  Nashville,  among  which  are  the  state- 
house,  penitentiary,  hospital  for  lunatics,  the  Nashville  University,  a  female 
seminary,  several  schools,  a  large  number  of  churches  for  the  various 
denominations  of  Baptist,  Methodist,  Presbyterian,  Epiicopal,  Campbellite, 
Catholic,  African,  Ac.  The  University  was  founded  in  1806,  and  has  a  presi- 
dent and  six  professors,  and  is  extensively  patronized.  The  library  contains 
12,000  volumes.  Besides  these  buildings,  Nashville  contains  several  manufac- 
turing establishments,  a  large  number  of  wholesale  and  retail  stores  of  all 
kinds,  and  a  population  of  about  17,000.  Steamboats  leave  daily  for  New 
Orleans  and  intermediate  ports ;  stages  leave  daily  for  Lexington  and  Mays- 
ville,  Kentucky,  and  Yicksburg,  Mississippi;  and  three  times  a  week  for 
Memphis,  Columbus,  Kentucky,  and  Smithland. 


ROUTES    FROM   NASHVILLE. 

From  Nashville  to  MaysvUlCf  Kentucky. 

To  Pleasant  Hill,  (by  stage,)  8  miles;  to  Hendersonville,  8  miles; 
to  Gallatin,  10  miles  ;  to  State  LLne,  23  miles  ;  to  Scottsville  Ky., 
10  miles  ;  to  Glasgow,  25  mles  ;  to  Blue  Sp/ing  Grove,  12  miles; 
to  Three  Springl,  5  miles  ;  to  Greensburg,  17  miles  ;  to  Camp- 
bellsville,  13  miles  ;  to  Lebanon,  17  miles  ;  to  Harrodsburgh,  27 
miles  ;  to  Nicholasville,  20  miles  ;  to  Lexington,  12  miles  ;  to 
7  miles  ;  to  Paris,  8  miles ;  to  Lower  Blue  Licks,  22 
Mayslick,  13  miles  ;  to  Washington,  7  miles ;  to 
4  miles  :  whole  distance  from  Nashville  to  Maysville, 
Time,  50  hours  ;  fare,  $13. 

From  Nashville  to  Columbus. 

To  Chestnut  Grove,  (by  stage,)  20  miles;  to  Charlotte,  18  miles; 
to  Waverly,  22  miles  ;  to  Reynoldsburg,  10  miles  ;  to  Paris,  30 
miles  ;  to  Boydsville,  21  miles  ;  to  Felicianna,  16  miles  ;  to  Clin- 
ton, 11  miles  ;  to  Columbus,  12  miles  :  whole  distance  from 
Nashville  to  Columbus,  159  miles.     Time,  25  hours  ;  fare,  $7. 


Moreland, 
miles  ;  to 
Maysville, 
268  miles. 


itice  for  David- 
0  hnndrcd  and 
ilevated  to  the 
70  the  level  of 
iiealthy.  It  is 
he  sultry  heat 
md  is  rapidly 
eh  large  quan- 
ne  fine  public 
are  the  state- 
rsity,  a  female 
f  the  various 
,  Campbellite, 
ad  has  a  presi- 
brary  contains 
i^eral  manufao- 
il  stores  of  all 
daily  for  New 
ton  and  Mays- 
2s  a  week  for 


ille,8miles; 
ttsville  Ky., 
ret  12  miles; 
;  to  Camp- 
•dsburgh,  27 
2  miles  ;  to 
le  Licks,  22 
'  miles ;  to 
Maysville, 


te,  18  miles; 
to  Paris,  30 
js  ;  to  Cliii- 
tanco  from 
fare,  $7. 


ROUTE   OP    THE   OHIO   RIVER. 


171 


From  Nashville  to  Memphis, 

To  Reynoldsburg,  (by  stage,)  70  miles  ;  to  Camden,  10  miles  ; 
to  Huntingdon,  20  miles  ;  to  Spring  Creek,  23  miles  ;  to  Jackson, 
12  miles  ;  to  Medon,  12  miles ;  to  Bolivar,  16  miles ;  to  New- 
castle, 13  miles  ;  to  Somerville,  10  miles  ;  to  Whitehall,  5  miles  ; 
to  Morning  Sun,  17  miles  ;  to  Raleigh,  13  miles  ;  to  Memphis,  10 
miles :  whole  distance  from  Nashville  to  Memphis,  230  miles. 
Time,  40  hours  ;  fare,  $11. 

From  Nashville  to  Natchez,  Mississippi. 

To  Franklin,  (by  stage,)  18  miles;  to  Spring  Hill,  13  miles ; 
to  Columbia,  11  miles;  to  Mount  Pleasant,  10  miles  ;  to  Law- 
renceburg,  21  miles;  to  Florence,  Alabama,  35  miles;  to  Tuscum- 
bia,  6  miles  ;  to  Russellville,  18  miles  ;  to  Pikevillo,  43  miles  ;  to 
Moscow,  18  miles;  to  Border  Spring,  Mississippi,  16  miles  ;  to 
Columbus,  17  miles;  to  Choctaw  Agency,  24  miles;  to  Louisville, 
26  miles ;  to  Hopalika,  36  miles  ;  to  Springfield,  14  miles  ;  to 
Sharon,  10  miles  ;  to  Canton,  8  miles  ;  to  Jackson,  22  miles  ;  to 
Newton,  11  miles  ;  to  Line  Store,  13  miles  ;  to  Gallatin,  14  miles  ; 
to  Malcolm,  33  miles  ;  to  Washington,  15  miles  ;  to  Natchez,  (by 
Mississippi  railroad,)  15  miles:  whole  distance  from  Nashville 
to  Natchez,  469  miles  :  Time,  80  hours  ;   fare,  $20. 

From  Nashville  to  Smithland. 

To  Clarksville,  (by  steamboat,)  66  miles;  to  Palmyra,  13  miles; 
to  Dover,  32  miles  ;  to  Tobacco  Port,  12  miles  ;  to  Canton,  Ken- 
tucky, 16  miles ;  to  Smithland,  29  miles :  whole  distance  from 
Nashville  to  Smithland,  203  miles.     Time,  20  hours  ;  fare,  $4. 


Sinithland*  county  seat  of  Livingston  county,  Kentucky, 
is  situated  on  the  the  west  side  of  the  mouth  of  Cumberland  river. 
It  is  a  place  of  considerable  commercial  importance,  being  favor- 
ably situated  for  roshipping  goods  to  and  from  the  interior  of 
Kentucky  and  Tennessee.  This  town,  in  common  with  others  in 
the  same  region,  enjoys  a  rather  qucstionanle  reputation  with 
regard  to  morality  ;  and  it  has  long  been  celebrated  as  a  resort  for 
gamblers,  and  persons  who  are  not  particularly  conscientious 
about  the  manner  in  which  they  obtain  a  livelihood.  This  kind 
of  society  is,  however,  rapidly  giving  way  before  the  march  of 
honest  industry  and  enterprise.  Smithland  now  contains  a  court- 
house, jail  and  county  offices,  2  churches,  I  foundery  and  machine 
shop,  a  boat  yard  and  tannery,  a  large  number  of  stores,  and  a 
population  of  1,500. 


S 


I  I 


I,' 


f    % 


I 


172 


ROUTE   OF   THE    OHIO   RIVER. 


Tennessee  River,  th  largest  tributary  of  the  Ohio,  and 
one  of  the  largest  rivers  east  of  tiie  Mississippi,  is  formed  by  the 
union  of  tlie  Clinch  and  Holston  rivers,  which  rise  in  the  Alle- 
ghany mountains,  and  unite  about  forty-five  miles  south-west 
from  Knoxville,  Tennessee.  It  then  takes  a  south-west  course, 
traversing  the  northern  part  of  the  state  of  Alabama,  and  then 
changing  its  course,  flows  in  a  northerly  direction  through  the 
states  of  Tennessee  and  Kentucky,  and  finally  empties  into  the 
Ohio,  twelve  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Cumberland,  and 
about  fifty  from  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio.  The  total  length  of  this 
river  from  the  head  waters  of  the  Clinch  and  Holston,  is  about 
1,200  miles ;  being  longer  than  the  Ohio  from  Pittsburgh  to  the 
mouth.  The  obstructions  to  navigation  are  few,  and  could  easily 
be  remedied.  The  first  obstruction  is  the  Muscle  shoals  at  Flor- 
ence, Alabama,  about  two  hundred  and  sixty  miles  from  the 
mouth.  Up  to  this  point,  the  largest  class  steamboats  can  ascend 
at  almost  any  season  of  the  year.  Above  these  shoals  the  naviga- 
tion is  entirely  unobstructed  for  the  distance  of  two  hundred  and 
fifty  miles,  which  is  as  far  as  would  be  of  any  practical  use,  as  the 
country  here  is  wild  and  mountainous,  but  little  cultivated,  and 
thinly  inhabited.  There  has  been  a  canal  constructed  around  the 
Muscle  shoals,  which,  if  finished  as  designed  to  be,  will  obviate 
the  difficulties  of  navigation  at  this  point.  The  banks  of  this 
river  are  as  yet  but  thinly  inhabited,  and  the  towns  are  like  the 
visits  of  celestial  beings,  exceedingly  "  few  and  far  between." 
Civilization,  however,  ia  advancing  with  rapid  strides,  and  ere 
long  the  barren  wastes  and  howling  wilderness,  bordering  on  this 
noble  river,  will  disappear  before  the  smiling  verdure  of  cultiva- 
tion, and  the  busy  hum  of  industrious  and  enterprising  citizens. 

Notes. 

Florence;  county  seat  of  Lauderdale  county,  Alabama,  is  situated  on 
the  Tennessee  river,  two  hundred  and  sixty  miles  from  the  mouth,  and  at  the 
head  of  steamboat  navigation.  It  is  the  most  important  place  on  the  river, 
and,  from  its  situation,  is  destined  to  become  a  place  of  considerable  impor- 
tance. It  contains  a  handsome  court-house,  several  churches,  a  fine  hotel, 
a  number  of  stores  of  various  kinds,  and  it,  population  of  about  2,500. 

Tuscumbla*  situated  on  the  Tennessee  river,  a  little  below  Florence,  in 
the  same  county,  is  a  thriving  and  important  town.  It  contains  two  or  throe 
churches,  several  stores,  and  a  population  of  about  2,000.  There  is  a  rail- 
road extending  from  Tuseumbia  to  Decatur,  a  small  town  situated  thirty-six 
miles  above,  at  the  head  of  Muscle  shoals.  At  Tuseumbia  there  is  a  very 
remarkable  spring,  which  flows  from  a  fissure  in  a  limestone  rock,  and  which 


\ie  Ohio,  and 
rmed  by  the 
in  the  Alle- 
I  south-west 
(Vest  course, 
la,  and  then 
through  the 
ties  into  the 
)erlan(i,  and 
^ngth  of  this 
ton,  is  about 
)urgh  to  the 
could  easily 
oals  at  Fior- 
es  from  the 
s  can  ascend 
3  the  naviga- 
hundred  and 
d  use,  as  the 
Itivated,  and 
i  around  tlie 
will  obviate 
inks  of  this 
are  like  the 
between." 
Jes,  and  ere 
sring  on  this 
3  of  cultiva- 
ing  citizens. 


s  situated  on 
jth,  and  at  the 
B  on  the  river, 
erable  impor- 
,  a  fine  hof-cl, 
it  2,500. 

RT  Florence,  in 
IS  two  or  throe 
'here  is  a  rail- 
ted  thirty-six 
here  is  a  very 
ck,  and  which 


'i 


It: 


ROUTE    OF   THE    OHIO   RIVER. 


173 


is  said  to  discharge  20,000  cubic  feet  of  water  per  minute.  Stages  and  steam- 
boats run  regularly  to  all  the  principal  points  along  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi 
rivers,  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  the  Atlantic  coast. 

PaclllC^llf  county  seat  of  McCracken  county,  Kentucky, 
is  situated  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Tenneusee,  at  its  junction 
with  the  Ohio.  It  was  laid  out  in  the  year  1827,  and  received  its 
name  in  honor  of  the  celebrated  Indian  chief,  Paducah.  It  is 
rapidly  growing  into  a  large  and  extensive  trade,  and,  from  its 
advantageous  position,  will  become  a  town  of  great  commercial 
importance.  It  now  contains  4  churches,  a  court-house,  a  fine 
hotel,  a  large  number  of  st«res,  and  a  population  of  3,000. 

Belgrade,  situated  eight  miles  below  Paducah,  in  Massac 
county,  Illinois,  is  a  small  village  of  no  particular  importance, 
and  containing  only  a  few  houses.     Population,  40. 

Fort  ITItESSRCf  two  miles  below,  in  the  same  county,  is  the 
spot  which  the  troops  occupied,  who  were  sent  to  intercept  the 
plans  of  the  celebrated  Aaron  Burr.  The  fort  was  burned  down 
several  years  ago,  and  nothing  is  to  be  seen  now  to  mark  the  spot, 
but  a  barren  plat  of  ground,  covered  with  rubbish  and  blackened 
timbers. 

metropolis,  county  seat  of  Massac  county,  Illinois,  is 
situated  one  mile  below  the  site  of  Fort  Massac.  It  has  been 
laid  out  recently;  and  having  a  very  eligible  location,  may,  in 
time,  become  an  important  place.  It  now  contains  a  population 
of  about  150.    ' 

HillSIIIiail,  situated  eight  miles  below  Metropolis,  in  the 
same  county,  is  a  small  village,  containing  only  about  100  inhab- 
itants. It  lies  on  a  low  plat  of  ground  liable  to  inundation,  and 
consequently  makes  but  slow  progress. 

l¥ilkinsonville,  lies  nine  miles  below  Hiliaman,  in 
Alexander  county,  Illinois.  It  is  a  small  village,  named  in  honor 
of  General  Wilkinson,  and  containing  about  100  inhabitants. 

CaledLoilia,  ten  miles  below  Wilkinsonville,  in  the  same 
county,  is  a  small  village  of  about  the  same  colossal  dimensions 
as  the  above  mentioned  town. 

America.,  three  miles  below  Caledonia,  in  the  same  county, 
is  a  small  and  unimportant  villaoe,  containing  about  half  a  dozen 
miserable  looking  tenements,  which  the  inhabitants  terra  houses. 

Trinity,  situated  six  miles  below  America,  also  in  Alexander 
county,  Illinois,  is  a  landing  point  for  steamers,  and  contains  only 
two  or  three  houses.     This  place  is  located  at  the  mouth  of  Cache 


im 


•I  1 


iiilPt 


l; 

I 


.t;     . 

•  ■    1 

it 

•  * 

1 

174 


ROUTE   OF    THE    OHIO   RIVER. 


river,  a  small  and  unimportant  stream,  which  rises  in  Union 
county,  and  enters  the  Ohio  about  six  miles  from  its  mouth. 

Cairo,  six  miles  below  Trinity,  at  the  junction  of  the  Ohio 
and  Mississippi  rivers,  occupies  one  of  the  most  eligible  situations 
in  the  world  for  a  large  city,  were  it  not  for  the  difficulties 
encountered  in  building  a  town,  owing  to  the  lowness  of  the 
ground,  and  the  liability  to  inundation.  There  have  been 
numerous  attempts  to  build  a  city  at  this  point,  but  all  efforts 
have  heretofore  proved  unsuccessful.  This  is  to  be  attributed 
more  to  mismanagement  than  anything  else.  The  banks  of  the 
river  are  very  low,  and  the  country,  for  miles  in  the  interior,  is 
exceedingly  marshy.  This  state  of  things  renders  the  country 
unhealthy;  which  circumstance  has  served  to  retard  the  growth 
very  much.  Some  years  ago,  a  company  of  English  capitalists 
undertook  to  lay  out  a  city  here.  They  commenced  by  purchasing 
the  site  of  the  town,  and  the  land  for  several  miles  in  tFie  interior. 
They  then  erected  levees  along  the  margin  of  the  rivers,  and 
endeavored  to  drain  the  swamps  and  marshes  surrounding  the 
town.  They  built  a  foundery,  hotel,  and  several  fine  buildings, 
and  offered  numerous  inducements  for  settlers  to  emigrate. 
They,  however,  refused  to  sell  a  foot  of  the  ground,  but  wished 
persons  to  lease  of  them.  This  selfish,  monopolizing  scheme, 
met  with  a  fate  of  which  it  was  most  eminently  cieserving.  A 
short  time  sufficed  to  convince  the  emigrants,  that,  under  such 
auspices,  the  sooner  they  made  their  escape,  the  better  it  would 
be  for  them.  The  place  was  accordingly  deserted,  and  the  men 
who  expected  to  muke  a  princely  fortune  off  of  the  verdant  eavth 
that  God  has  given  to  all  men,  were  soon  forced  to  abandon  their 
scheme. 

Within  a  few  years,  another  company  have  undertaken  to  build 
up  this  place,  and  may  in  time  accomplish  something.  There 
cannot  be  a  doubt,  that  if  proper  means  are  used,  this  place  will 
rapidly  grow  in  wealth  and  importance.  The  difficulties  to  be 
overcome  are  not  to  be  compared  to  those  which  had  to  be 
encountered  in  the  settlement  of  New  Orleans.  And  yet  that 
city  has  risen  to  a  hight  from  which  she  may  look  down  and 
smile  on  thousands  far  beneath  her,  auJ  beckon  them  onward  as 
followers  in  her  foot-prints.  The  idea  that  Cairo  will  ever 
approach  New  Orleans,  in  point  of  commercial  importance  and 
wealth,  does,  at  this  present  time,  seem  to  be  the  dreamings  of 
the  wildest  imagination.  But  be  this  as  it  may,  we  venture  to 
predict,  that  when  it  does  obtain  a  fair  start  under  favorable 
auspices,  its  progress  will  be  without  a  parallel  in  the  history  of 
the  world. 


ROUTE  OF   THE   MISSOURI   RIVER. 


176 


3g  in  Union 
mouth. 

of  the  Ohio 
)le  situations 
e  difficulties 
rness  of  the 

have  been 
lit  all  efforts 
)e  attributed 
banks  of  the 
le  interior,  is 
the  country 

the  growth 
)h  capitalists 
y  purchasing 

the  interior. 
3  rivers,  and 
rounding  the 
lie  buildings, 
to  emigrate. 
,  but  wished 
King  scheme, 
eserving.  A 
,  under  such 
itter  it  would 
ind  the  men 
irerdant  eai'th 

bandon  their 

aken  to  build 
ling.  There 
lis  place  will 
culties  to  be 
h  had  to  be 
Vnd  yet  that 
k  down  and 
m  onward  as 
ro  will  ever 
portance  and 
ireamings  of 
^e  venture  to 
ier  favorable 
le  history  of 


1 


BOUTE  OF  THE  MISSOUBI  RIVER. 

The  Missouri  River,  rises  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and 
takes  its  name  after  the  union  of  three  branches,  the  Jefferson, 
Gallatin,  and  Madison.  The  springs  which  give  rise  to  the 
Missouri  river,  are  not  more  than  a  mile  distant  from  some  of  the 
head  waters  of  the  Columbia  river,  which  run,  in  a  contrary 
direction,  into  the  Pacific  ocean. 

At  the  distance  of  four  hundred  and  forty-one  miles  from  the 
extreme  point  of  the  navigation  of  the  head  branches  of  the 
Missouri,  are  what  are  denominated  the  **  Gates  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,"  which  present  an  exceedingly  grand  and  picturesque 
appearance.  For  the  distance  of  about  six  miles,  the  rocks  rise 
perpendicularly  from  the  margin  of  the  river,  to  the  bight  of 
twelve  hundred  feet.  The  river  is  compressed  to  the  breadth  of 
one  hundred  and  fifty  yards,  and  for  the  first  three  miles,  there  is 
only  one  spot,  and  that  only  of  a  few  yards,  on  which  a  man 
could  stand  between  the  water  and  the  perpendicular  asceut  of  the 
mountain.  At  the  distance  of  1 10  miles  below  this,  and  551  miles 
from  the  source  of  the  river,  are  the  "  Great  Falls,"  2,575  miles 
from  the  egress  of  the  river  into  the  Mississippi.  At  this  place 
the  river  descends,  by  a  succession  of  rapids  and  falls,  a  distance 
of  357  feet  in  sixteen  miles  and  a  half.  The  lower  and  greater 
fall  has  a  perpendicular  pitch  of  eighty-seven  feet,  the  second 
of  nineteen,  the  third  of  forty-seven,  and  the  fourth  of  twenty- 
six  feet.  Between  and  below  these  falls  are  continual  rapids  of 
from  three  to  eighteen  feet  descent.  These  falls,  next  to  those  of 
Niagara,  are  the  grandest  on  the  continent.  Above  the  falls,  the 
course  of  the  river  is  northwardly. 

The  Yellowstone  river,  eight  hundred  yards  wide  at  its  mouth, 
and  probably  the  largest  tributary  of  the  Missouri,  enters  it  on  the 
south-west  side,  1,2 L 6  miles  from  its  navigable  source,  and  1,880 
miles  from  the  junction  with  the  Mississippi.  The  Yellowstone, 
at  tlie  place  of  junction,  is  as  large  as  the  Missouri.  Steamboats 
ascend  to  this  point,  and  could  go  much  farther  by  either  branch. 

The  length  of  the  Missouri  river,  from  its  source  to  its  entrance 
into  the  Mississippi,  is  3,096  miles,which  with  the  addition  of  1,353 
miles,  the  distance  from  the  mouth  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  makes 
a  total  length  ol  4,^49  miles,  being  the  longest  river  in  the  world. 
Through  its  v^hole  course,  there  is  no  substantial  obstruction  to 
the  navigation,  bejsore  arriving  at  the  Great  Falls.  Its  principal 
tributaries  are  each  navigable  from  one  to  eight  hundred  mile^. 
The  soil  immediately  on  the  banks  of  this  river  is  very  fertile, 


■fc^ 


& 


v^, 


k^ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  1ARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


lA^lZS     |2.5 
1^  1^    |2.2 


Ki     Urn 

u 

■UUU 

J4 

m 

'/5 


'/ 


r 


W 


'V  '} 


^5. 


o 


/ 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  '"EST  fAkiti  STREET 

^'.^aSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  873-45(3 


m 


^Aj 


iV 


:\ 


\ 


4< 


6^ 


>^ 


'^^^^ 


^  i 


:/. 


'^ 


a 


"V 


t     , 


«     I 


L        I 


176 


ROUTE   OF    THE    MISSOURI    RIVER. 


but  extending  but  a  short  distance  in  the  interior.  Here  the  eye 
rests  on  vast  and  boundless  prairies,  stretching  out  lilce  a  mighty 
ocean.  Through  tiie  greater  part  of  its  course,  the  Missouri  is  a 
rapid  and  turbid  stream,  and  in  tlie  upper  part  of  its  course,  flows 
tlirough  an  arid  and  sterile  country.  It  Is  over  half  a  mile  wide 
at  its  mouth,  and  is  generally  nearly  a  mile  in  width.  Notwith- 
standing it  drains  such  an  extensive  region  of  country,  and 
receives  so  many  large  tributaries,  it  is  at  certain  seasons  of  the 
year  quite  shallow,  not  affording  sufficient  water  for  steamboat 
navigation,  owing  to  its  passage  through  a  dry  and  open  country, 
and  being  subject  to  more  than  usual  evaporation. 

The  Missouri  river  trade  has  become  a  very  important  one,  and 
the  annual  business  between  St.  Louis  and  the  towns  on  the 
river,  and  with  Santa  Fe,  through  Independence,  is  increasing 
with  an  amazing  rapidity. 

The  Missouri  river  enters  the  Mississippi,  eighteen  miles  above 
St.  Louis,  by  a  mouth  much  wider  than  the  upper  Mississippi.  It 
is  the  opinion  of  many  geographers,  that  the  Missouri  river  is  the 
main  river,  and  should  be  considered  as  one  river  from  its  head  to 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  reasons  in  support  of  this  opinion  are, 
that  below  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri  the  Mississippi  has  the 
same  turbulent  appearance  as  the  Missouri ;  while  the  upper 
Mississippi  is  remarkable  for  its  clearness  and  transparency. 
Whether  this  be  true  or  false,  it  matters  but  little.  All  the 
opinions  in  the  world  will  not  diminish  the  greatness,  nor  alter  in 
the  slightest  degree  the  course  of  these  mighty  rivers. 

There  are  g"»me  peculiarities  of  the  Missouri  river,  which  it  is 
highly  important  for  emigrants,  who  design  settling  on  its  banks, 
to  be  made  acquainted  with.  The  river  has  no  permanent  and 
settled  channel,  and  it  is  on  this  account  that  steamboats  are  gen- 
erally compelled  to  lay  up  in  the  night,  it  not  being  considered 
safe  to  run  unless  with  the  light  of  day  to  guide  them.  Many 
persons  who  have  purchased  farms  on  the  banks  of  this  river,  not 
understanding  the  nature  of  the  current,  have  lost  acre  after  acre 
by  the  washing  away  of  the  soil,  and  in  many  instances  have 
been  completely  ruined.  Not  only  have  farms  suffered  in  this 
way,  but  whole  towns  have  been  laid  waste,  and  swept  off  with 
the  resistless  current  of  this  mighty  river,  compelling  the  inhabit- 
ants to  seek  other,  and  more  permanent  places  of  abode.  The 
best  and  wisest  plan,  is  to  fix  the  residence  at  such  a  distance  from 
the  river,  that  the  waters  will  not  reach  them. 


The  following  table  contains  the  distances  of  the  principal  places  on  the 
Missouri  river,  bo  far  as  can  be  ascertained : 


sre  the  eye 
B  a  mighty 
issouri  is  a 
urse,  flows 
mile  wide 
Notwith- 
iiitry,  and 
sons  of  the 
•  steamboat 
n  country. 

at  one,  and 

vrns  on  the 

increasing 

niles  above 
sissippi.  It 
river  is  the 

its  head  to 
opinion  are, 
)pi  has  the 

the  upper 
nsparency. 
All  the 
nor  alter  in 

which  it  is 
ii  its  banks, 
nanent  and 
its  are  gen- 
considered 
!m.  Many 
s  river,  not 
after  acre 
lances  have 
red  in  this 
pt  off  with 
he  inhabit- 
bode.  The 
stance  from 


places  on  the 


441 


551 


} 


.6^5  1216 


The  Gates  of  the  Rocky  ^ 

Mountains, j  " 

Great  Falls,  and  Fort  Mo-  \     , ,  ^ 

Kenzie,  .••••»   .J 

Mouth  t)f  Yellowstone, 
and  Fort  Union,  ...*.. 

Council  Bluffs, »1200  2416 

Traders'  Point, •    4  2420 

Bellevue,  •  •  •  ■• 21  2441 

Mouth  of  Platte  river,-  •  •  •  •  •  15  2456 

Iowa  Point, •>  • •  .135  2591 

Nodeway  City, 30  262i 

St.  Joseph, •- 25  2646 

Weston, ' .........  ^5  2701 

Fort  Leavenworth,  •  •  •  • 7  2708 

Mouth  of  Little  Platte  river,  20  2728 

Parkville,-..- -    1  2729 

Kansas, ^  10  2739 

Randolph, 6  2744 

Wayne  City, 7  2751 

Liberty  Landing, ...........     5  2756 

Livingston, »     6  2761 

Owen's  Landing,  ...........     1  2762 

Sibley, 14  2776 

Camden, 12  2788 

Wellington, .»    5  2793 


Lexington,^  .......... 

Walconda, 

Waverly,   ............ 

Mouth  of  Grand  river, . 


}•• 


3  2890 


• .  6  2799 
••  25  2824 
..  5  2827 
•  •  1«  2845 

Brunswick,  •.......»* 2  2847 

Old  Jefferson,  .........*...,  28  2875 

Glasgow, 3  2878 

Arrow  Rock, - 9  2887 

La  Mine  river, 10  2897 

Cooneville,  and  Frank- 
lin,. ......•...*..  .. 

R-ockport, .........^. .  15  2905 

Providence, 12  2917 

N«flhville,  .................     1  2918 

M'arion, 15  2933 

Hibernia,  •  •  •  • • 15  2948 

Jefferson  City,  • » 6  2953 

Mouth  of  Osage  river,  ......    9  2962 

Portland,.. 21  2983 

Mout^  of  G-asconade  river,. .  10  2993 

Herman,  •••...... .....    52998 

Pinckney, 22  3020 

Washington, 8  3028 

St.  Charles, 46  3074 

MovTH  OF  Missouri^  •  *  >  •  —  22  3096 


Note* 

From  the  source  of  the  Missouri  to  Council  Bluffs,  the  lands  along  the 
river  are  almost  entirely  void  of  human  habitations.  There  are  some  United 
States'  military  posts  along  the  banks  of  the  river,  among  which  are  Fort 
McKenzie,  Fort  Union,  Fort  Mandan,  Foet  Clarke,  Fort  St,  Pierre,  and  a 
few  others.  During  itB  loiig  and  dreary  course  through  the  vast  prairies  of 
the  Missouri  territory,  the  Missouri  receives  numerous  tributaries,  many  of 
which  are  large  and  navigable  streams.  They  are,  however,  but  little  known, 
and  will  continue  to  be  so  until  the  country  through  which  they  flow  becomes 
peopled  with  an  enterprising  and  industrious  population.  With  these  pre- 
liminary remarks,  we  propose  commencing  our  routes  at  Council  Bluffs,  and 
continuing  them  regulaarly  to  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri. 

Council  Blufis,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Missouri,  in  the 
Indian  territory,  is  a  high  bluff  bank,  on  which  a  celebrated 
Indian  council  was  held.    It  is  a  place  of  considerable  notoriety, 


12 


■  'I 


i 


II;  . 

;|i        ,      ; 

I         1     '^ 

on  account  of  its  being  about  as  far  a»  steamiboata  ever  ascend 
the  rivef. 

Council  Point,  situated  opfposite,  in  Iowa,  is  sometimes 
miscaUed  Council  Bluff.  It  is  the  landing  point  for  a  Mormon 
town  named  Kane*vil,le,  situated  about  four  miles  in  the  interior- 

Note* 

Kanesvilley  rottowatoniie  county,  Iowa,  was  settled  about  four  years 
ago,  by  the  Latter  Day  Saints,  or  Mormons.  It  is  not  the  intention  of  the 
inhabitants  to  remain  here;  but  merely  choose  it  as  a  resting  place,  on  their 
journey  to  the  Great  Salop  Lake.  Kancs>ille  contains  a  tabernacle  for  reli- 
gious worship,  ten  stores  doing  a  large  and  profitable  bosineaa,  and  a  popula- 
tion of  about  2,000.  Tlie  population,  however,  is  very  fluctuating,  great 
numbers  leaving  every  spring  for  the  valley  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake,  and  as 
many  arriving  during  the  fall  and  winter.  The  business  of  this  place  is 
immense,  it  being  the  last  place  on  the  route  to  Oregon  and  California  where 
supplies  can  be  obt.'vined,  ]Many  of  the  emigrants  get  their  entire  outfit  at 
this  place.  Kaaesville  received  its  name  in  honor  of  Colonel  Thomas  L,  Kane, 
of  Philadelphia,  who  was  a  distiHguisbed  officer  in  the  Mormon  battalion,  in 
the  Mexican  war. 

Traders'  Point,  four  miles  below  Council  Pointy  iu  the 
same  county,  is  a  small  French  settlement,  established  to  facilitate 
trade  between  the  various  InJian  traders.  It  contains  about  100 
inhabitants. 

BellCVnc,  tvventy-one  miles  below  Traders*  Point,  on  the 
west  bank  of  the  river,  in  the  Indian  territory,  is  an  Indian  mis- 
sionary station.  It  is  also  the  residence  of  the  agent  employed 
by  the  United  States  to  attend  to  the  government  business  with 
the  tribes  inhabiting  this  territory.  It  has  a  good  landing  for 
boats,  and  may  some  time  become  an  important  place. 

Platte  River,  rises  in  the  Rocky  mountains,  by  two 
branches,  termed  the  North  and  South  Forks.  After  an  easterly 
course  of  nearly  2,000  miles,  it  empties  into  the  Missouri  fifteen 
miles  below  Bellevue.  It  is  about  a  mile  wide  at  the  mouth;  but 
is,  as  its  name  indicates,  exceedingly  shallow,  and  is  not  navi- 
gable, except  in  times  of  the  great  spring  freshets. 

loiva  Point,  one  hundred  and  thirty-five  miles  below  the 
mouth  of  Platte  river,  Holt  county,  Missouri,  is  the  landing  point 
for  the  town  of  Oregon,  county  seat  of  Holt  county,  situated  ten 
miles  in  the  interior.     Oregon  contains  a  population  of  about  500. 

Nodeway  City,  thirty  miles  below  Iowa  Point,  in  Andrew 
county,  Missouri,  is  a  small  village  containing  a  few  stores,  and 


[ 


i^er  ascend 

sometimes 
a  Mormon 
be  interior. 


it  four  years 
ention  of  the 
lace,  on  their 
Kacle  for  reli- 
and  a  popula- 
lating,  great 
Lake,  and  as 
this  place  is 
ifornia  where 
itire  outfit  at 
anas  L,  Kane, 
L  battalion,  in 

'oint,  iu  the 
to  facilitate 
3  about  100 

oint,  on  the 
Indian  mis- 
t  employed 
isiness  with 
landing  for 

ns,  by  two 
an  easterly 

jouri  fifteen 
mouth;  but 

is  not  navi- 

»9  below  the 

inding  point 

situated  ten 

f  about  500. 

t,  in  Andrew 
r  stores,  and 


about  200  inhabitants.  It  is  the  landing  point  for  Savannah,  a 
town  of  1,000  inhabitants,  situated  a  few  miles  off  the  river.  It 
is  the  county  seat  of  Andrew  county. 

St.  Joseph,  twenty-five  miles  below  Nodeway  City,  in 
Buchanan  county,  Missouri,  is  a  thriving  and  important  town. 
It  was  settled  only  about  seven  years  since,  and  named  in  honor  | 
of  Mr.  Joseph  Rubidoux,  an  old  gentlemp.n,  who  has  resided  at 
this  point  for  about  forty  years.  He  laid  out  the  town  himself, 
and  named  all  of  the  streets  after  his  children,  of  which  he  had 
an  ample  quantity  to  have  supplied  the  streets  of  several  towns 
with  names.  St.  Joseph  is  now  growing  with  amazing  rapidity, 
and  it  is  confidently  predicted,  that  in  a  very  few  years,  it  will  be 
the  second  town  in  the  state  in  point  of  wealth  and  commercial 
importance.  There  has  been  a  telegraph  line  established  between 
this  town  and  St.  Louis,  and  there  is  in  contemplation  a  rail- 
way to  Hannibal,  on  the  Mississippi,  which  will  no  doubt  soon  be 
completed.  St.  Joseph  now  contains  7  churches,  viz  :  1  Bap- 
tist, 1  Pr''  byterian,  2  Methodist,  1  Campbellite,  or  Disciples,  1 
Catholic,  and  1  Latter  Day  Saints  or  Mormons.  There  are  also 
5  steam  flour  mills,  2  steam  saw  mills,  and  1  saw  mill  running  by 
water  power,  a  large  number  of  stores,  and  a  population  of  about 
4,000. 

There  are  many  emigrants  constantly  passing  through  this  place 
to  seek  the  long  lost  El  Dorado  of  the  world.  The  principal 
routes  to  California  and  Oregon  however,  commence  at  Fort 
Leavenworth,  Independence,  and  the  mouth  of  Kansas  river. 

Stages  leave  regularly  for  Liberty  and  other  points. 

liVeSton,  about  fifty-five  miles  below  St.  Joseph,  in  Platte 
county,  Missouri,  is  a  fine  flourishing  place,  and  is  rapidly 
improving.  Many  of  the  emigrants  make  this  a  stopping  place, 
for  laying  in  supplies,  previous  to  starting  out  on  the  plains.  It 
contains  1  Methodist,  1  Baptist,  1  Presbyterian,  and  1  Catholic 
church,  a  large  number  of  stores  and  a  population  of  2,000. 

liittle  Platte  River  Ijandingr,  three  miles  below 

Weston,  is  the  landing  point  for  Platte  City,  situated  a  short  dis- 
tance up  the  Little  Platte  river.  It  is  the  county  seat  of  Platte 
county,  and  contains  about  300  inhabitants. 

Fort  JLeavenwortll,  four  miles  below  Platte  River 
Landing,  is  situated  on  a  high  bluff  of  the  Missouri,  in  the  Indian 
territory.  The  situation  is  remarkably  fine,  the  bluff  being 
about  150  feet  in  hight,  and  composed  principally  of  white  lime- 
stone. There  is  an  excellent  landing  for  boats,  and  many  other 
superior  advantages,  which  warrant  the  belief  that  there  will, 
some  day,  be  at  this  place  a  large  and  flourishing  town.    There 


Ill 


.» 


•v-'f\ 


'   s 


180 


ROUTE    OF    THE    MISSOURI    RIVER. 


is  usually  a  small  garrison  stationed  here,  and  it  is  the  rendezvous 
for  all  United  States'  troops  destined  for  Santa  Fe,  Oregon,  and 
the  frontier  stations.  One  of  the  principal  routes  to  California 
commences  at  this  place. 


BOTJTE 


From  Fort  Leavenworth  to  Sutter's  Fort,  California. 

To  Blue  river,  249  miles  ;  to  Big  Island,  35  miles  ;  to  Forks 
of  Platte  river,  105  miles  ;  to  South  Fork,  77  miles ;  to  Ash 
Hollow,  20  miles  ;  to  Fort  Laramie,  115  miles  ;  to  head  waters 
of  Platte  river,  91  miles  ;  to  Sweetwater  147  miles  ;  to  Big  Sandy, 
26  miles  ;  to  Green  river,  45  miles  ;  to  Harris'  Fork,  30  miles  ;  to 
Smith's  Fork,  63  miles  ;  to  Soda  Springs,  63  miles  ;  to  Fort  Hall, 
70  miles  ;  to  Oregon  road  on  Snake  river,  43  miles  ;  to  junction 
of  old  road  and  Lake  Mary,  180  miles  ;  to  Sink  of  Mary's  river, 
225  miles  ;  to  Cannibal  Cabins,  120  miles  ;  to  Johnson's  Station, 
108  miles  ;  to  Sutter's  Fort,  40  miles  :  whole  distance  from  Fort 
Leavenworth  to  Sutter's  Fort,  1 ,882  miles. 


liittle  Platte  River,  rises  in  Clark  county,  Iowa,  and 
pursuing  an  almost  direct  southward  course  for  a  distance  of  about 
two  hundred  miles,  empties  into  the  Missouri  twenty  miles  below 
Fort  Leavenworth.  This  river  is  exceedingly  shallow,  and  diffi- 
cult to  navigate.  Steamboats  occasionally  ascend  as  far  as  Platte 
City,  a  distance  of  about  forty  miles. 

Parkville*  situated  one  mile  below  the  mouth  of  Platte 
river,  in  Platte  county,  Missouri,  is  a  fine  flourishing  little  village. 
It  was  named  in  honor  of  one  of  the  early  settlers  of  this  region, 
by  the  name  of  Park.  It  now  contains  1  Disciples'  church, 
1  Methodist,  and  1  Presbyterian,  about  a  dozen  stores,  and  a 
population  of  260. 

Kansas  River.  —  This  is  one  of  the  largest  tributaries  of 
the  Missouri.  It  rises  in  the  Rocky  mountains,  and  runs  eastward 
through  the  entire  breadth  of  the  Indian  Territory,  and  empties 
into  the  Missouri,  ten  miles  below  Parkville.  Its  entire  lengtli 
is  about  twelve  hundred  miles,  for  nine  hundred  of  which  it  | 
might  be  navigated.  It  is  three  hundred  and  forty  yards  wide  at 
the  mouth,  and  discharges  an  immense  amount  of  water  ;  many 
of  its  tributaries  being  nearly  as  large  as  itself. 


eiidezvous 
■egon,  and 
California 


irnia. 

;  to  Forks 
3 ;  to  Ash 
ead  waters 
Big  Sandy, 
)  miles  ;  to 

Fort  Hull, 
,0  junction 
iry's  river, 
I's  Station, 

from  Fort 


Iowa,  and 
ice  of  about 
niles  below 
V,  and  diffi- 
ar  as  Platte 


,h  of  Platte 
ittle  village, 
this  region, 
church, 
and  a 


es 


ares, 


ibutaries  of 
ns  eastward 
md  empties 
itire  length 
of  which  it 
irds  wide  at 
ater ;  many 


Kansas  River  liandingr,  is  a  landing  point  for  V'yan- 
DOTtE  City,  situ8*3d  a  short  distance  in  the  interior.  It  is  also 
one  of  the  principal  starting  points  for  emigrants  going  to  Oregon. 


ROUTE 
From  Kansas  River  Landing  to  Oregon  City. 

To  Kansas  river  crossing,  75  miles  ;  to  Platte  river,  220  miles  ; 
to  Fork  of  Platte,  130  miles;  to  crossings  of  South  Fork,  75 
miles  ;  to  North  Fork,  20  miles ;  to  Chimney  Rock,  55  miles  ;  to 
Scott's  BlufF,  20  miles  ;  to  Fort  Laramie,  80  miles  ;  to  Independ- 
ence Rock,  205  miles ;  to  South  Pass,  (Freemont's,)  110  miles ; 
to  Green  river,  70  miles ;  to  Bridger's  Fort,  60  miles ;  to  Bear 
river,  70  miles;  to  Beer  Springs,  90  miles;  to  Fort  Hall,  60  miles; 
to  Salmon  Falls,  150  miles;  to  crossings  of  Lewis  river,  40  miles; 
to  crossings  of  Boisee  river,  70  miles  ;  to  Fort  Boisee,  50  miles  ; 
to  Malheur  river,  20  miles  ;  to  Burnt  river,  50  miles  ;  to  Grand 
Ronde,  65  miles ;  to  Dr.  Whitman's  75  miles ;  to  Fort  Walla- 
walla,  25  miles ;  to  Umatillah  river,  25  miles  ;  to  John  Day's 
river,  75  miles  ;  to  Falls  river,  22  miles  ;  to  Dalles  of  the  Colum- 
bia river,  21  miles ;  to  Cascades,  40  miles  ;  to  Fort  Vancouver, 
55  miles;  to  Oregon  City,  30  miles :  whole  distance  from  Kansas 
River  Landing  to  Oregon  City,  2,152  miles. 

This  route  is  generally  considered  as  commencing  at  Independ- 
ence, but  the  traveler  does  not  actually  take  leave  of  civilization, 
and  commence  in  earnest  his  toilsome  journey  through  the  wild 
and  trackless  wilderness,  until  he  arrives  at  this  point.  Hence  we 
have  given  the  route  from  this  place. 


Kansas,  situated  near  the  mouth  of  Kansas  river,  in  Jackson 
county,  Missouri,  is  a  pleasantly  situated  town,  standing  on  a 
high  bank  of  the  river,  and  commanding  a  view  of  the  surround- 
ing country  for  many  miles.  It  has  been  settled  about  four  years, 
and  is  thought  by  many  to  possess  the  finest  situation  of  any 
town  on  the  river.  The  business  of  the  place  is  very  extensive, 
there  being  an  almost  constant  stream  of  travel  passing  through 
this  region,  on  their  way  to  that  country,  whose  barren  rocks  are 
sources  of  wealth  incalculable,  and  whose  rivers  flow  through 
sands  glittering  with  yellow  particles  infinitely  more  charming  to 
the  eyes  of  many  than  the  refinements  of  society,  the  blessings 
of  home,  the  sympathy  of  friends,  or  the  brilliancy  of  a  well 
cultivated  mind. 


i'^    ■.     » 


.1   (■ 


.1 

■  ( 


'    'K 


185^ 


ROUTE   OF   THE   MISSOURI   RIVER. 


Kansas  contains  1  Methodist,  1  Baptist,  and  1  Presbyterian 
church,  a  large  number  of  stores,  and  about  800  inhabitants. 

Ilsind.Olpll9  five  miles  below,  in  Clay  county,  Missouri,  is 
a  handsome  little  village,  finely  situated  on  a  commanding  emi- 
nence. It  contains  one  or  two  churches,  several  stores,  and  a 
population  of  200. 

Wayne  City,  seven  miles  below  Randolph,  is  the  prin- 
cipal landing  point  for  goods  and  merchandise  destined  for  Inde- 
pendence. There  are  three  or  four  stores  and  a  few  families 
here.  It  is  connected  with  Independence  by  the  Independence 
railroad. 

The  Independence  Railroad  Depot,  is  about  one  mile  from 
Wayne  City.  There  is  generally  quite  an  air  of  business  about 
this  place,  from  constant  arrival  of  goods  and  emigrants  on  their 
way  to  Independence.  The  road  is  four  miles  long,  and  heretofore 
horses  and  mules  have  been  used  to  draw  the  cars.  There  is, 
howevr  ,  in  contemplation,  a  new  track,  and  a  locomotive  engine. 
This  improvement  is  much  needed. 

Independence,  county  seat  of  Jackson  county,  Missouri, 
is  situated  about  four  miles  back  of  Wayne  City  ;  is  a  place  of 
great  importance,  and  is  growing  with  amazing  rapidity.  The 
country  around  is  exceedingly  fertile,  and  well  adapted  to  culti- 
vation. The  business  done  here  is  immense,  and  a  person  not 
acquainted  with  the  country,  would  be  perfectly  astonished.  The 
town  is  well  laid  out,  with  wide  and  convenient  streets,  and  good, 
substantial  brick  dwellings.  It  contains  a  court-house  and  county 
buildings,  3  hotels,  I  Methodist,  1  Baptist,  1  Campbellite  Baptist, 
or  Disciples,  3  Presbyterian,  and  1  Roman  Catholic  church,  a 
large  number  of  wholesale  and  retail  stores,  and  a  population  of 
2,500.  There  is  a  large  trade  carried  on  between  this  place  and 
Santa  Fe.  The  goods  are  transported  across  the  country  in 
wagons,  which  are  built  very  large  and  strong,  and  are  usually 
drawn  by  oxen,  from  sixteen  to  twenty  of  which  are  attached  to 
each  wagon.  There  has  been  a  new  route  recently  laid  out  from 
St.  Louis  to  this  place,  and  on  to  the  frontier.  This  will,  no 
doubt,  increase  the  commercial  prosperity  of  the  place  very  much. 
Independence  derives  its  importance  from  being  the  point  where 
most  of  the  emigrants  going  the  overland  route  to  California  and 
Oregon,  get  their  last  supplies,  and,  also,  as  being  the  point 
where  the  principal  routes  to  these  places  commence.  This  gives 
to  Independence  an  air  of  business  possessed  by  no  other  town  on 
the  frontier.  The  rapid  improvements  going  on  at  this  place  will 
no  doubt  continue,  and  in  a  few  years  we  may  expect  to  see  a 
large  and  flourishing  city  occupying  the  site  of  this  town.     Stages 


l\ 


ibyterian 
ints. 

ssouri,  is 
ing  enli- 
st and  a 

he  prin- 
for  Inde- 
families 
pendence 

(lile  from 
ess  about 
i  on  their 
leretofore 
There  is, 
'■e  engine. 

Missouri, 
place  of 
ity.  The 
1  to  culti- 
3rson  not 
led.  The 
and  good, 
ad  county 
;e  Baptist, 
jhurch,  a 
Illation  of 
place  and 
3untry  in 
•e  usually 
ttached  to 
i  out  from 
s  will,  no 
3ry  much, 
int  where 
fornia  and 
the  point 
rhis  gives 
r  town  on 
place  will 
t  to  see  a 
1.     Stages 


J 


leave  Independence  three  times  a  week  for  Booneville,  Jefferson 
City,  and  St.  Louis;  and  once  a  month  for  Santa  Fe- 


BOUTE  FROM  INDEPENDENCE  TO  SANTA  FE. 

To  Westport,  12  miles;  to  Round  Crove,  23  miles;  to  Narrows, 
30  miles;  to  Bridge  creek,  43  miles;  to  Council  Grove,  42  miles: 
to  Diamond  springs,  15  miles;  to  Lost  spring,  15  miles;  to  Cot- 
tonwood creek,  12  miles;  to  Turkey  creek,  25  miles;  to  Little 
Arkansas,  17  miles;  to  Cow  creek,  20  miles;  to  Walnut  creek,  8 
miles;  to  Ash  creek,  19  miles;  to  Pawnee  Fork,  6  miles;  to  Coon 
creek,  33  miles;  to  Caches,  36  miles;  to  Ford  of  Arkansas,  20 
miles;  to  Sand  creek,  50  miles;  to  Cimarron  river,  8  miles;  to 
Middle  spring,  36  miles;  to  Willow  Bar,  26  miles;  to  Upper  spring, 
18  miles;  to  Cold  spring,  5  miles;  to  McNee's  creek,  25  miles;  to 
Rabbit  Ear  creek,  20  miles;  to  Round  Mound,  8  miles;  to  Rock 
creek,  8  miles;  to  Point  of  Rocks,  19  miles;  to  Rio  Colorado,  20 
miles;  to  Ocate,  6  miles;  to  Santa  Clara  spring,  21  miles;  to  Rio 
Mora,  22  miles;  to  Rio  Gallinas,  20  miles;  to  Ojode  Bernal  spring, 
17  miles;  to  San  Miguel,  6  miles;  to  Pecos  village,  23  miles;  to 
Santa  Fe,  25  miles:  whole  distance  from  Independence  to  Santa 
Fe,  875  miles.  The  maii  generally  goes  through  in  about  one 
month.  The  route  has  been  gone  over,  however,  in  twenty  days. 
The  passenger  fare  from  Independence  to  Santa  Fe,  is  $100. 
This  route,  with  the  ones  given  from  Fort  Leavenworth  and 
Kansas  River  Landing,  embrace  the  three  principal  routes  to 
California,  Oregon  and  New  Mexico.  There  are  other  routes, 
commencing  at  other  points;  but  they  all  merge  into  these  threa 


Ijiberty  liandillg^t  five  miles  below  Wayne  City,  in  Clay 
county,  Missouri,  is  a  landing  point  for  the  town  of  Liberty,  four 
miles  from  the  river. 

Note* 
liibertyy  county  seat  of  Clay  county,  Missouri,  is  a  fine,  flourishing 
town.  It  contains  a  court-house  and  county  offices,  5  churches,  viz :  1  Bap- 
tist, 1  Methodist,  1  Presbyterian,  1  Dutch  Reformed,  and  1  Catholic,  about  30 
stores,  and  a  population  of  1,500.  Stages  leave  daily  for  St.  Louis  and  Fort 
Leavenworth ;  and  three  times  a  week  for  St.  Joseph. 

liivinglStOll,  five  miles  below  Liberty  Landing,  is  a  small, 
dilapidated  village,  rapidly  going  to  decay,  and  probably  into  the 
river.     It  was  formerly  a  landing  place  for  Independence. 


.   • 


a 


^1 


^-  ^ 


I! 


^       I 


Ir 


;  ( 


1 ;.: 


I        : 


184 


ROUTE   OF   THE    MISSOURI    RIVER. 


Owen's  EAncling',  one  mile  below  Livingston,  was,  in 
former  times,  a  landing  place  for  Independence  ;  but,  like  its 
neighbor  Livingston,  its  occupation  is  gone,  and  it  is  left  now 
with  nothing  to  do  but  mourn  over  its  former  greatness.  There 
are  but  few  houses  here,  and  these  but  sorry  looking  affairs. 

Sillley»  fourteen  miles  below  Owen's  Landing,  is  a  fine, 
thriving  village,  situated  in  Jackson  county,  Mis^^ouri.  It  occu- 
pies the  former  site  of  Fort  Osage,  a  military  station  abandoned 
some  years  a^o.  It  contains  2  churches,  about  a  do^eu  stores, 
and  300  inhabitants. 

Csimdcn,  twelve  miles  below  Sibley,  in  Ray  county,  Mis- 
souri, is  a  pleasant  little  town,  containing  about  the  same  popu- 
lation as  Sibley. 

liVellilll^tOll,  five  miles  below  Camden,  in  Lafayette 
county,  is  a  small  village,  containing  less  than  a  dozen  houses. 

IjCXingtOII«  county  seat  of  Lafayette  county,  is  situated 
six  miles  below  Wellington.  It  is  a  fine,  thriving  town,  having 
the  highest  location  of  any  town  on  the  river,  being  about  300 
feet  above  high  water  mark.  Th--  first  house  built  here  was  in 
the  year  1839;  and  it  now  contains  a  court-house,  jail  and  county 
offices,  7  churches,  viz  :  1  Methodist,  1  Baptist,  1  Presbyterian,  1 
Cumberland  Presbyterian,  1  Episcopal,  and  1  Campbellite  Baptist, 
or  Disciples,  a  f c  '  seminary,  a  masonic  college,  a  large  num- 
ber of  stores,  ai.  population  of  3,000.  Stages  leave  three 
times  a  week  for  Jetferson  city,  St.  Louis,  and  Independence. 

liWalcOIidai,  twenty-five  miles  below  Lexington,  in  Carroll 
county,  is  a  small,  but  rapidly  growing  town.  It  contains  now 
about  200  inhabitants ;  but  will  no  doubt  double  that  before 
another  year. 

"Waverly,  three  miles  below  Walconda,  in  Saline  county, 
is  a  fine,  flourishing  village.  It  contains  two  or  three  churches, 
several  stores,  and  a  population  of  400. 

Orand  River,  rises  in  Madison  county,  Iowa,  and  flows 
in  a  southwest  direction  for, a  distance  of  two  hundred  and  forty 
miles,  and  empties  into  the  Missouri  eighteen  miles  below  Wa- 
verly,  forming  the  boundary  line  between  Carroll  and  Chariton 
counties.     It  is  navigated  by  boats  about  100  miles. 

Brunswick)  two  miles  below  the  mouth  of  Grand  river, 
in  Chariton  county,  is  a  fine,  enterprising  town.  It  is  situated 
on  a  beautiful  level  prairie,  and  contains  several  churches,  Baptist, 
Methodist,  Presbyterian,  &c.,  a  large  number  of  stores,  and  about 
1,000  inhabitants. 


[1,  was,  in 
,  like  its 
left  now 
».  There 
fairs. 

is  a  fine, 

It  oecu- 

ibandoned 

eu  stores, 

nty,  Mis- 
,me  popu- 

Lafayette 
houses. 

s  situated 
n,  having 
about  300 
ere  was  in 
nd  county 
)yterian,  1 
ite  Baptist, 
irge  num- 
iave  three 
idence. 

in  Carroll 
itains  now 
hat  before 

ae  county, 
I  churches, 

and  flows 

and  forty 

below  Wa- 

d  Chariton 

rand  river, 

is  situated 

les,  Baptist, 

1,  and  about 


ROUTE   OF    THE   MISSOURI   RIVER. 


185 


Old  Jefferson,  twenty-eight  miles  below  Brunswick,  in 
Saline  county,  is  a  small,  dilapidated  village,  containing  about  40 
inhabitants.  There  was  formerly  a  place  by  this  name  a  short 
distance  down  the  river,  opposite  Glasgow;  but  the  remorseless 
river  swept  it  off,  and  the  inhabitants  were  compelled  to  seek  for 
other  lodgings. 

Chariton  River,  rises  in  Lucas  county,  Iowa,  and  after 
a  course  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles,  in  a  southerly  direction, 
empties  into  the  Missouri  nearly  opposite  Old  Jefferson.  It  is  not 
navigable  for  more  than  thirty  or  forty  miles. 

Olasg^OW,  three  miles  below  Old  Jefferson,  in  Howard 
county,  is  a  place  of  some  note,  and  is  rapidly  improving.  It 
contains  1  Methodist,  1  Presbyterian,  and  1  Campbellite  church, 
a  female  seminary,  a  large  number  of  stores  of  various  kinds,  and 
a  population  of  1,800.  Stages  leave  daily  for  St.  Louis,  Fort 
Leavenworth,  and  intermediate  points;  and  three  times  a  week 
for  Hannibal. 

Arrow  Rock,  nine  mifes  below  Glasgow,  in  Saline  county, 
is  a  handsomely  situated  village,  standing  about  one  hundred  and 
fifty  feet  above  the  river.  It  derives  its  name  from  the  fact  that 
the  Indians  used  pieces  of  the  rock  found  here,  for  the  purpose 
of  making  heads  for  their  arrows.  This  place,  though  generally 
healthy,  suffered  severely  from  cholera,  in  1849.  Its  population 
is  about  300. 

I^a  Mine  River,  rises  in  Lafayette  and  Johnson  coun- 
ties, Missouri,  and  empties  into  the  Missouri,  ten  miles  below 
Arrow  Rock.  It  is  navigable  for  about  thirty  miles.  The  water 
of  this  river  is  remarkably  clear,  and  almost  transparent. 

Booneville,  three  miles  below  the  mouth  of  La  Mine  river, 
is  the  county  seat  of  Cooper  county.  It  is  situated  on  a  bluff, 
elevated  about  one  hundred  feet  above  high  water  mark,  and 
received  its  name  in  honor  of  the  celebrated  Colonel  Daniel 
Boone.  It  contains  a  handsome  court-house,  1  Presbyterian,  1 
Baptist,  and  1  Methodist  church,  2  academies,  20  or  30  stores,  and 
a  population  of  1,200.  Stages  leave  three  times  a  week  for 
Columbia,  Jefferson  City,  and  Independence, 

Note* 
Franklin,  opposite  Booneville,  is  a  small  place,  located  about  three 
miles  from  the  river  bank.    It  formerly  stood  on  the  river ;  but,  like  many 
of  its  neighbors,  was  driven  back  by  the  merciless  waters.    Population,  200. 

Rockport,  fifteen  miles  below  Booneville,  in  Boone  county, 
is  a  thriving  town  of  about  500  inhabitants. 


\' 


M 


186 


ROUTE    OF    THE    MISSOURI    RIVER. 


Provld.eilce,  twelve  miles  below  Rockport,  in  the  same 
county,  was  built  after  the  flood  in  1844,  for  the  convenience  of 
Columbia,  situated  a  few  miles  in  the  interior.  Providence  con- 
tains only  about  fifteen  houses,  and  will  never  be  likely  to  contain 
many  more,  as  there  is  no  place  for  much  of  a  town  at  this  point. 

Note. 

Columbia^  situated  about  ten  miles  from  tbo  banks  of  tbo  Missouri,  is 
the  county  seat  of  fioone  county,  and  contains  a  court-house,  several  churches, 
and  about  1,000  inhabitants.  It  is  the  scat  of  the  Missouri  University, 
founded  in  1840.  The  university  has  a  president,  three  professors  and  sixty 
students.    Stages  leave  daily  for  St.  Louis  and  other  points. 

Na^Shville,  one  mile  below  Providence,  in  the  same  county, 
is  a  small  village,  destined  ere  long  to  become  immeasurably 
smaller.  The  river  is  fast  washing  it  away,  and  the  inhabitants 
are  availing  themselves  of  every  possible  opportunity  to  make 
themselves  scarce.     It  numbers  novv  about  100  inhabitants. 

IHariOIly  situated  in  Cole  county,  fifteen  miles  below  Nash- 
ville, is  a  small  town  containing  about  500  inhabitants.  It  was 
formerly  the  county  seat,  but  that  has  been  removed  to  Jefferson 
City. 

Iliberilia.9  fifteen  miles  below  Marion,  in  Callaway  county, 
is  a  pleasant  little  village,  containing  a  population  of  about  100. 

XetlerSOIl  City,  county  seat  of  Cole  county,  and  capital  of 
the  state  of  Missouri,  is  situated  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Missouri 
river,  five  miles  below  Hibernia.  It  contains  a  state-house, 
situated  on  a  high  and  beautiful  hill  called  Capitol  hill,  the  gov- 
ernor's house,  state  penitentiary,  a  court-house  of  brick,  1  Baptist, 
1  Methodist,  1  Presbyterian,  1  Episcopal,  and  1  Catholic  church, 
1  grist  mill,  1  rope  manufactory,  a  large  number  of  stores  of 
various  kinds,  and  a  population  of  1,500.  Stages  leave  daily  for 
St.  Louis  ;  three  times  a  week  for  Independence,  Lexington, 
Booneville,  ^c. 

Osag'e  River,  rises  in  the  Indian  territory,  and  after  a 
meandering  course  of  several  hundred  miles,  empties  into  the 
Missouri  nine  miles  below  Jefferson  City.  It  is  397  yards  wide 
at  the  mouth,  and  is  navigable  for  steamboats  about  200  miles. 
Tbe  land  bordering  on  this  river  is  exceedingly  fertile,  and  yields 
abundant  crops  of  all  the  products  of  the  West. 

Portland,  twenty-one  miles  below  Jefferson  City,  in  Calla- 
way county,  is  rather  a  miserable  looking  apology  for  a  town.  The 
houses  are  mostly  built  of  logs,  in  the  real  backwoods  fashion. 
Population  about  300. 


11; 


B 


the  same 
lience  of 
ince  con- 
o  contain 
lis  point. 


lissouri,  is 

churches, 

Jniversity, 

i  and  sixty 

e  county, 
easurably 
(habitants 
to  make 
nts. 

ow  Nash- 

i.     It  was 

Jefferson 

y  county, 
ibout  100. 

capital  of 
Q  Missouri 
[ite-house, 
,  the  gov- 

1  Baptist, 
ic  church, 

stores  of 
)  daily  for 
jexington, 

id  after  a 
5  into  the 
^ards  wide 
200  miles. 
and  yields 

',  in.  Calla- 
)wii.  The 
Is  fashion. 


Oaf§M!Onade  River,  rises  in  Wright  county,  Missouri, 
and  taking  its  couise  in  a  northerly  direction  for  a  distance  of 
200  miles,  empties  in'o  the  Missouri  ten  miles  below  Portland. 
It  is  not  navigable  io  any  extent,  but  affords  a  vast  amount  of 
water  power  to  the  numerous  mill  seats  along  its  banks. 

Ilermail,  county  seat  of  Gasconade  county,  is  situated  five 
miles  below  the  mouth  of  Gusconaile  river.  It  is  a  beautifully 
located  town,  and  contains  a  court-house,  several  churches  and  a 
population  of  500. 

Piiickney^  twenty-two  miles  below  Herman,  in  Warren 
county,  is  a  small  and  unimportant  village,  containing  about  100 
inhabitants. 

OriSWOld,  opposite  Pinckney,  in  Franklin  county,  is  a  small 
village,  of  about  the  same  dimensions  as  that  place. 

liWashing^ton,  eight  miles  below  Griswold,  in  the  same 
county,  is  a  fine  little  village,  containing  200  inhabitants. 

St.  Charles,  forty-six  miles  below  Washington,  and  twenty- 
two  from  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri,  is  the  county  seat  of  St. 
Charles  county,  and  is  one  of  the  most  important  towns  in  the 
state.  It  is  handsomely  situated,  and  has  an  excellent  appearance 
from  the  river.  The  country  around,  is  remarkably  fertile,  and 
is  also  very  healthy.  St.  Charles  College  founded  in  1839,  is 
located  at  this  place.  It  has  a  president,  3  professors,  and  120 
students.  St.  Charles  also  contains  a  court-house,  market  house, 
2  Presbyterian,  2  Methodist,  1  Lutheran,  and  2  Catholic  churches, 
a  nunnery,  and  a  population  of  3,000.  The  river  here  is  over  a 
mile  wide,  across  which  a  ferry  plies  every  few  minutes.  Stages 
leave  daily  for  St.  Louis,  Jefferson  City,  and  intermediate  points; 
and  three  times  a  week  for  Burlington,  Iowa, 


ROUTE  OF  THE  ILLINOIS  RIVER, 

And  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal. 

The  Illinois  River,  is  the  most  important  river  within 
the  state.  It  is  navigable  as  far  as  Peru,  which  is  connected  to 
Lake  Michigan  by  a  canal.  The  navigation  of  this  river  has  been 
rendered  permanent,  within  the  last  few  years,  and  it  has  already 
been  the  means  of  throwing  a  large  amount  of  trade  and  travel  into 
the  state,  that  otherwise  would  have  taken  different  channels. 
These  improvements  have  cost  the  state  near  $10,000,000.  (For 
a  more  complete  description  of  this  river,  see  page  24.) 


h  ..'n 


'f        i 


The  following  is  a  table  of  distances  on  the  Illinois  river  from  the  mouth  to 
Peru,  and  from  thence  by  the  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal  to  Chicago. 


Montezuma, 25 

Augusta, 5  30 

Naples, 10  40 

Meredosia, 8  48 

Beardstown, 16  64 

Havana, 33  97 

Pekin, 31  128 

Peoria, * 9  137 

Chillicothe, .-... 15  152 

Lacon, 13  165 

Henry, 5  170 

Hennepin, 12  182 

Peeu, ' 15  197 


Sy  lUinois  and  Michigan  Canal. 

LaSalle, 2  199 

Utica, 4  203 

Ottowa, 9  212 

Marseilles, 8  220 

Clarkson, 12  232 

Morriss, i> . . . .    4  236 

Dresden, 9  245 

Joliet, 

Lockport, 

Des  Plaines, 10 

Suinmit, 10  285 

Bridgeport, 8  293 

Chicago. 4  297 


14    259 
6    265 
275 


IfEollteziiniay  situated  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Illinois, 
twenty-five  miles  from  its  mouth,  in  Pike  county,  is  a  small  and 
unimportant  village  containing  twenty  or  thirty  houses. 

Aug^llSta,  is  a  small  village,  situated  five  miles  above  Monte- 
zuma, and  is  about  the  same  size. 

Naples,  ten  miles  above  Augusta,  in  Scott  county,  on  the 
east  bank  of  the  river,  is  a  pleasant  and  thriving  town.  It 
contains  one  or  two  churches,  3  steam  mills,  several  stores,  and  a 
population  of  500. 

Meredosia^  eight  miles  above  Naples,  in  Morgan  county, 
is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Illinois,  on  a  fine 
elevation.  It  contains  2  steam  mills,  a  number  of  stores,  and  a 
population  of  300.  There  is  a  railroad  from  this  place  to  Spring- 
field, the  capital  of  the  state.     Cars  arrive  and  depart  daily. 

BearclStOMrii,  sixteen  miles  above  Meredosia,  on  the  east 
bank  of  the  river,  in  Cass  county,  is  a  fine  thriving  village, 
containing  I  Methodist,  and  1  Episcopal  church,  20  stores,  and 
about  400  inhabitants. 

Havana,  thirty-three  miles  above  Beardstown,  opposite 
the  mouth  of  Spoon  river,  in  Mason  county,  was  formerly  the 
county  seat  of  that  county,  an  honor  lately  conferred  on  Bath,  a 
town  about  ten  miles  from  the  river.  Havana  is  finely  situated 
on  a  high  sandy  ridge,  fifty  feet  above  the  highest  floods  of  the 
river,  and  contains  a  population  of  about  400. 


he  mouth  to 
icago. 

xn  Caned. 

2  199 

4  203 

9  212 

....    8  220 

12  232 

4  236 

9  245 

. ...  14  259 

...     6  265 

10  275 

10  285 

8  293 

....    4  297 


he  Illinois, 
i  small  and 

38. 

ove  Monte- 

nty,  on  the 
town.     It 
tores,  and  a 

an  county, 
3,  on  a  fine 
tores,  and  a 
to  Spring- 
daily. 

on  the  east 
ing  village, 
)  stores,  and 

rn,  opposite 
'ormerly  the 
1  on  Bath,  a 
lely  situated 
ioods  of  the 


ROUTE   OF    THE    ILLINOIS    RIVER. 


183 


Pekill,  thirty-one  miles  above  Havana,  in  Tazewell  county, 
is  a  fine  flourishing  town,  containing  an  academy,  1  Methodist, 

1  Unitarian,  and  1  Presbyterian  church,  1  newspaper  printing 
office,  1  steam  flour  mill,  1  steam  saw  mill,  more  than  20  stores, 
and  several  forwarding  and  commission  houses,  and  a  population 
of  1,000. 

Peoria^9  county  seat  of  Peoria,  county,  is  handsomely 
situated  nine  miles  above  Pekin,  at  the  southern  terminus  of 
Peoria  Lake.  The  town  lays  on  two  tables  of  land,  the  first  being 
about  twelve  feet  above  the  water's  edge,  and  the  second  some  half- 
dozen  feet  higher,  and  extending  back  some  distance  to  the  bluffs, 
in  the  rear  of  the  town,  which  rise  100  feet  above  the  general 
level.  It  contains  a  court-house,  jail,  academy,  1  Unitarian,  1 
Methodist,  1  Baptist,  1  Episcopal,  and  2  Presbyterian  churches, 

2  newspaper  printing  offices,  2  steam  saw  mills,  5  schools,  30 
stores,  and  a  population  of  2,000.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Chicago, 
Springfield,  and  St.  Louis;  three  times  a  week  for  Galena,  and 
Burlington,  Iowa,  Madison,  Wisconsin,  and  Indianapolis,  Indiana. 
Steamboats  arrive  and  depart  daily. 

Peoria  Lake,  is  an  expansion  of  the  Illinois  river,  com- 
mencing at  the  town  of  Peoria,  and  extending  in  a  northerly 
direction  for  a  distance  of  twenty  miles.  It  has  very  little  current, 
and  the  water  is  beautifully  clear  and  transparent,  so  much  so, 
that  the  fish,  of  which  there  is  a  great  abundance,  can  be  distinctly 
seen  swimming  about,  and  performing  their  various  evolutions, 
far  beneath  the  surface. 

CllilliCOtllC)  is  a  small  village,  situated  15  miles  above  Peoriai 
in  the  same  county,  at  the  head  of  Peoria  Lake.    Population,  100. 

Ijacon,  county  seat  of  Marshall  county,  is  situated  thirteen 
miles  above  Chillicothe,  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Illinois.  It  is  a 
small  village  of  about  200  inhabitants. 

Henry,  is  a  small  place,  five  miles  above  Lacon,  containing 
less  than  100  inhabitants. 

Hennepin,  county  seat  of  Putnam  county,  is  situated 
twelve  miles  above  Henry,  in  the  Great  Bend  of  the  Illinois  river. 
The  location  is  a  beautiful  one,  being  elevated  by  a  gradual  and 
gentle  ascent,  to  a  bight  of  about  twenty  or  thirty  feet  above 
the  river.  This  town  was  named  in  honor  of  Louis  Hennepin,  a 
Franciscan  friar,  and  one  of  the  early  explorers  of  the  North-west. 
It  contains  a  court-house,  jail,  Methodist  and  Presbyterian 
churches,  20  stores,  and  about  600  inhabitants. 

Peru,  La  Salle  county,  fifteen  miles  above  Hennepin,  is  a 
small  village,  situated  at  the  head  of  steamboat  navigation  on  the 


I 


1  If-  i 


'.  .ll 


^  ■ 


\  ' 

l.i  ; 

,  -r-i  ■  I 

••i    I 

.4    r 

I  ,1 


Illinois,  and  the  commencement  of  the  Illinois  and  Michigan 
canal.     It  has  a  population  of  about  300. 

Tlie  Illinois  and  Mictiigra^n  Canal.  — This  impor- 
tant work,  by  which  the  great  lakes  on  the  north,  are  brought  in 
connection  with  the  western  rivers  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and 
by  which  a  great  portion  of  the  United  States  is  rendered  a  vast 
island,  was  commenced  in  the  year  1836,  and  finished  in  the  year 
1848.  Its  length  is  one  hundred  miles,  is  sixty  feet  wide  at  top, 
and  thirty-six  at  bottom,  and  is  six  feet  deep.  There  are  17  locks, 
each  110  feet  long,  and  18  feet  wide,  being  large  enough  for 
vessels  of  120  tons  burden.  The  entire  cost  of  this  work  was 
$  6,600,000. 

I^a  Salle^  two  miles  from  Peru,  in  the  same  county,  on  the 
Illinois  and  Michigan  canal,  is  a  small  village,  named  in  honor  of 
the  celebrated  Frenchman,  M.  De  la  Salle.  It  is  a  village  of 
little  commercial  importance,  containing  a  population  of  200. 

Utica,  four  miles  from  La  Salle,  in  the  same  county,  has 
about  the  same  population. 

OttOWa,  county  seat  of  La  Salle  county,  is  situated  nine 
miles  from  Utica,  on  the  Illinois  and  Michigan  canal,  and  on  both 
sides  of  the  Illinois  river.  It  was  laid  out  in  the  year  1830,  and 
now  contains  a  court-house,  several  churches,  20  stores,  and  a 
population  of  600.    Stages  leave  daily  for  Springfield  and  Chicago. 

IVIarseilleSf  eight  miles  from  Ottawa,  in  the  same  county,  is 
a  thriving  town,  and  on  account  of  its  facilities  for  manufacturing, 
is  a  place  of  considerable  importance.  The  Grand  Rapids  of  the 
Illinois  at  this  place,  affords  an  immense  water  power.  There 
are  a  number  of  mills  of  various  kinds,  and  a  population  of  300. 

Clarkson,  is  a  small  village,  twelve  miles  from  Marseilles, 
Grundy  county.     Population,  100. 

TUEorriSS,  county  seat  of  Grundy  county,  situated  four  miles 
from  Clarkson,  is  a  small  village  of  no  particular  importance, 
save  that  of  being  the  place  where  the  legal  talent  of  the  county 
assembles.     Its  population  is  about  200. 

Dresden,  nine  miles  from  Morriss,  situated  on  the  Illinois 
and  Michigan  canal,  and  at  the  junction  of  Kankakee  and  Des 
Plaines  rivers,  which  form  the  Illinois  proper,  is  a  small  village, 
containing  about  250  inhabitants. 

Joiiety  county  seat  of  Will  county,  is  situated  fourteen  miles 
from  Dresden.  It  is  a  small  village,  containing  a  court-house,  a 
few  stores,  and  a  population  of  about  300. 


\L. 


Vlichigan 


is  impor- 
rought  in 
xico,  and 
red  a  vast 
I  ttie  year 
de  at  top, 
17  locks, 
10 ugh  for 
work  was 

y,  on  the 
I  honor  of 
village  of 
»f  200. 

unty,  has 

lated  nine 
id  on  both 
1830,  and 
res,  and  a 
d  Chicago. 

county,  is 
ifacturing, 
)ids  of  the 
ir.  There 
an  of  300. 

Marseilles, 

four  miles 
nportance, 
the  county 


the  Illinois 
(6  and  Des 
lall  village, 

rteen  miles 
rt-house,  a 


liOCkporCy  six  miles  from  Joliet,  in  the  same  county,  is  a 
town  of  superior  advantages  for  manufacturing  purposes.  The 
canal  here  has  two  locks,  and  the  Des  Plaines  river  has  a  fall  of 
fifteen  feet.  These  advantages  will  no  doubt  render  the  advance- 
ment of  this  place  rapid  and  steady.  The  town  is  smallj  and 
contains  only  about  200  inhabitants. 

I>es  Pla,ines,  is  a  small  village  in  Cook  county,  ten  miles 
from  Lockport.     Population,  600. 

Summit,  situated  at  the  *'  Point  of  Oaks,"  in  Cook  county, 
ten  miles  from  Des  Plaines,  is  a  small  place,  containing  twenty  or 
thirty  houses.     Population,  80. 

Bridg^eport,  is  a  small  village,  eight  miles  from  Summit, 
in  the  same  county.     Population,  50. 

Clticag^O,  the  largest  and  most  important  commercial  place 
in  Illinois,  is  situated  at  the  north*eastern  termination  of  the  Illi- 
nois and  Michigan  canal,  on  both  sides  of  the  Chicago  river,  and 
on  the  borders  of  the  southern  shore  of  lake  Michigan.  It  was 
settled  about  the  year  1830,  and  has  increased  with  a  rapidity 
almost  without  a  parallel  in  the  history  of  our  country.  The 
situation  for  trade  is  remarkably  good,  being  at  the  point  where 
the  great  Mississippi  valley  is  united  to  the  chain  of  lakes  on  our 
northern  frontier,  bringing  the  East,  South  and  West  into  direct 
communication  with  each  other.  The  first  vessel  that  left  this 
port,  was  a  small  schooner  loaded  with  wheat,  in  1839  ;  now  the 
arrivals  and  departures  of  various  kinds  of  vessels  number  about 
4,000,  making  an  aggregate  of  50,000  tons  of  shipping.  The 
principal  articles  of  export  are  wheat,  flour,  beef,  pork,  wool, 
hides,  and  leather.  The  lumber  business  is  carried  on  here  proba- 
bly to  a  greater  extent  than  any  other.  There  are  about  40 
dealers  in  this  article,  and  the  amount  brought  into  market  last 
year  probably  reachd  70,000,000  feet. 

Chicago  is  situated  on  a  level  plat  of  prairie  land,  rising  suffi- 
ciently high  to  escape  the  highest  floods.  It  is  handsomely  laid 
out,  and  has  an  arti^cial  harbor,  built  at  considerable  cost,  by  the 
construction  of  piers,  which  extend  for  some  distance  out  into 
the  lake,  and  prevent  the  sand  from  accumulating  in  sufficient 
quantities  to  obstruct  the  entrance  to  the  harbor.  Chicago  is  the 
county  seat  of  Cook  county,  and  contains,  besides  the  usual  county 
buildings,  a  number  of  fine  hotels,  among  which  are  the  Tremont 
House,  Mansion  House,  Lake  House,  Sherman  House,  and  others, 
twelve  or  fifteen  churches,  many  of  them  handsome  structures, 
works  for  supplying  the  city  with  water,  a  large  number  of 
wholesale  and  retail  stores  of  all  kinds,  and  a  population  of  28,000. 
Cars  leave  daily  on  the  Chicago  and  Galenir.  railroad ;  steamers 


ivlaM^MMUf 


[  ! 


'hi'lii 


m 


I  ■ 


i 


J      > 


h 


MMirtlMKWMHM 


III    wiiiii  ^Uii^MtjMiawiBa^iiMt— 


192 


ROUTES    FROM    CHICAGO* 


and  pail  vessels  arrive  and  depart  daily  for  Buffalo  and  all  inter- 
mediate points  on  the  Lakes :  stagos  leave  daily  for  St.  Louis, 
;  Galena,  Milwaukee,  and  Detroit. 


BOTJTES  FROM  CHICAGO. 

From  Chicago  to  Buffalo. 

To  Southport,  Wisconsin,  (by  steamboat,)  57  miles  ;  to  Mil- 
vvaukie,  38  milei ;  to  Manltou  1t1  imiji  IjO  '"ifes J  to  Mackinaw, 
Michigan,  105  miles  ;  to  Thunder  Buy  Isla'hn,  14i/niilt'!s  ;  to  Tort 
Gratiot,  150  miles  ;  to  Detroit,  70  miles  ;  to  Sandusky,  Ohio,  80 
miles;  to  Huron,  10  miles  ;  to  Black  river,  20  mil^&,.;.jtoCleve- 
lan.i,  25  miles  ;  to  Grand  river,  30  miles  ;  to  AshtalTula,  30  miles  ; 
to  Conneaiit,  14  miles  ;  to  Erie,  Pennsylvania,  30  miles  ;  to  Port- 
land, New  York,  10  miles  ;  to  Dunkirk,  16  miles  ;  to  Buffalo,  45 
m'les  :  whole  distance  from  Chicago  to  Buffalo,  1,045  miles. 

From  Chicago  to  Su  Louis ^ 

To  Summit,  (by  stage,)  13  miles  ;  to  Des  Pluines,  10  miles ;  to 
Lockport,  8  miles  ;  to  Joliet,  5  miles  ;  to  Au  Sable,  13  miles  ;  to 
Lisbon,  9  miles  ;  to  Ottawa,  21  miles  ;  to  La  Sullc,  15  miles  ;  to 
Hennepin,  16  miles;  to  Lacon,  17  miles;  to  Chillicothe,  13  miles; 
to  Rome,  3  mHes  ;  to  Peoria,  15  milcv-?  ;  to  Pekin,  8  miles  ;  to 
Tremont,  5  miles  ;  to  Dillon,  4  miles  ;  to  Delevan,  8  miles  ;  to 
Middletown,  25  miles  ;  to  Springfield,  20  miles  ;  to  Auburn,  15 
miles;  to  Carlinville,  24  miles;  to  Lincoln,  '2)  miles;  to  Pad- 
dock's Grove,  8  miles  ;  to  Edwardsville,  7  miles  ;  to  St.  Louis,  21 
miles  :  whole  distance  from  Chicago  to  St.  Locis,  327  miles. 
Time,  55  hours  ;  fare,  $16. 

From  Chicago  to  Galena, 

To  Cazenovia,  11  miles;  to  Bloomingdale,  12  miles;  to  Elgin, 
12  miles ;  to  Hampshire,  14  miles  ;  to  Marengo,  10  miles  ;  to 
Belvidere,  12  miles  ;  to  Cleveland,  7  miles  ;  to  Rockford,  7  miles  ; 
to  Vanceburg,  12  miles;  to  Freeport,  15  miles;  to  Burr  Oak 
Grove,  13  miles  ;  to  Elizabeth,  18  miles  ;  to  Galena,  15  miles : 
whole  distance  from  Chicago  to  Galena,  158  miles.  Time,  30 
hours  ;  fare,  $7  50. 

From  Chicago  to  MilwaukiCf  Wisconsin. 

To  Dutchman's  Point,  (by  stage,)  12  miles ;  to  Wheeling,  4 
miles  ;  to  Half  Day,  5  miles  ;  to  Libertyville,  7  miles  ;  to  Abing- 
ton,  4  miles ;  to  Little  Fort,  5  miles ;  to  Otsego,  4  miles ;  to 


daiUiMIIaKatllMHM 


all  iuter- 
>t.  Louis, 


;  to  Mil- 
lackinaw^ 
';  to  I'ort 
,  Ohio,  80 
to  Cleve- 
30  miles  ; 
;  to  Port- 
kiffalo,  45 
miles. 


)  miles ; 
miles  ; 


to 
to 


miles  ;  to 
13  miles; 
miles  ;  to 
miles  ;  to 
uburn,  15 
;  to  Pad- 
Louis,  21 
327  miles. 


to  Elgin> 

miles ;  to 

d,  7  miles ; 

Burr  Oak 

15  miles : 

Time,  30 


Wheeling,  4 
to  Abing- 
:  miles ;  to 


ROUTE  OF  THE  GREAT  LAKES. 


193 


Southport,  Wisconsin,  14  miles  ;  to  Racine,  11  miles  ;  to  Oak 
creek,  15  miles;  to  Milwaukie,  10  miles :  whole  distance  from 
Chicago  to  Milwaukie,  91  miles.     Time,  15  hours  ;  fore,  $4  50. 

From  Chicago  to  Detroit, 

To  Calumet,  12  miles;  to  City  West,  Indiana,  24  miles;  to 
Michigan  City,  17  miles  j  to  La  Porte,  12  miles  ;  to  Hudson,  13 
miles  i  to  Niles,  19  miles  ;  to  Edwardsburg,  10  miles  ;  to  Union, 
12  miies  ;  to  Mottsville,  6  miles ;  to  Sherman,  19  miles  ;  to  Free- 
dom, 4  miles  ;  to  Brown's  Prairie,  10  miles ;  to  Batavia,  4  miles  ; 
to  Coldwater,  7  miles  ;  to  Quincy,  6  miles  ;  to  Moscow,  16  miles  ; 
to  Woodstock,  15  miles  ;  to  Cambridge,  7  miles  ;  to  Iron  creek, 
9  miles  ;  to  Clinton,  5  miles  ;  to  Benton,  7  miles  ;  to  Saline,  5 
miies ;  to  Pittsfield,  5  miles  ;  to  Ypsilanti,  6  miles  ;  to  South 
Plymouth,  (by  Central  railroad,)  7  miles ;  to  South  Nankin,  8 
miles  ;  to  Dearbon,  5  miles  ;  to  Detroit,  10  miles :  whole  distance 
from  Chicago  to  Detroit,  280  miles.    Time,  40  hours ;  fare,  $14. 


HOUIE  OF  THE  GREAT  LAKES, 

l<ake  Midligfan*  —  This  lake  is  the  largest  lake  that  lies 
wholly  in  the  United  States.  It  is  340  miles  long,  and  generally 
about  60  miles  broad.  The  waters  are  deep  enough  to  float  the 
largest  class  vessels,  and  abound  with  almost  every  species  of  fresh 
water  fish.  The  line  of  coast  is  generally  quite  uniform  and  but 
little  indented  with  bays  and  inlets.  The  principal  bays  are  Green 
bay,  and  Great  and  Little  Traverse  bays,  situated  in  the  north. 
Tliere  are  a  few  islands  in  the  northern  part,  but  none  in  the 
southern  of  any  consequence. 

Micbig^ail  City,  is  situated  in  La  Porte  county,  Indiana, 
and  is  the  only  harbor  in  the  state.  It  was  laid  out  in  1831,  and 
it  was  thought  for  a  long  time  that  it  would  become  a  large 
commercial  city.  This  would  no  doubt  have  been  the  case,  had  the 
improvp'^'ent  of  the  harbor  been  completed,  as  was  contemplated. 
The  expense  of  improving  the  harbor  would  be  very  trifling  in 
comparison  to  the  advantage  the  city  would  derive  from  it.  \es- 
sels  are  now  compelled  to  load  and  unload  by  means  of  lighters, 
and  this  can  be  done  only  in  pleasant  weather.  As  long  as  this 
state  of  things  lasts,  we  cannot  expect  much  commercial  pros- 
perity. The  advantageous  position  of  this  town,  it  is  to  be  hoped, 
will  ere  long  direct  the  attention  of  the  citizens  to  the  fact,  that 
money  spent  in  public  improvements,  will  always  enhance 
individual  interests. 


13 


f 


t  •> 


m 


I . ' 


4  I 


'  f.   I 


194 


ROUTE  OF  THE  GREAT  LAKES. 


Michigan  City  now  contains  a  bank,  printing  office,  20  stores, 
and  a  population  of  1,090. 

New  Buffalo  is  situated  about  opposite  Chicago,  on  Lake 
Michigan,  in  Berrien  county,  Michigan.  It  is  a  place  of  con- 
siderable importance,  and  is  rapidly  growing.  From  its  advan- 
tageous position,  it  will  doubtless  become  quite  a  large  town.  It 
is  at  present,  the  western  termination  of  the  Michigan  Central 
railroad.  Steamboats  arrive  and  depart  daily  for  Chicago,  St. 
Joseph,  &c. ;  cars  leave  daily  for  Detroit  and  intermediate  points. 

St*  Josepll*  twenty  miles  north  of  New  Buffalo,  in  the  same 
county,  at  the  mouth  of  St.  Joseph's  river,  is  the  most  important 
town  in  the  western  part  of  Michigan.  It  is  contemplated  to 
bring  the  Michigan  Central  railroad  to  this  point.  The  town  has 
an  excellent  harbor,  much  improved  somo  years  ago,  by  an  appro- 
priation from  the  state.  The  trade  is  increasing  rapidly  every 
year,  and  there  are  now  several  steamboats  owned  at  this  place. 
Steamboats  arrive  and  depart  daily  from  the  wharf ;  stages  leave 
daily  for  Detroit. 

MilH^ailkie,  county  seat  of  Milwaukie  county,  Wiscon- 
sin, is  situated  ninety-five  miles  north  of  Chicago,  on  Lake 
Michigan.  It  was  first  settled  in  the  year  1834,  and  has  increased 
with  a  rapidity  truly  astonishing.  It  lies  on  both  sides  of  the 
Milwaukie  river,  a  strecm  affording  an  abundant  supply  of  water 
power  for  all  kinds  of  manufacturing  purposes.  The  facilities 
for  trade  are  excellent,  and  the  country  around  is  exceedingly 
fertile.  In  1834,  Milwaukie  contained  two  log  huts  ;  in  1840,  it 
contained  a  population  of  1,800,  and  now  will  number  20,000. 
Steamboats  arrive  and  depart  daily  for  Chicago,  Buffalo,  and 
intermediate  points.     Stages  leave  daily  for  Chicago  and  Galena. 

OrailCl  Haven,  county  seat  of  Ottawa  county,  Michigan, 
is  situated  opposite  Milwaukie,  on  the  east  side  of  Lake  Michigan, 
at  the  mouth  of  Grand  river.  It  is  a  pleasant  little  town,  with  an 
excellent  harbor,  though  as  yet  but  little  trade. 

liWaShingtOIl,  county  seat  of  Washington  county,  Wis- 
consin, is  situated  twenty-five  miles  north  of  Milwaukie.  It  is 
yet  quite  a  small  village,  but  will  no  doubt  some  day  be  a  stirring 
business  place. 

SbebOyg^aUy  county  seat  of  Sheboygan  county,  Wisconsin, 
is  a  small  village,  twenty-four  miles  north  of  Washington. 

]fIaiIlitOll\¥a.C9  county  seat  of  Manitouwac  county,  Wis- 
consin, is  a  small  village  twenty-six  miles  north  of  Sheboygan. 

The  Straits  of  Mackinavr,  connect  Lake  Michigan 
with  Lake  Huron.     The  straits  are  net  more  than  three  miles 


10  stores, 

on  Lake 
I  of  con- 
s  advan- 
own.  It 
I  Central 
cage,  St. 
te  points. 

the  same 
inportant 
plated  to 
town  has 
in  appro - 

11  y  every 
lis  place. 
ges  leave 

Wiscon- 
011  Lake 
increased 
es  of  the 
r  of  water 
I  facilities 
ceedingly 
n  1840,  it 
er  20,000. 
ffalo,  and 
id  Galena. 

Michigan, 
Michigan, 
Li,  with  an 

nty,  Wis- 

kie.     It  is 

a  stirring 

Visconsin, 
ton. 

nty,  Wis- 
sboygan. 

Michigan 
tiree  miles 


wide  at  the  narrowest  place,  but  they  are  sufficiently  deep  to  float 
any  ordinary  craft. 

IfIsickina.1V,  situated  on  an  island  of  the  same  name,  in  the 
straits  of  Mackinaw,  is  a  fine  little  village,  celebrated  for  the 
excellent  quality  of  fish  caught  in  the  vicinity.  It  is  the  county 
seat  of  Michilimackinaw  county,  Michigan,  and  contains  about 
100  inhabitants,  mostly  fishermen.  The  name  is  of  Indian  origin, 
and  was  given  to  the  island  from  its  supposed  resemblance  to  the 
back  of  a  turtle. 

Lake  Superior.  — This  lake,  the  largest  body  of  fresh 
water  in  the  world,  is  400  miles  long,  and  averages  about  130 
wide,  and  covering  an  area  of  32,000,  square  miles,  being  only 
3,800  square  miles  less  than  the  whole  of  Indiana.  Its  absolute 
elevation  is  672  feet,  and  its  bed  is  300  feet  below  the  surface  of 
the  Atlantic,  making  a  mean  depth  of  about  900  feet.  It  is 
surrounded  bv  a  rock  bound  coast,  and  contains  a  number  of 
islands,  many  of  them  being  of  considerable  magnitude.  The 
waters  are  clear  and  transparent,  and  abound  with  fish  of  various 
kinds,  among  which  the  trout  and  white  fish  are  the  most  impor- 
tant ;  these  weigh  from  12  to  50  pounds.  The  navigation  of  this 
lake  has  not  yet  been  carried  on  to  any  extent,  in  consequence 
of  the  rapids  at  St.  Mary's  straits,  or  river  rather,  which  connects 
Luke  Superior  and  Lake  Huron.  There  is,  however,  a  canal  in  I 
contemplation  around  the  falls,  which  will  obviate  the  difficulties 
of  navigation.  There  are  no  important  towns  on  this  lake  ;  but 
the  navigation  being  once  opened,  we  may  look  for  vast  improve- 
ments. Portions  of  the  southern  coast  of  Lake  Superior  abound 
in  extensive  beds  of  copper.  These  mines  are  very  rich,  and  will 
prove  a  source  of  inexhaustible  wealth  to  those  that  work  them. 
There  are  many  fine  harbors  on  the  coast,  and  the  soil  and  timber 
is  generally  of  an  excellent  quality.  This  lake  receives  the  waters 
of  more  than  thirty  rivers.  In  this  vicinity,  there  are  numerous 
beautiful  and  glassy  lakes,  which  abound  in  multitudes  of  excel- 
lent fish. 

Saint  mary'S  Strait,  forms  the  outlet  of  Lake  Superior, 
and  connects  it  with  Lake  Huron.  It  is  10  miles  long,  and  con- 
tains four  large  islands,  and  a  number  of  small  ones.  The  largest 
of  these  are  St.  Joseph,  Sugar,  Sailor's  Encampment,  and  Lime 
Kiln  islands.  The  navigation  of  this  strait  is  exceedingly  difficult 
and  dangerous ;  the  channel  is  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile 
wide,  and  the  current  one  and.  a  half  miles  an  hour.  The  rapids 
are  nearly  a  mile  in  length,  and  have  a  fall  of  23  feet.  The  entire 
fall  of  the  river  from  Lake  Superior  to  Lake  Huron,  is  44  feet 
8  inches. 


f .; 


m 


:t;i 


t-i 


If  1 


196 


ROUTE  OF  THE  GREAT  LAKES. 


Saillt  de  St.  Marie,  county  seat  of  Chippeway  county, 
Michigan,  is  situated  on  the  site  of  an  old  French  fort,  at  the  foot 
of  the  rapids  in  St.  Mary's  strait.  Vessels  come  to  the  foot  of 
the  rapids  and  discharge  their  cargo,  and  then  it  is  transported  by 
means  of  wagons  above  the  fulls,  and  re-shipped.  The  winters  at 
this  place  are  excessively  cold,  and  the  thermometer  often  falls  to 
25  or  30*^  below  zero.  The  town  contains  a  court-house,  jail, 
several  churches.  Baptist,  Methodist,  Presbyterian,  &c.,  2  mis- 
sionary schools  for  Indian  children,  several  stores,  a  trading  house 
of  the  American  Fur  Company,  and  a  population  of  about  1,000. 
The  population  however,  is  very  fluctuating,  sometimes  being 
considerably  more  than  1,000,  and  sometimes  less.  Stages  leave 
during  the  summer,  once  a  week  for  Detroit ;  and  in  the  winter, 
once  a  month. 

Ijake  Huron.  —  This  lake  is  290  miles  long,  and  from  90 
to  180  miles  broad.  Its  altitude  is  30  feet  lower  than  that  of  Lake 
Superior,  and  the  mean  depth  is  about  800  feet.  It  receives  the 
waters  of  Lake  Michigan  and  Lake  Superior,  through  the  straits 
of  Mackinaw  and  St.  Marys,  and  discharges  its  waters  into  Lake 
Erie,  through  an  outlet  called  the  St.  Clair  river,  which,  after  a 
course  of  40  miles,  expands  into  a  lake  of  the  same  name,  24  miles 
in  length,  and  30  in  breadth,  and  again  contracts,  and  enters  Lake 
Erie,  under  the  name  of  the  Detroit  river.  This  lake  has  many 
fine  harbors,  and  some  Virge  bays  ;  Georgian  bay  in  the  north, 
Saginaw  bay  in  the  south-west,  and  Thunder  bay  on  the  west 
coast,  are  the  principal.  There  are  some  large  islands  also  ;  Great 
Manitoulin,  the  largest,  being  80  miles  long.  Thunder  bay  is  said 
to  be  the  focus  of  some  peculiar  electrical  phenomenon,  which 
produces  constant  concussions,  similar  in  sound  to  thunder.  The 
waters  of  this  lake',  like  all  the  others,  are  clear  and  transparent, 
abounding  in  fish.  There  are  but  few  towns  on  the  coast,  and 
they  are  mostly  of  little  commercial  importance,  being  mere 
trading  posts.  The  principal  rivers  which  empty  into  the  lake, 
are  the  Saginaw  and  Sable. 

St.  Clair  Biver,  connects  Lake  Huron  with  Lake  St. 
Clair,  and  discharges  the  waters  of  the  three  great  upper  lakes, 
Superior,  Michigan,  and  Huron.  It  flows  in  a  southerly  direction 
for  the  distance  of  40  miles,  and  enters  Lake  St.  Clair  by  six 
channels,  only  one  of  which  is  navigated  by  vessels  ascending  or 
descending  the  river.  Its  principal  tributaries  are  the  Black, 
Pine  and  Belle  rivers.  The  scenery  along  the  banks  is  very  fine, 
and  flourishing  little  villages  are  springing  up  on  all  sides. 

St.  Clair,  county  seat  of  St.  Clair  county,  Michigan,  is 
situated  at  the  south  side  of  the  mouth  of  Pine  river,  about  IB 


county, 
t  the  foot 
foot  of 
sorted  by 
vinters  at 

n  falls  to 
)use,  jail, 
c,  2  mis- 
Ing  house 
aut  1,000. 
les  being 
iges  leave 
le  winter, 

i  from  90 
at  of  Lake 
ceives  the 
the  straits 
into  Lake 
ch.  after  a 
?,  24  miles 
Iters  Lake 
has  many 
the  north, 
1  the  west 
Iso  ;  Great 
bay  is  said 
ion,  which 
ider.  The 
•ansparent, 
coast,  and 
eing  mere 

0  the  lake, 

1  Lake  St. 
pper  lakes, 
y  direction 
lair  by  six 
scending  or 
the  Black, 
}  very  fine, 
ides. 

ichigan,  is 
r,  about  18 


ROUTE  OF  THE  GREAT  LAKES. 


197 


miles  from  the  head  of  St.  Clair  river.  It  occupies  the  site  of  fort 
St.  Clair,  named  in  honor  of  General  Arthur  St.  Clair,  a  man 
whom  tlie  stern  hand  of  fate  seemed  to  mark,  as  one  that  should 
never  know  prosperity.  The  town  contains  a  court-house,  jail, 
two  or  three  churches,  2  mills,  4  schools,  a  number  of  stores,  and 
a  population  ot  600. 

liQke  St.  Clair,  is  merely  an  expansion  of  St.  Clair  river. 
It  is  24  miles  long,  30  wide,  and  about  20  feet  deep.  Its  banks 
are  alluvial,  and  are  elevated  about  twenty  feet  above  the  surface 
of  the  water.  The  Clinton  river  empties  into  it  from  Michigan 
on  the  west,  and  the  Thames,  and  some  smaller  ones  from  Canada 
on  the  east. 

Detroit  River,  which  unites  Lake  St.  Clair  with  Lake 
Erie,  is  twenty-eight  miles  long,  and  from  three-fourths  to  one 
and  a  half  miles  wide.  It  is  deep  enough  to  float  the  largest 
vessels,  but  the  navigation  is  somewhat  intricate,  owing  to  the 
number  of  small  islands  in  the  western  channel.  The  eastern 
channel,  however,  is  but  little  obstructed,  and  is  consequently 
much  easier  navigated.  The  largest  islands  are  Grasse  and  Fight- 
ing islands,  lying  near  the  mouth  of  the  river.  The  banks  of  this 
river  present  a  striking  similarity  to  what  is  termed  the  Coast  on 
the  lower  Mississippi.  Tiie  country  back  of  the  river  being  low 
and  swampy,  the  farms  do  not  extend  back  but  a  short  distance, 
and  the  banks  appear  to  be  a  continuous  line  of  villages  for  many 
miles  on  both  sides  of  the  river. 

[Detroit,  seat  of  justice  for  Wayne  county,  Michigan,  and 
the  largest  city  in  the  state,  is  situated  on  Detroit  river,  eight 
miles  below  the  outlet  of  Lake  St.  Clair,  and  twenty  above  its 
confluence  with  Lake  Erie.  Tiie  first  settlement  made  here,  was 
by  a  party  of  French  from  Canada,  about  the  year  1683.  It 
however  did  not  become  a  place  of  much  importance,  until  about 
the  year  1810,  when  it  began  to  show  unmistakable  signs  of 
progress.  Its  population  in  1810,  was  770  ;  in  1820,  ],422;  in 
1830,  2,222 ;  in  1840,  9,102 ;  in  1850,  20,000.  The  city  has  a 
beautiful  and  healthy  situation,  on  a  plain  elevated  about  30  feet 
above  high  water  mark.  It  is  handsomely  laid  out,  extending  one 
and  a  half  miles  along  the  river,  and  about  a  mile  back.  There 
are  several  fine  public  squares,  which  add  to  the  looks  of  the  city 
very  much;  one  of  these,  called  Campus  MartiuSf  is  of  considera- 
ble extent  and  very  tastefully  laid  out.  This  city  was  formerly 
the  capital  of  the  state,  and  the  State-house j  now  used  for  a  court- 
house, is  a  fine  brick  building  of  the  Ionic  order  of  architecture, 
90  by  60  feet,  with  6  columns  in  front,  and  pilasters  on  the  sides. 
The  City  Hall  is  a  fine  brick  building,  100  feet  long  by  50  feet 


i«s 


!    .(( 


'^    '• 


:;M 


'■(  ■  I 


\  J 


broad.  The  lower  story  is  occupied  as  a  market-liouse,  and  in  the 
upper  story  there  is  a  spacious  hall,  where  the  city  business  is 
transacted  There  are  several  fine  hotels  in  this  city,  among 
which  the  Mansion  House,  National,  Michigan  Exchange,  Rail- 
road, Commercial,  Steamboat,  and  Temporanco,  rank  as  principal. 
The  city  also  contains  13  churches,  viz  :  3  Methodist,  2  Presby- 
terian, 2  Baptist,  1  Episcopal,  1  German  Lutheran,  2  African,  and 
2  Catholic,  4  banks,  4  markets,  a  theatre,  museum,  government 
magazine,  penitentiary,  mechanics'  iiall,  15  public,  and  a  number 
of  private  schools,  the  Ladies'  Free-school  Society,  and  various 
other  benevolent  and  charitable  institutions  and  societies. 

The  commerce  of  Detroit  is  very  extensive,  and  is  rapidly 
increasing.  The  Michigan  Central  railroad,  extending  from  this 
place  to  New  Buffalo  and  St.  Joseph,  will  add  greatly  to  the  facili- 
ties for  trade,  already  possessed  so  largely  by  this  city.  There  are 
20  commission  and  forwarding  houses,  180  wholesale  and  retail 
stores  of  various  kinds,  6  lumber  yards,  several  founderies,  tan- 
neries, and  potteries,  and  about  half  a  dozen  newspaper  printing 
offices.  Steamboats  arrive  and  depart  daily  for  Buffalo,  Chicago, 
and  intermediate  points.  Cars  leave  daily  for  all  the  principal 
points  on  the  Michigan  Central  railroad  ;  stages  leave  daily  for 
Toledo,  Ohio  ;  and  three  times  a  week  for  Port  Huron,  Howell, 
Lyons  and  Grand  Rapids. 

Note. 

We  cannot  refrain  from  noticing  in  this  connection,  one  of  the  most  disas- 
trous events  that  took  place  during  the  war  of  1812.  —  We  refer  to  the  surren- 
der of  General  Hull.  On  the  6th  of  July,  1812,  General  Hull  arrived  ai 
Detroit,  with  a  force  of  two  thousand  five  hundred  men,  to  open  the  campaign 
on  the  frontier  of  Upper  Canada.  Having  arrived  at  Detroit,  he  proceeded 
to  cross  the  river,  and  take  possession  of  the  town  of  Sandwich.  lie  then 
issued  his  proclamation,  inviting  the  colonists  to  Join  him,  or  remain  neutral. 
Hull's  force  became  much  weakened  by  sickness  and  other  causes,  and  hearing 
that  a  detachment  of  the  enemy  under  General  Brock,  were  marching  against 
him,  he  thought  it  prudent  to  retreat  to  Detroit.  The  Americans  were  now 
reduced  to  eight  hundred  effective  men.  General  Brock,  whose  command 
numbered  about  fourteen  hundred,  consisting  of  regulars,  militia,  and 
Indians,  crossed  the  river,  and  prepared  for  an  immediate  attack ;  but  Hull, 
instead  of  bravely  defending  the  town  as  he  might  have  done,  basely  signed 
a  capitulation,  by  which  the  whole  American  force  were  surrendered  prisoners 
of  war.  Loud  complaints  were  made  by  the  American  public,  against  the 
conduct  of  Hull,  who  was  afterwards  tried  and  condemned  to  be  shot ;  but 
was  subsequently  pardoned  on  account  of  his  age  and  former  services.  Hull 
had  on  previous  occasions  shown  himself  to  be  a  good  soldier,  but  his  course 
in  this  affair  must  ever  remain  among  the  inscrutables  of  human  conduct. 


nd  in  the 
isiiiess  is 

,  among 
ige,  Rail- 
3rincipal. 
2  Presby- 
:ican,  and 
vernment 
a  Humber 
id  various 
s. 

is  rapidly 
from  this 
the  faciii- 
There  are 
and  retail 
eries,  tan- 
r  printing 
,  Chicago, 

principal 
;  daily  for 
1,  Howell, 


e  most  clisas- 
0  the  surron- 
II  arrived  uL 
lie  campaign 
he  proceeded 
h.  lie  then 
uain  neutral. 
,  and  hearing 
[jhing  against 
ns  were  now 
)se  command 
militia,  and 
k;  but  Hull, 
basely  signed 
red  prisoners 
,  against  the 
be  shot;  but 
rvices.  Hull 
at  his  course 
man  conduct. 


R0UTS3  FROM  DETROIT. 


199 


BOUTES  FBOK  DETBOIT. 

From  Detroit  to  New  Buffalo,  (by  Michigan  Central  Railroad.) 

To  Dearborn,  10  miles ;  to  Wayne  7  miles ;  to  Ypsilanti,  12 
miles  ;  to  Ann  Harbor,  8  miles  ;  to  Dexter,  10  miles  ;  to  Chelsea, 
9  miles;  to  Grass  Lake,  9  miles;  to  Jackson,  11  miles:  te 
Gridley's,  9  miles  ;  to  Albion,  11  miles;  to  Mai'shall,  12  miles; 
to  Battle  creek,  13  miles  ;  to  Galesburg,  14  miles  ;  to  Kalamazoo, 
8  miles  ;  to  Pawpaw,  17  miles;  to  Decatur,  8  miles;  to  Dowagiac, 
11  miles;  to  Niles,  12  miles;  to  Buchanan,  6  miles;  to  Terre 
Coupee,  6  miles  ;  to  New  ButFalo,  15  miles  :  whole  distance 
from  Detroit  to  New  Buffalo,  218  miles.  Time,  12  hours;  fare, 
$6  50. 

From  Detroit  to  the  Copper  Region. 

To  Fort  Gratiot,  72  miles  ;  to  Thunder  Bay  Island,  150  miles  ; 
to  Sault  de  St.  Marie,  172  miles  ;  to  White  Fish  Point,  40  miles  ; 
to  Sucker  river,  44  miles;  to  Hurricane  river,  23  miles;  to  Grand 
Sable,  15  miles  ;  to  Pictured  Rocks,  12  miles ;  to  Grand  Island, 
20  miles;  to  Chocklace  river,  40  miles;  to  Huron  river,  58  miles; 
to  Fort  Wilkins  and  Copper  Harbor,  118  miles;  to  Eagle  Harbor, 
20  miles;  to  United  States'  Indian  Agency,  71  miles ;  to  Presque- 
Isle  river,  40  miles ;  to  Black  river,  6  miles;  to  Montreal  river, 
25  miles  ;  to  La  Pointe,  26  miles;  to  Fon  du  Lac,  90  miles:  whole 
distance,  1,046  miles. 

From  Detroit  to  St.  Joseph 

To  Pawpaw,  (by  Central  railroad,  as  in  the  previous  route,) 
164  miles;  to  Kendall,  (by  stage,)  8  miles;  to  Keelersville,  8 
miles;  to  Bainbridge,  10  miles;  to  St.  Joseph,  10  miles:  whole 
distance  from  Detroit  to  St.  Joseph,  200  miles.     Time,  16  hours; 

fare,  $7. 

From,  Detroit  to  Saginaw. 

To  Royal  Oak,  (by  Detroit  and  Pontiac  railroad,)  14  miles ;  to 
Birmingham,  5  miles  ;  to  Pontiac,  6  miles  ;  to  Waterford,  (by 
stage,)  7  miles  ;  to  Springfield,  5  miles  ;  to  Grand  Elanc,  9  miles; 
to  Flint,  8  miles ;  to  Genessee,  4  miles ;  to  Thetford,  7  miles  ;  to 
Bridgeport,  13  miles;  to  Saginaw,  12  miles :  whole  distance  from 
Detroit  to  Saginaw,  97  miles.     Time,  14  hours  ;  fare,  $4  50. 

From  Detroit  to  Lansing,  ^ 

To  Jackson,  (by  Central  railroad,)  76  miles  ;  to  Lansing,  (by 
stage,)  35  miles:  whole  distance  from  Detroit  to  Lansing,  11^ 
miles.     Time,  12  hours  ;  fare,  $5. 


It-  r.' 


I! 


■  'I  ■  I 
•v\    ( 


t 


:f,..f 


200 


ROUTE  OF  THE  GREAT  LAKES. 


. 


IjaRe  £rie*  —  Lake  Erie,  the  fourth  in  order  of  the  great 
chain  of  lakes,  is  situated  north  of  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  and 
Ohio,  and  forms  a  part  of  the  boundary  line  between  the  United 
States  and  Canada.  It  is  250  miles  long,  and  generally  about  50 
wide. 

Its  altitude  is  thirty-two  feet  lower  than  Lake  Huron,  and  its 
greatest  depth  270  feet.  Near  the  shore,  however,  it  is  quite 
shallow,  and  is  often  frozen  in  the  excessively  cold  winters,  which 
are  common  to  this  region.  According  to  several  distinguished 
American  engineers.  Lake  Erie  rose  several  feet  isetween  the 
years  1825  and  1838;  and  this  increase  of  magnitude,  seems  to  be 
general  in  the  American  lakes,  while  those  of  the  eastern  hemi- 
sphere appear  to  be  decreasing.  Lake  Erie  has  a  number  of  good 
harbors,  and  some  islands;  though  not  generally  very  large.  The 
largest  island  lies  among  a  group  of  smaller  ones,  in  the  south-west 
corner,  and  is  called  Cunningham's  island.  There  is  more  busi- 
ness done  on  this  lake,  than  either  of  the  others,  and  on  the  shores 
are  numerous  towns  and  villages,  besides  several  cities  of  great 
commercial  importance. 

One  of  the  most  brilliant  naval  achievements  of  the  last  war, 
took  place  on  Lake  Erie.  The  American  fleet,  consisting  of  nine 
small  vessels,  carrying  in  all  fifty-four  guns,  had  been  built  and 
equipped  entirely  through  the  exertions  of  Commodore  Perry, 
during  the  summer  of  1813.  The  Britisli  fleet  consisted  of  six 
vessels,  carrying  sixty-three  guns,  giving  the  Ainericans  the 
advantage  in  tlie  number  of  vessels,  and  the  British  the  advantage 
in  the  size  and  number  of  guns.  The  British  fleet  was  command- 
ed by  Admiral  Barclay,  a  veteran  ofiicer  who  had  served  under 
Nelson  at  Trafalgar,  while  Perry,  the  commander  of  the  American 
fleet,  had  never  seen  a  naval  engagement  in  his  life.  The  battle 
took  place  on  the  lOth  of  September,  1813,  and  resulted  in  the 
total  triumph  of  the  Americans.  In  the  heat  of  the  battle,  the  flag 
ship  becoming  disabled.  Commodore  Perry  left  her  in  charge  of 
his  lieutenant,  and  proceeded  to  go  on  board  one  of  the  other 
vessels  of  his  little  fleet.  This  he  accomplished  in  an  open  boat, 
passing  the  whole  line  of  the  enemy,  and  exposed  to  the  fire  of 
their  musketry.  During  the  whole  time  of  passing  from  one 
vessel  to  the  other,  he  stood  up  in  the  stern  of  the  boat,  and  held 
aloft  the  flag  of  his  country,  on  which  were  inscribed  the  dying 
words  of  the  immortal  Lawrence,  "  Don't  give  up  the  ship." 
What  a  magnificent  spectacle,  and  what  a  feeling  of  honest  pride 
must  glow  in  the  breast  of  the  American,  when  he  feels  that  this 
was  one  of  the  noble'defenders  of  his  country;  and  at  the  same 
time,  while  contemplating  this  scene,  what  feeling  of  contempt  is 


ie  great 
nia,  and 
)  United 
ibout  50 

and  its 
is  quite 
s,  wliich 
iguished 
een  the 
tns  to  be 
iiemi- 
of  good 
re.  The 
nth-west 
>re  busi- 
le  shores 
of  great 


n 


ast  war, 
^  of  nine 
luilt  and 
e  Perry, 
d  of  six 
zans  the 
d  vantage 
►mmand- 
?d  under 
American 
he  battle 
d  in  the 
,  the  flag 
largo  of 
he  other 
pen  boat, 
e  fire  of 
rom  one 
and  held 
iie  dying 

IE   SHIP." 

est  pride 
that  this 
the  same 
itempt  is 


ROUTE  OF  THE  GREAT  LAKES. 


201 


engendered  toward  tho3e  who  would  sever  the  bonds  of  our 
glorious  confederacy,  for  the  mere  gratification  of  party  ambition, 
or  the  very  chivalric  feelings  of  insulted  dignity. 

The  loss  of  the  Americans  in  this  engagement,  was  one  hundred 
and  twenty-three,  in  killed  and  wounded.  Among  the  wounded 
on  the  iJritlsh  side  was  Admiral  Barclay.  Their  entire  loss  could 
not  be  ascertained. 

IflOliroCt  county  seat  of  Monroe  county,  Michigan,  is  situated 
near  the  mouth  of  the  river  Raisin,  and  contains  a  splendid  court- 
house, 1  Buptist,  2  Methodist,  I  Episcopal,  2  Presbyterian,  and  2 
Ivoman  Catholic  churches,  several  mills,  factories,  and  foundcries, 
2  printing  offices  issuing  papers,  about  30  stores,  and  a  population 
of  2,000.  There  is  also  a  branch  of  the  university  of  Michigan, 
2  academies,  a  reading  room,  and  a  library  of  1,500  volumes. 
There  is  a  siiip  canal  two  and  a  half  miles  long,  from  this  place  to 
the  lake,  by  which  steamboats  and  other  vessels  are  enabled  to 
come  to  the  city.  A  railroad  extends  to  the  town  of  Hillsdale, 
70  miles  west.  Cars  leave  daily  for  Hillsdale.  Steamers  arrive  and 
depart  daily  for  all  points  on  the  lake.  Stages  leave  daily  for 
Detroit  and  Toledo,  Ohio. 

Note. 

Toledo,  is  situated  on  the  Maumee  river,  near  its  entrance  into  Lake  Erie, 
in  Lucas  county,  Ohio.  It  is  a  thriving  business  place,  being  the  nortliern 
outlet  of  a  portion  of  Ohio  and  Indiana,  by  means  of  the  Wabash  and  Erie 
canal,  which  terminates  here.  The  harbor  of  Toledo  is  excellent,  and  is  acces- 
sible to  large  class  steamers,  and  small  sail  vessels.  The  city  extends  along 
the  river  for  the  distance  of  a  mile,  and  is  divided  in  two  parts,  termed  Upper 
and  Lower  Toledo.  It  occupies  the  site  of  a  stockade  fort  called  Industry,  built 
in  1800.  It  was  incorporated  as  a  city  in  1836,  and  now  contains  six  or  eight 
churches,  about  70  stores,  of  various  kinds,  2  banks,  several  manufacturing 
establishments,  and  a  population  of  4,000.  There  is  a  railroad  extending 
from  this  place  to  Hillsdale,  and  connecting  at  Adrian  with  the  one  from 
Monroe.  Regular  lines  of  steam  packets  leave  daily  for  Buffalo,  Detroit, 
and  other  points  on  the  lake.  Cars  leave  daily  for  Adrien  and  Hillsdale. 
Canal  boats  arrive  and  depart  daily  for  Lafayette,  Indiana,  Cincinnati,  Chliij 
and  all  intermediate  points.  (For  routes  on  the  canal  from  Toledo,  reverse 
those  on  page  129.)  Stages  leave  daily  for  Detroit,  Cleveland,  and  Sandusky 
City. 

Port  Clinton,  county  seat  of  Ottawa  county,  Ohio,  is 
situated  on  a  beautiful  little  bay  putting  in  from  hake  Erie,  and 
contains  a  population  of  about  400.     It  has  a  good  harbor,  and 


v^:  i 


t     !     : 


m 


:    It  > 


*Ui 


will  no  doubt  in  the  course  of  time,  become  a  place  of  commercial 
importance.  It  was  nearly  opposite  this  place,  a  few  miles  out 
on  the  lake,  that  Perry's  victory  was  gained. 

Note. 

Ttower  Sandusky,  county  seat  of  Sandusky  county,  Ohio,  is  situated 
on  tho  Sandusky  river,  at  the  head  of  navigation.  It  is  a  thriving  business 
place  and  contains  a  court-house,  2  Methodist,  1  Baptist,  1  Episcopal,  1  Presby- 
terian, and  1  Catholic  church,  2  newspaper  printing  offices,  30  istoresy  1 
woolen  factory,  1  foundery,  and  a  population  of  2,500. 

Lower  Sandusky  occupies  the  site  of  Fort  Stephenson,  erected  during  the 
last  war  with  Great  Britain.  This  fort,  under  Major  Croghan,  whose  garrison 
amounted  to  only  two  hundred  men,  with  only  one  six-pounder,  was  attacked 
on  the  1st  of  August,  1813,  by  General  Proctor,  with  a  force  of  500  regular 
troops,  800  Indians,  and  several  pieces  of  artillery.  Major  Croghan's  orders 
were,  to  burn  the  stores  and  abandon  the  fort,  should  the  enen*y  approach 
in  force,  with  cannon.  Major  Croghan  had  no  idea  of  obeying  these  instruc- 
tions, and  accordingly  on  the  approach  of  the  foe  prepared  himself  for  a  stern 
resistance.  The  summons  to  surrender  by  the  British  commander  was  disre- 
garded, and  the  attack  was  commenced  by  a  heavy  fire  from  their  artillery ; 
which  however  had  but  little  effect  on  the  walls,  so  well  had  Major  Croghan 
prepared  for  his  defense.  The  firing  continued  for  several  hours,  when  the 
enemy  thinking  they  had  effected  a  breach,  attempted  to  take  the  fort  by 
storm.  This  attempt  was  so  gallantly  met  by  the  garrison,  that  the  enemy 
were  repulsed  with  immense  slaughter;  which  so  discomfited  General  Proctor, 
that  he  immediately  ordered  a  retreat,  leaving  the  victory  in  the  hands  of  a 
beardless  youth,  only  twenty-one  years  of  age.  This  circumstance  to  a  veteran 
General,  commanding  a  force  more  than  six  times  as  large  as  his  opponent, 
must  have  been  humiliating  in  the  extreme.  The  gallant  Croghan,  although 
he  disobeyed  orders,  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  Lieutenant  Colonel,  and 
was  presented  with  an  elegant  sword  by  the  ladies  Ok  Chillicothe. 

Sandusky  City,  county  seat  of  Erie  county,  Ohio,  is 
situated  on  Sandusky  Bay,  near  its  outlet  into  Lake  Erie.  It  is 
finely  located,  commanding  an  extensive  and  beautiful  view  of  the 
lake.  It  was  laid  out  in  the  year  1817,  under  the  name  of  Port- 
land, which  name  was  subsequently  changed  for  the  one  it  nov/ 
bears.  The  business  of  this  city  is  very  extensive,  and  is  rapidly 
increasing.  Besides  the  immense  amount  of  lake  commerce 
which  her  advantageous  position  and  excellent  harbor  afford, 
there  are  two  lines  of  railroads,  connecting  with  Cincinnati,  and 
many  of  the  most  important  places  in  Ohio.  Sandusky  suffered 
severely  during  the  summer  of  1849,  from  the  terrific  disease  of 


mmercial 
miles  out 


is  situated 
ng  business 
ttl,  1  Presby- 
$0  dtoreS)  1 

during  tbe 

oso  garrison 

vas  attacked 

500  regular 

lan's  orders 

vy  approach 

lese  instruc- 

f  for  a  stern 

jr  was  disre- 

?ir  artillery ; 

ijor  Croghan 

rs,  when  the 

I  the  fort  by 

it  the  enemy 

eral  Proctor, 

hands  of  a 

to  a  veteran 

is  opponent, 

in,  although 

Colonel,  and 


',  Ohio,  is 
Irie.  It  is 
^iew  of  the 
le  of  Port- 
me  it  nov/ 
[  is  rapidly 
commerce 
JOT  afford, 
nnati,  and 
Ly  suffered 
disease  of 


ROUTE  OF  THE  GREAT  LAKES. 


203 


cholera.     Hundreds  of  her  citizens  were  consigned  to  the  silent 
torf>b  in  the  space  of  a  few  weeks. 

Sandusky  is  built  on  an  inexhaustible  stratum  of  the  finest 
limestone,  which  is  not  only  used  for  building  purposes  in  the 
city,  but  is  extensively  exported.  The  city  now  contains  a 
court-house,  2  Methodist,  1  Episcopal,  1  Congregational,  1  German 
Lutheran,  and  1  Catholic, church,  1  high  school,  several  mills  and 
factories,  a  large  number  of  stores,  2  banks,  2  printing  offices,  and 
a  population  of  about  4,000.  In  the  vicinity  of  this  city,  there  are 
many  remains  of  ancient  mounds  and  fortifications.  Regular 
lines  of  lake  steamers  run  to  Buffalo  and  other  points  on  the  lake. 
Cars  leave  daily  for  Cincinnati  on  the  Mad  River  railroad.  Stages 
leave  daily  for  Cleveland  and  Toledo  ;  and  three  times  a  week  for 
Wooster. 


ROUTES  FROM   SANDUSKY. 

From  Sandusky  to  Springfield,  (by  Mad  River  and  Lake  Erie 

Railroad.) 

To  Bellevue,  15  miles ;  to  Republic,  15  miles ;  to  Tiffin,  8 
miles;  to  Carey,  16  miles;  to  Patterson,  14  miles;  to  Kenton,  10 
miles;  to  Belle  Centre,  12  miles;  to  Bellefontaine,  12  miles;  to  West 
Liberty,  8  miles;  to  Urbana,  lO  miles;  to  Springfield,  14  miles: 
whole  distance  from  Sandusky  to  Springfield,  134  miles.  Time, 
9  hours;  fare,  $4.  (For  routes  from  Springfield  to  Cincinnati.,  by 
Little  Miami  railroad,  reverse  those  on  page  134.) 

From  Sandusky  to  Newark,  (by  Sandusky,  Mansfi.eld,  and  Newark 

Railroad.) 

To  Mansfield,  56  miles  ;  to  Newark,  55  miles  :  whole  distance 
from  Sandusky  to  New  \rk,  101  miles.  Time,  6  hours;  fare,  $3. 
This  line  will  connect,  at  Newark,  with  the  Scioto  and  Hocking 
Valley  railroad,  which, when  completed  will  extend  to  Portsmouth. 


CBevcland,  county  seat  of  Cuyahoga  county,  Ohio,  is  situ- 
ated on  Lake  Erie,  at  the  northern  termination  of  the  Ohio  canal, 
and  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cuyahoga  river.  The  location  of  the 
city  is  most  beautiful,  being  on  an  elevated  plain  rising  to  the 
hight  of  one  hundred  feet  above  the  level  of  the  lake.  The  first 
permanent  settlement  made  at  this  place,  was  in  the  year  1796, 
and  in  the  fall  of  the  same  year,  the  city  was  laid  out  by  the 
Western  Reserve  surveying  party.  The  settlement  was  named 
in  honor  of  General  Moses  Cleveland,  agent  for  the  Connecticut 


■n 


n    \>. 


I! 


;4 


It 

•  if 


^ 

t. 


1  'J 


[S  > 


204 


ROUTE  OF  THE  GREAT  LAKES. 


Reserve  Company.  During  the  early  settlement  of  the  place,  the 
people  suffered  severely  from  sickness ;  and  the  difficulty  of 
getting  supplies  through  the  wilderness,  rendered  their  situation 
unpleasant  in  the  extreme.  The  bilious  fever,  and  fever  and 
ague,  were  the  diseases  with  which  nearly  every  one  of  the  set- 
tlers was  afflicted;  and  he  who  was  fortunate  enough  to  have 
only  one  at  a  time,  was  deemed  a  remarkably  lucky  individual. 
This  state  of  affairs  lasted  several  years,  until  the  settlement 
began  to  grow,  and  through  the  agency  of  civilization  improve  the 
face  of  the  country,  from  which  the  miasmatic  influence  arose. 

The  appearance  of  Cleveland  as  viewed  from  the  lake,  is  not  so 
preposessing  as  one  would  naturally  expect  to  find  it,  from  the 
accounts  generally  given  of  the  beauty  of  the  city.  On  arriving 
in  the  upper  part  of  the  city,  however,  the  traveler  finds  his 
anticipations  fully  realized.  The  streets,  few  of  which  are  less 
than  100  feet  wide,  and  some  even  more  than  that,  cross  each 
other  at  right  angles,  and  are  generally  handsomely  ornamented 
with  shade  trees.  In  the  center  of  the  city  there  is  a  fine  public 
square,  of  ten  acres,  divided  into  four  parts  by  intersecting  streets. 
The  court-house,  county  ofHces,  and  several  handsome  churches 
front  on  this  square. 

The  bnsiness  of  Cleveland  is  very  extensive,  and  it  ranks  as  the 
second  commercial  city  in  Ohio.  Its  natural  advantages  for 
commerce  are  not  surpassed  by  any  other  place  in  the  West. 
Besides  having  the  best  harbor  on  Lake  Erie,  it  is  connected  with 
the  Ohio  river  by  means  of  the  Oliio  canal,  and  with  the  interior 
of  Pennsylvania  by  the  Erie  canal,  and  witli  the  interior  of  Ohio, 
by  the  Cleveland  and  Columbus,  and  Cleveland  and  Wellsville 
railroads.  The  value  of  exports  and  imports  is  estimated  at  about 
$15,000,000,  and  the  number  of  vessels  of  all  kinds  owned  here 
is  more  than  100. 

The  public  buildings  are  generally  handsome  structures,  and 
some  display  a  considerable  degree  of  architectural  beauty. 
Among  these  are  the  Merchants'  Exchange,  the  Cleveland  Medical 
College,  the  hotels,  churches,  6lc.  The  churches  are  26  in 
number,  viz  :  3  Episcopal,  3  Methodist,  2  Baptist,  3  Presbyterian, 
I  Bethel,  1  Wesleyan  Methodist,  1  German  Evangelical  Protestant, 
1  Associate  Reformed,  1  German  Mission  Society  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church,  1  Evangelical  Association  of  North  America,  1 
German  Evangelical  Lutheran,  1  Seccders,  2  Universalist,  1  Disci- 
ple^i,  I  Jewish,  2  Second  Advent,  and  2  Catholic.  The  hotels  are 
generally  well  conducted,  with  every  arrangement  for  the  conve- 
nience and  comfort  of  the  traveling  community.  The  population 
of  Cleveland  shows  a  remarkably  rapid  growth.  In  the  year  1796, 
the  population  was  3;  in  1800,  20;  in  1825,  500;  in  1830, 1,000;  in 


ROUTE  OF  THE  GREAT  LAKES. 


205 


ace, the 
ultv  of 
ituation 
ver  and 
the  set- 
to  have 
ividual. 
tlement 
rove  the 
arose. 
s  not  so 
•oni  the 
arriving 
inds  his 
are  less 
)ss  eacli 
amented 
le  public 
r  streets, 
churches 

ks  as  the 
tages  for 
he  West. 
:ted  with 

interior 
of  Ohio, 
^ellsville 

ut  about 
ned  here 

[ires,  and 
beauty. 
I  Medical 
re  26  in 
byterian, 
•otestant, 
rotestant 
inerica,  1 
,  1  Disci- 
lotels  are 
e  conve- 
)pulation 
ear  1796, 
1,000;  in 


1840,  6,071  ;  in  1845,  10,100  ;  and  in  1850,  17,000 ;  showing  an 
increase  of  near  200  per  cent,  in  ten  years.  Steamers  arrive  and 
depart  for  all  points  on  the  lakes,  daily.  Cars  arrive  and  depart 
daily  for  Columbus,  and  intermediate  points  on  the  Columbus  and 
Cleveland  railroad.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Toledo,  via  Sandusky, 
for  Buffalo,  via  Erie,  and  for  Pittsburgh,  Pennsylvania;  and  three 
times  a  week  for  Zauesville. 


JEtOTTTES  FEOM  CLEVELAND. 

From  Cleveland  to  Cincinnati. 

The  most  direct  route  to  Cincinnati,  is  by  the  Cleveland  and 
Columbus  Railroad,  which  has  lately  been  completed.  This  road 
is  said  to  be  one  of  the  best  in  the  state.  The  distance  to  Colum- 
bus is  135  miles  ;  thence  to  Xeniu,  (by  the  Columbus  and  Xenia 
railroad,)  54  miles;  thence  to  Cincinnati,  (by  the  Little  Miami 
railroad,)  65  miles:  whole  distance  from  Cleveland  to  Cincinnati, 
254  miles.    Fare,  $8  50. 

From  Cleveland  to  Pittsburgh,  Pennsylvania. 

To  Bedford,  (by  stage,)  12  miles  ;  to  Hudson,  12  miles  ;  to 
Ravenna,  16  miles-;  to  Palmyra,  9  miles  ;  to  Canfield,  17  miles  ; 
to  Poland,  9  miles;  to  Petersburg,  9  miles  ;  to  Darlington,  Penn- 
sylvania, 10  miles  ;  to  Beaver,  12  miles  ;  to  Economy,  10  miles  ; 
to  Alleghany,  16  miles;  to  Pittsburgh,  1  mile:  whole  distance  from 
Cleveland  to  Pittsburgh,  133  miles     Time,  20  hours;  fare  $6  50. 

From  Cleveland  to  Toledo. 

To  Elyria,  (by  stage,)  24  miles  ;  to  Birmingham,  14  miles ;  to 
Norwalk,  19  miles;  to  Bellevue,  13  miles;  to  Lower  Sandusky,  18 
miles;  to  Woodville,  15  miles;  to  Perrysburg,  16  miles;  to  Mau- 
mee  City,  1  mile  ;  to  Toledo,  10  miles :  whole  distance  from 
Cleveland  to  Toledo,  150  miles.     Time  11  hours;  fare,  $6  50. 

From  Cleveland  to  Zanesville. 

To  Parma,  7  miles;  to  Brunswick,  12  miles;  to  Medina,  8  miles; 
to  Wooster,  22  miles;  to  Millersburg,  18  miles  ;  to  Millcreek,  12 
miles;  to  Coshocton,  11  miles;  to  Zanesville,  29  miles:  whole 
distance  from  Cleveland  to  Zanesville,  119  miles.  Time,  18 
hours;  fare,  $6. 

From  Cleveland  to  Buffalo, 

To  Astabula,  (by  steamboat,)  60  miles;  to  Erie,  Pennsylvania, 
44  miles;  to  Portland,  New  York,  30  miles;  to  Dunkirk,  .16  miles; 
to  Buffalo,  45  miles:  whole  distance  from  Cleveland  to  Buffalo, 
195  miles.     Time,  14  hours;  fare, 


It  ■'    :  i 

I  •'■"!  i 


l-f 


^;^  •■  i- 


,  .  (I  ■  .  ^ 


i 


1:1 


206 


ROUTE  OF  THE  GREAT  LAKES. 


Obio  City,  is  situated  on  a  beautiful  and  commanding 
eminence^  opposite  Cleveland,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Cuyahoga 
river.  It  was  incorporated  as  a  city  in  1836,  and  now  contains  3 
churches,  viz:  1  Methodist  Episcopal,  1  Presbyterian,  and  1 
Episcopal,  a  number  of  stores,  several  of  which  do  a  large  and 
extensive  business,  and  a  population  of  3,000.  The  Episcopal 
church  of  this  city  is  a  splendid  edifice,  of  the  Gothic  order  of 
architecture,  and  will  compare  favorably  in  point  of  architect- 
ural beauty,  with  many  of  the  handsome  churches  in  our  large 
cities 

Note. 

PainesviUe)  county  seat  of  Lake  county,  Ohio,  is  beautifully  situated 
on  Grand  river  three  miles  from  its  mouth.  It  is  a  strikingly  handsome 
village,  the  houses  being  all  neatly  and  tastefully  built,  with  ornamental 
gardens  attached.  In  the  center  of  the  town,  is  a  line  public  square  compris- 
ing several  acres,  and  handsomely  laid  out  with  ti«es,  and  various  kinds  of 
shrubbery.  Some  of  the  finest  buildings  in  the  town  front  on  this  square. 
Painesville  contains  1  Methodist,  1  Episcopal,  1  Disciplen,  and  1  Presbyterian 
church,  a  classical  academy,  1  bank,  1  newspaper  printing  oflUce,  1  flour  mill, 
j  20  stores,  and  a  population  of  2,000.  Painesville  was  laid  out  in  the  year  1805, 
under  the  name  of  Champion.  The  name  was  subsequently  changed  to 
Painesville,  in  honor  of  General  Edward  Paine,  a  revolutionary  officer  of  high 
reputation,  and  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  this  place. 

Fsiirport,  three  miles  below  Painesville,  at  the  mouth  of 
Grand  river,  is  a  fine  little  village,  having  an  excellent  harbor,  so 
well  defended  from  winds,  and  so  easy  of  access,  that  vessels  often 
put  in  here  and  lay  in  times  of  storms,  when  unable  to  make  any 
other  port.  The  village  contains  8  forwarding  houses,  several 
stores,  and  a  population  of  about  250. 

Erie,  county  seat  of  Erie  county,  Pennsylvania,  is  beautifully 
situated  on  a  high  bluff  of  Presquc-Isle  Bay,  affording  a  fine  view 
of  the  surrounding  country,  and  of  Lake  Erie  in  the  distance. 
The  first  settlement  made  here  was  in  1795,  by  General  William 
Irvine  and  Andrew  Elliott.  In  the  year  1836,  the  land  specula- 
tion raged  in  this  town  to  an  amazing  extent.  Real  estate  rose  in 
value  100  per  cent,  in  one  day.  A  lot  of  ground,  sold  in  February 
for  $1,000,  was  sold  the  succeeding  March  for  $10,000.  This 
continued  some  time,  and  being  based  on  real  and  true  causes, 
never  retrograded.  The  excitement,  however,  naturally  settled 
down  in  time,  and  the  business  became  steady. 


anding 
yahoga 
itains  3 
and  1 
'ge  and 
)iscopal 
irder  of 
chitect- 
ar  large 


'  situated 
landsome 
namental 
compris- 
}  kinds  of 
is  square, 
jsbyterian 
dour  mill, 
year  1805, 
banged  to 
%r  of  high 


iouth  of 
arbor,  so 
icls  often 
lake  any 
,  several 

autifully 
fine  view 
distance. 
William 
specula- 
e  rose  in 
ii'ebruary 
0.  This 
3  causes, 
y  settled 


Erie  contains  a  court-house,  jail  and  county  offices,  the  Erie 
Bank,  a  female  seminary,  7  churches,  viz:  1  Baptist,  1  Methodist, 
1  Associate  Reformed.  1  Episcopal,  1  Presbyterian,  1  German 
Lutheran,  and  1  Roman  Catholic ;  the  Reid  House,  a  splendid 
hotel  on  the  plan  of  the  Astor  House,  an  academy,  several  mills 
and  founderies,  a  large  number  of  stores,  and  a  population  of 
4,000.  The  town  of  Erie,  is  the  place  where  Commodore  Perry 
built  and  equipped  his  fleet,  preparatory  to  his  engagement  with 
the  British  Admiral,  Barclay.  The  fleet  was  brought  in  here 
after  the  victory,  and  the  remains  of  the  flag  ship  Lawrence,  are 
now  to  be  seen  lying  here  rotting.  Pieces  are  constantly  being 
cut  from  it,  by  visitors,  as  relics  of  this  memorable  event.  Steam- 
ers ply  daily  to  and  from  all  important  places  on  the  lake.  Stages 
leave  daily  for  Cleveland,  Ohio,  Pittsburgh,  Pennsylvania,  and 
Buflklo,  New  York. 

Dunkirk,  situated  on  Lake  Eric,  in  Chatauque  county. 
New  York,  is  a  fine  flourishing  village,  destined  at  some  future 
day,  from  its  advantageous  position  and  excellent  harbor,  to 
become  a  town  of  great  commercial  importance.  This  place  is 
to  be  the  termination  of  the  New  York  and  Erie  railroad.  This 
road  is  already  completed  as  far  as  Corning,  a  distance  of  300 
miles,and  will  be  one  of  the  most  important  roads  in  the  country, 
when  finished.  The  prospects  of  Dunkirk  under  these  circum- 
stances, are  very  flattering,  and  many  think  there  will  be  a  day, 
when  she  will  rival  Buflalo. 

Dunkirk  contains  3  churches,  an  academy,  about  20  stores,  two 
or  three  mills,  and  a  population  of  500. 

Buffalo,  county  seat  of  Erie  county.  New  York,  is  situated 
at  the  head  of  Niagara  river,  on  Lake  Erie,  and  at  the  western 
terminus  of  the  Erie  canal,  in  latitude  42^  53'  north,  longitude  2^ 
west  from  Washington.  It  is  364  miles  from  Albany,  and  445 
from  New  York.  It  was  originally  laid  out  by  the  Holland 
Land  Company,  in  1801.  The  progress  of  the  settlement  was 
exceedingly  slow  until  the  year  1812,  when  it  became  a  military 
post,  and  began  to  show  signs  of  rapid  increase.  The  next  year, 
however,  it  was  laid  in  ashes  by  the  British  and  Indians,  who 
burnt  every  house  in  the  town  with  the  exception  of  two.  After 
the  war  was  over,  and  business  began  again  to  prosper,  the  advan- 
tageous position  of  the  place  arrested  the  attention  of  settlers,  and 
the  town  began  to  grow  with  increased  rapidity.  In  1825,  the 
Erie  Canal  was  opened ;  and  from  this  time  Buffalo  dates  the 
commencement  of  her  prosperity.  The  population  in  1825,  was 
2,412;  in  1835,  15,661;  in  1845,  29,773;  and  in  1851,  50,000. 
Buffalo,  from  its  situation,  commands  a  fine  view  of  Loke  Erie, 


l^- 


^■VC| 


:1! 


(  1 

i  ■  t ' 


208 


ROUTE  OF  THE  GREAT  LAKES. 


Niagara  river,  and  the  surrounding  country.  Tlie  streets  are 
generally  broad  and  regular;  many  of  them  being  100  feet  wide. 
There  are  three  public  squares — those  oases  of  large  cities,  whose 
delightful  bowers  afford  a  pleasant  retreat  to  the  dust  weary  in- 
habitants. The  public  buildings  and  institutions  of  various  kinds, 
are  a  court-house,  jail,  and  county  offices,  4  markets,  30  churches, 
for  the  various  denominations  of  Baptist,  Methodist,  Presbyterian, 
Episcopal,  German  Protestant,  Methodist  Protestant,  Universalist, 
Unitarian,  Lutheran,  Bethel,  Roman  Catholic,  and  African:  there 
are  also  2  orphan  asylums,  a  theatre,  several  banking  houses,  an 
academy,  50  public,  and  a  number  of  private  schools.  There  is 
also  a  Young  Men's  Association,  having  a  library  of  over  6,000 
volumes. 

The  harbor  of  Buffalo  is  formed  by  the  mouth  of  Buffalo  creek, 
and  is  considered  one  of  the  best  on  the  lake.  It  is  from  14  to  16 
feet  deep,  and  has  been  extensively  improved  by  the  general 
government.  There  has  been  a  pier  constructed  of  wood  and 
stone,  extending  1,500  feet  from  the  mouth  of  the  creek,  upon 
the  end  of  which  is  a  light-house,  20  feet  in  diameter  at  the  base, 
and  40  feet  high.  The  accumulation  of  ice,  arising  from  the 
frequency  of  westerly  winds  on  the  lake,  is  a  serious  inconvenience 
to  the  commerce  of  Buffalo;  and  it  is  sometimes  several  weeks 
after  the  lake  is  clear,  before  the  harbor  is  unobstructed.  Buffalo 
may  be  termed  the  great  gate  between  the  East  and  West, 
through  which  most  of  the  trade  passes.  In  connection  with  its 
lake  navigation,  it  has  communication  with  Albany  both  by  a 
canal  and  railroad,  and  with  Boston  by  a  continuous  chain  of 
railroads,  525  miles  long,  and  with  Black  Rock,  Niagara  Falls,  and 
Lewistown,  also  by  railroad.  Steamboats  leave  Buffalo  daily,  for 
Erie,  Cleveland,  Sandusky,  Detroit,  Michigan,  Chicago,  and  all 
intermediate  points  of  importance  on  the  great  chain  of  lakes. 
Cars  leave  twice  a  day  for  Albany  and  Boston,  and  Niagara  Falls. 
Stages  leave  daily  for  Erie,  Pennsylvania;  and  three  times  a  week 
for  Olean,  Genesee,  and  Batavia. 


KOTJTES  FROM  BUFFALO. 

(For  difitancefl  from  Buffalo  to  Chicago,  and  points  on  the  lakes,  reverse 
those  on  par     32.) 

Frtn^  'Buffalo  to  New  York. 

To  Batavii^,  (by  railroad,)  42  miles  ;  to  Rochester  32  miles  ;  to 
Canandaigua,  29  miles  ;  to  Geneva,  23  miles  ;  to  Cayuga  Bridge, 
(by  steamboat  on  Cayuga  lake,)  16  miles  ;  to  Union  bprings,  7 
miles;  to  Levanna,  5  miles;  to  Aurora,  3  miles;  to  Sheldrake  Point, 


jts  aro 
t  wide, 
whose 
ary  in- 
i  kinds, 
urches, 
^terian, 
ersalist, 
i:  there 
ises,  an 
here  is 
>r  6,000 

0  creek, 
14  to  16 
general 
ood  and 
k,  upon 
he  base, 
rom  the 
»renience 
|al  weeks 
Buffalo 
id  West, 
with  its 
oth  by  a 
chain  of 
I'^'alls,  and 
daily,  for 
,  and  all 
of  lakes, 
ara  Falls. 
3S  a  week 


ces,  reverse 


miles ;  to 
ra  Bridge, 
Springs,  7 
ake  Point, 


ROUTES   FROM   BUFFALO. 


209 


8  miles  ;  to  Port  Ogden,  2  miles ;  to  Ludlowville  Landing,  8 
miles;  to  Ithaca,  (by  Cayuga  and  Susquehanna  railroad,)  7  miles; 
to  Smith's,  13  miles;  to  Gridleyville,  4  miles;  to  Candor,  2  miles; 
to  Oswego,  (by  New  York  and  Erie  railroad,)  10  miles;  to  Union, 
14  miles;  to  Binghampton,  7  miles;  to  Conklin,  7  miles;  to  Marsh- 
ville,  Pennsylvania,  10  miles;  to  Lanesboro',  12  miles;  to  Deposit, 
New  York,  16  miles ,  to  Stockport,  19  miles ;  to  Hawkins,  15 
miles;  to  Cochocton,  12  miles;  to  Narrowsburg,  9  miles;  to  Laxa- 
waxen,  Pennsylvania,  11  miles;  to  Pond  Eddy,  11  miles;  to  Port 
Jervis,  New  York,  11  miles;  to  Otisville,  12  miles;  to  Middletown, 
11  miles;  to  Goshen  7  miles;  to  Monroe  Village,  11  miles;  to 
Monroe  Works,  8  miles;  to  Ramepo,  8  miles;  to  Monsey,  7  miles; 
to  Blanveltville,  7  miles  ;  to  Piermont  Landing,  4  miles ;  to  Fort 
Lee,  (by  steamboat  on  Hudson  river,)  14  miles  ;  to  Weehawken, 
8  miles  ;  to  New  York,  2  miles :  whole  distance  from  Buffalo  to 
New  York,  459  miles. 

From  Buffalo  to  Albany. 

To  Lancaster,  (by  Attica  and  Buffalo  railroad,)  10  miles ;  to 
Alden,  10  miles;  to  Attica,  11  miles;  to  Batavia,  (by  Tonawanda 
railroad,)  11  miles;  to  Byron,  7  miles  ;  to  Churchville,  14  miles  ; 
to  Rochester,  14  miles;  to  Pittsford,  (by  Auburn  and  Rochester 
railroad,)  8  miles  ;  to  Victor,  12  miles;  to  Canandaigua,  9  miles  ; 
to  Short's  Mills,  6  miles;  to  West  Vienna,  8  miles;  to  East  Vienna, 
1  mile;  to  Geneva,  8  miles;  to  Waterloo,  7  miles;  to  Seneca  Falls, 
4  miles ;  to  Cayuga  Bridge,  5  miles ;  to  Auburn,  10  miles ;  to 
Skanetaias  Junction,  (by  Auburn  and  Syracuse  railroad,)  9  miles; 
to  Camillus,  9  miles ;  to  Geddes,  6  miles  ;  to  Syracuse,  2  miles  ; 
to  Manilas,  (by  Syracuse  and  Utica  railroad,)  10  miles;  to  Canas- 
toto,  10  miles  ;  to  Oneida  Depot,  6  miles  ;  to  Verona  Center,  4 
miles  ;  to  Rome  9  miles  ;  to  Whitesboro',  11  miles ;  to  Utica,  3 
miles;  to  Schuyler,  (by  Utica  and  Sc!ienectady  railroad,)  8  miles; 
to  Herkimer,  7  miles;  to  Little  Falls,  6  miles;  to  St.  Johnsville, 
10  miles;  to  Palatine  Bridge,  9  miles;  to  Fonda,  11  miles:  to 
Amsterdam,  11  miles  ;  to  Hoffman's,  7  miles  ;  to  Schenectady,  9 
miles  ;  to  Albany,  (by  Mohawk  and  Hudson  railroad,)  16  miles  : 
whole  distance  from  ^Buffalo  to  Albany,  325  miles.  Time,  18 
hours;  fare,  $9  50. 

From  Buffalo  to  Niagara  Falls. 

There  are  two  routes  from  Buffalo,  by  which  visitors  may  reach 
Niagara  Falls,  viz:  by  Buffalo  and  Niagara  railroad,  and  by  steam- 
boat to  Chippewa,  on  the  Canada  side,  or  to  Schlosser,  on  the 
American  aide,  and  from  thence  by  cars  or  stage  to  the  Falls. 
The  distance  by  railroad  is  22  miles.  The  fare  on  both  routes  is 
75  cents,  or  $1  25  going  and  returning  by  the  same  conveyance. 


14 


n 


|:| 


i 


:W!i 


ROTJTE  OF  THE  NIAOABA  filVEK. 

Ntagaf%l  Rivelr,  etrntteeiing  Lake  Erie  whh  Lake  Ontarfa^ 
and  forming  the  outlet  of  four  of  the  five  gfeat  American  lakes^ 
is  36  miles  long,  from  40  to  60  feet  deep,  and  has  a  current  ( inde* 
pendent  of  the  FallSf)  of  about  four  mJles  an  hour.  At  fts  head  it 
is  about  three-fourths  of  a  m&e  wide;  but  after  a  course  of  about 
ten  miles,  it  widens,  and  flowing  in  two  dfstimct  channels,  forms 
several  islands,  the  largest  tft  Which  is  Grrand  Isiand,  iSf  miles  long, 
and  from  two  to  seVen  miles  wfde,  and  reaching  within  one  and 
a  half  miles  of  the  Falls^  Navy  Island,  the  next  in  importance,  is 
much  smaller;  and  the  others  are  alt  very  stnal). 

Fort  Eri^,  situated  an  the  West  side  of  Niagara  rfvefy  nearly 
opposite  Buffalo,  is  a  place  of  interest  to  the  reader  of  American 
History.  On  the  13th  of  August,  the  American  troop»  under  the 
command  of  General  Gaines^  being  encamped  at  Fort  Erie,  Were 
attacked  by  a  British  force  numbering  nearly  twice  as  mai\y  as 
the  Americans*  Fort  Erfe  at  this  time  was  not  in  reality  a  fort, 
but  merely  an  encampment,  affording  the  Americans  no  particular 
advantage,  with  reffard  to  position  or  defense^  mere  than  an  open 
field.  The  folloWmg  account  We  abridge  from  a  detail  of  the 
battle,  in  Frost's  Remarkable  Eventis  jn  IfiiE  History  of 
AmeHica,  by  an  officer  who*  Was  engaged  in  the  coniiict : 

"On  the  eTenitig  of  the  fourteenth,  General  Gaines  having  observed  some 
signs  of  an  approaching  visit  froifit  the  enethyf  put  bis  force  in  the  t)cst  situa- 
tion for  giving  them  a  proper  reception. 

"  Agreeably  to  the  orders  of  the  British  general,  the  attack  was  organized 
into  three  colttmtis.  The  first,  consisfiAg  of  detachments  to  the  amount  of 
thirteen  hundred  men,  was  placed  under  the  coznimand  of  Lieutenant  Colonel 
Fischer,  of  the  King's  regiment.  Seven  hundred  picked  men,  under  Lieutenant 
Colonel  Drummond,  composed  the  second  or  center  column.  And  the  one 
hundred  and  third  regiment,  amounting  to  upward  of  eight  hundred  men, 
under  the  command  of  Colonel  Scdtt,  constituted  the  third.  The  points 
against  which  these  columns  were  to  move,  ^ere  respectively  the  left  flank,  the 
fort,  and  the  line  between  the  fort  and  the  lake ;  and  the  time  fixed  for  the 
enterprise  was  an  early  hour  on  the  morning  of  the  fifteenth.  Accordingly, 
about  an  hour  and  a  half  before  day,  the  approach  of  an  enemy  was  discov- 
ered on  the  road  west  of  Towson's  battery,  alid  immediately  after,  the  lines 
on  that  quarter  were  furiously  assaulted  by^the  enemy's  first  or  second  column. 
The  infantry  of  ^ur  left,  consisted  at  the  time,  of  the  twenty-first  regiment, 
tinder  the  command  of  Major  Wood,  of  the  engineers;  who  instantly  drew  up 


ROUTE  OF  THE  KIAGARA  RIVER. 


211 


itarfa^ 
lakeSf 
(inde* 
lead  it 
about  ^ 
form»  I 
IS  long, 
ne  and 
anee,  f» 

i  nearly 
nerican 
idef  the 
ie,  "v^^ere 
mai\y  a» 
y  a  fort, 
articular 
an  open 
I  of  the 

TOKY     OF 


jrved  some 
l)cst  situa- 

!  organized 
)  amount  of 
ant  Colonel 

Lieutenant 
ind  the  one 
ndred  men,  | 

The  points 
3ft  flank,  the 
fixed  for  the 
Accordingly, 
r  iraa  discov- 
ter,  the  lines 
sond  column. 
rst  regiment, 
ntly  drew  up 


his  line  in  the  space  between  the  battery  and  the  water,  and  received  the 
charge  in  a  style  suited  to  its  impetuosity.  Checked  by  a  seasonable  volley 
from  this  corps,  and  a  shower  of  grape  from  Towson's  artillery,  the  enemy 
sustained  tbi  conflict  but  a  few  minutes,  and  fell  back  to  consolidate  his  ranks 
for  a  second  attempt.  This,  however,  proved  equally  unsuccessful;  and 
though  it  was  followed  up  by  a  succession  of  desperate  charges,  our  column 
continued  firm  until  the  enemy  was  in  a  condition  no  long' r  to  give  battle. 

"  The  firing  had  in  some  measure  subsided  on  the  left,  when  the  approach 
of  the  columns  under  Lieutenant  Colonels  Drummond  and  Scott  was  anouAced 
by  the  fire  of  our  picket-guard  in  a  ravine  at  a  small  distance  fh>m  our  right; 
and  in  less  than  a  minute  afterward  the  direction  of  the  two  was  plainly 
distinguishable,  by  the  voice  of  their  ofilcers — one  of  them  appearing  to  move 
from  the  ravine  toward  the  fort,  and  the  other  rapidly  approaching  its  point 
of  attack  by  the  margin  of  the  lake*   This  flank  was  in  a  very  inefficient  state 
of  defense,  and  as  this  circumstance  was  doubtless  known  to  the  enemy,  it 
became  doubly  necessary  to  make  timely  resistance.    Accordingly^  the  first 
of  the  two  was  promptly  met  by  the  fire  from  the  salient  bastion  of  the  fort, 
and  the  musketry  on  its  right  and  left,  that  on  its  right,  consisting  of  Bough- 
ton's  and  Harding's  volunteers,  and  that  on  the  left,  of  the  ninth  regiment; 
altogether  making  perhaps  one  hundred  and  sixty  or  one  hundred  and  seventy 
men.    The  night  was  exceedingly  dark;  but  as  near  as  we  could  judge  through 
the  obscurity,  the  last  column  did  not  continue  long  advancing — it  seemed 
to  hesitate  at  fifty  or  sixty  yards  distance  —  remained  stationary  for  a  minute, 
and  then  began  to  recoil.    At  this  critical  moment,  loud  and  repeated  threats, 
mingled  with  much  confusion,  announced  the  unwelcome  intelligence  that 
the  enemy  had  been  successful  in  carrying  the  bastion.    The  leader  of  the 
enemy's  column  was  killed,  and  nearly  all  his  party  cut  to  pieces,  before  it 
had  approached  near  enough  to  place  its  ladders,  ^r  avail  itself  of  the  open 
places  in  our  line.    Such  was  the  result  of  the  attack  at  this  point.    In  the 
meantime  day  had  broken,  and  the  enemy,  notwithstanding  several  attempts 
to  dislodge  him,  was  still  in  possession  of  the  contested  bastion,  which, 
however,  he  derived  no  advantage  from. 

"  The  column  of  Colonel  Scott  being  now  routed,  the  guns  of  the  Douglass 
battery  were  so  directed  as  to  cut  off  all  communication  between  the  contested 
bastion  and  the  enemy's  reserve  —  and  a  party  of  desperate  fellows  were 
about  to  rush  in  and  finish  the  work,  when  a  spark  being  communicated  by 
some  means  to  an  ammunition  chest  under  the  platform,  the  bastion,  with 
those  in  it,  were  blown  into  the  air  together. 

"This  ended  the  fight  for  the  time  being,  and  the  enemy  retired  to  prepare 
intrenchments.  The  Americans  also  were  strengthening  their  defenses.  The 
two  forces  thus  lay  within  two  miles  of  each  other,  for  the  space  of  thirty 
days.  The  time  was  occupied  in  skirmishes,  but  no  decided  engagement  took 
place  until  the  17th  of  September. 


i:    I 


{|!f 

W'k 

W'i-^' 

W-- 

ill 


!'  t 


"  Accordingly,  on  this  date,  orders  were  distributed  to  the  different  corps 
of  the  American  forces,  to  supply  themselves  with  ammunition,  and  be  ready 
to  march.  The  order  was  eagerly  obeyed,  and  at  two  o'oloclc  P.  M.,  of  the 
same  day,  the  army  being  formed  into  two  columns,  under  Generals  Porter 
and  Miller,  filed  out  of  camp  by  the  left,  and  advanced  upon  the  enemy. 
The  column  of  General  Porter  made  a  considerable  c^e^our  through  the  woods, 
in  order  to  gain  the  enemy's  extreme  right,  while  that  of  General  Miller 
passed  along  the  skirts  of  the  wood,  and  concealed  itself  in  a  ravine  above. 
While  this  was  taking  place,  a  heavy  fall  of  rain  came  on,  which  continued 
during  the  remainder  of  the  day ;  it  had  no  effect,  however,  upon  our  opera- 
tions ;  the  column  of  General  Porter  approached  its  destination  with  such 
secrecy  and  address,  that  he  was  not  discovered  by  tho  enemy  till  he  rose 
upon  them  within  pistol-shot  of  their  lines.  As  soon  as  the  firing  announced 
this  event  to  General  Miller,  he  left  the  ravine  in  which  he  lay  concealed,  and 
charged  upon  the  enemy's  third  battery,  which,  being  carried,  their  whole 
line,  as  far  as  their  second  battery  inclusive,  was  in  a  few  minutes  in  our 
possession.  The  olyect  of  the  enterprise  being  thus  accomplished,  the  army 
retreated  again  within  its  lines." 

This  battle,  considering  the  superior  force  of  the  enemy,  may 
be  considered  one  of  the  most  brilliant  acliievenients  of  tho  war  ; 
and  this  is  our  apology  for  the  lengthy  account  which  we  have 
given  of  it. 

Black  Rock,  three  miles  north  of  Buffalo,  on  the  Niagara 
river,  Erie  county,  is  a  fine  flourishing  village.  It  is  situated  on 
the  line  of  the  Buffalo  and  Niagara  Falls  Railroad,  and  has  a  good 
harbor,  deep  enough  for  any  ordinary  sized  vessel.  The  village 
contains  several  mills  and  factories,  a  number  of  stores,  and  a 
population  of  3,000. 

filack  Rock  was  destroyed  by  the  British,  during  the  war  of 
1812. 

Ifl^atei'lOO,  is  a  small  village  on  the  Canada  side,  situated 
directly  opposite  Black  Rock,  to  and  from  which  a  ferry  plies  every 
few  minutt.'S  during  the  day. 

C9lipi>C\va,  a  small  village  on  the  Canada  side  of  Niagara 
river,  is  celebrated  as  being  the  scene  of  a  memorable  military 
engagement,  during  the  last  war  with  Great  Britain,  The  British 
forces  under  the  command  of  Generals  Drummoiid  and  Ryall, 
were  all  veteran  troops  who  had  served  during  the  peninsular  war, 
were  considered  invincible,  and  in  numbers  far  exceeded  the 
Americans.  In  this  engagement,  the  British  formed  their  plan 
of  battle  at  their  leisure  —  chose  their  own  ground  —  an  open 
plain,  on  which  not  so  much  as  a  single  stump  was  to  be  seen, 
behind  which  a  soldier  could  hide.   The  battle  ended  in  a  complete 


y 


nt  corps 
be  ready 
I.,  of  the 
Is  Porter 

enemy, 
le  woods, 
al  Miller 
le  above, 
ontinued 
ur  opera- 
ffith  such 

he  rose 
mounced 
>aled,  and 
A^ir  whole 
08  in  our 
the  army 


ly,  may 
ho  war  ; 
ive  have 

Niagara 
uated  on 
IS  a  good 
0  village 
;s,  and  a 

3  war  of 

,  situated 
ies  every 

Niagara 
military 
le  British 
id  Ryall, 
ular  war, 
teded  the 
heir  plan 
■an  open 
be  seen, 
complete 


I 


ROUTE  OF   THE  17IA0ARA   RIVER. 


213 


victory  on  the  part  of  the  American  forces  ;  and  such  was 
the  discomfiture  of  the  enemy,  that  nothing  could  induce  them  to 
try  the  fate  of  another  battle.  The  most  of  this  battle  was  fought 
by  Brigadier  General  Scott,  the  distinguished  hero  of  Cerro 
Gordo  and  Chepultepec.  No  battle  during  the  war,  could  be 
more  satisfactory  to  American  valor  than  the  battle  of  Chippewa. 
The  advantages  were  all  with  the  British.  Their  troops  were  all 
regulars;  ours,  part  regulars  and  part  volunteers.  Theirs,  were 
the  heroes  of  an  hundred  battles ;  ours,  new  recruits,  who  had 
scarce  ever  handled  a  musket.  The  ground  too  was  of  their  own 
choosing,  as  well  as  the  time  of  engaging.  Yet  we  see  them  most 
signally  defeated;  and  in  view  of  this,  there  can  be  but  one  opinion; 
and  that  is,  that  the  superior  intelligence  which  characterizes  the 
American  soldier,  will  always  triumph  over  the  mere  animal 
courage  of  the  European. 

Niagara  Falls,  a  small  village  in  Niagara  county,  situated 
at  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  and  at  the  termination  of  the  BufTalo  and 
Niagara  Falls  railroad.  It  contains  two  or  three  churches, 
8  hotels,  several  schools,  half  a  dozen  mills,  about  15  stores,  and  a 
population  of  1,000.  This  village  derives  its  interest  from  its 
proximity  to  nature's  great  master-peice  of  grandeur  and  sublimity. 

Nlag^ara  Falls,  over  which  fiows  the  greatest  body  of 
fresh  water  on  the  face  of  the  globe,  is  justly  considered  the  most 
magnificent  cataract  in  the  world.  The  sight  of  this  vast  sheet 
of  water,  at  once  inspires  the  beholder  with  feelings  of  admiration 
mingled  with  awe;  and  the  mind  is  deeply  imbued  with  lofty 
conceptions  of  the  beauty  and  grandeur  of  nature's  works. 
There  are  many  cataracts  having  a  greater  perpendicular  hight 
than  Niagara,  but  none  that  discharges  such  an  immense  volume 
of  water,  and  is  accompanied  by  such  sublime  and  varied  scenery. 
The  roar  of  this  mighty  fall  of  water  can  be  distinctly  heard, 
under  favorable  circumstances,  for  a  distance  of  15  miles  ;  and 
the  firm  earth  may  be  felt  to  tremble  as  though  palsied  by  the 
apprehension  of  another  deluge. 

The  Falls  are  divided  by  a  small  island  containing  about  75  acres, 
called  Goat  Island.  The  divisions  are  termed  respectively  the 
American,  and  Canada  Falls.  On  tli^  American  side,  the  perpen- 
dicular fall  is  greater  than  on  the  other  ;  but  the  quantity 
of  water  discharged  is  much  the  largest  on  the  Canada  side.  It 
has  been  estimated  that  seven-eights  of  the  water  discharged  is  on 
the  Canada  side  of  Goat  Island  A  bridge  connecting  Goat  Island 
with  the  main  land  on  the  American  side  has  been  constructed, 
from  which  the  visitor  may  gaze  at  the  foaming  waters  hurrying 
onward  into  the  abyss  below. 


214 


ROUTE   OF   THE   NIAGARA  RIVER. 


1 


E  I 


■■lli'l 
VJ    ■ 

1 


The  perpendicular  hight  of  the  American  Fall,  is  164  feet,  and 
that  of  the  Canadian,  also  called  the  Great  Horseshoe  Fall,  is 
158  feet.  The  hest  view  obtained  of  the  entire  Falls  at  one  time, 
is  from  Table  Rock;  but  a  large  portion  of  this  has  lately  given 
way.  The  best  view  of  the  American  Falls,  is  from  the  ferry  ; 
and  of  the  rapids  above,  the  best  view  is  obtained  from  Goat  .Island. 
There  is  a  winding  staircase  from  Goat  Island  to  the  bottom  of  the 
Falls,  which  was  built  by  Nicholas  Biddle,  by  which  visitors  may 
descend  below  the  bank,  and  behind  the  vast  sheet  of  water. 
There  are  three  paths  leading  from  the  foot  of  the  staircase,  one 
of  which  leads  to  the  Great  pforseshoe  Fall,  the  second  to  the  river 
below,  and  the  other  to  jEoIus'  Cave  or  Cave  of  the  Winds.  This 
cave  is  125  feet  long,  50  feet  wide,  and  90  feet  high.  It  is  situated 
immediately  behind  the  Center  Fall,  and  is  remarkable  on  account 
of  the  peculiar  currents  of  air  which  constantly  play  through  it. 
There  is  another  staircase  on  the  American  side,  and  also  one 
from  Table  Rock,  on  the  Canadian  side,  where  the  visitor  will 
find  a  guide  and  suitable  dresses  to  descend  behind  the  sheet  of 
water. 

The  Wire  Suspension  Bridge,  at  the  elbow  of  the  Niagara 
river,  two  and  a  half  miles  below  the  Falls,  spans  the  river  near 
the  head  of  the  rapids,  above  the  Whirlpool.  It  was  built  by  Mr. 
Charles  Ellet,  of  Philadelphia,  and  cost  about  $200,000.  From 
pier  to  pier  it  is  800  feet  long,  and  in  breadth  8  feet.  It  is  sus- 
pended on  eight  wire  cables,  four  on  each  side,  and  which  pass 
over  towers  fifty-four  feet  high,  built  of  heavy  timber.  The 
present  structure  is  only  the  scaffolding  for  constructing  a  larger 
bridge,  intended  for  the  passage  of  railroad  cars.  The  towers  for 
the  largd  bridge  will  be  of  solid  masonry,  each  80  feet  high. 
Each  of  the  cables  is  1,160  feet  long,  and  composed  of  72  strong 
No.  10  iron  wires,  closely  wrapped  round  with  small  wire  three 
times  boiled  in  linseed  oil,  which  prevents  injury  from  rust  or 
exposure  to  the  weather.  The  cables,  aft^r  passing  over  the 
piers  on  the  banks,  are  fast  anchored  in  sciia  masonry,  fifty  feet 
back  of  them.  The  auspenderSf  which  fornr  the  sides,  are  com- 
posed of  eight  wires  each,  and  are  four  and  a  half  feet  apart. 
The  bridge  itself  is  200  feet,  above  the  water,  and  is  a  wonder 
alike  of  enterprise  and  art. 

The  Terrapin  Bridge,  is  likewise  a  structure  worthy  of  note. 
It  is  300  feei  long.  It  extends  from  the  west  side  of  Goat  Island, 
and  projects  10  feet  over  the  Horseshoe  Fall.  At  the  very  verge 
of  the  precipice,  built  on  the  solid  rocks,  is  a  stone  tower  forty- 
five  feet  high.  It  was  erected  in  1833,and  has  a  winding  staircase 
inside,  and  an  open  gallery  on  the  top,  from  which  the  visitor 


,L 


ROUTE   OF   THE    NIAGARA   RIVER. 


216 


contemplates  the  surrounding  scenery,  in  its  fullest  majesty  and 
grandeur. 

Tile  obstructions  to  navigation,  occasioned  by  these  Falls,  have 
been  overcome  by  constructing 

The  Welland  Canal.  —  Ihis  canal  is  large  enough  to  float 
large  class  vessels,  and  Is  of  immense  importance  to  commerce 
on  the  lakes. 

There  are  several  places  of  note  that  the  visitor  should  not  fail 
to  see.  Among  these  are  the  Whirlpool,  said  to  resemble  the 
celebrated  Muelstrom  on  the  coast  of  Norway.  The  "Devil's 
Hole,'*  about  a  mile  below  the  Whirlpool,  and  the  Burning 
Spring,  on  the  Canada  side,  are  each  well  worthy  of  a  visit,  by 
the  lovers  of  nature^s  curiosities.  There  are  many  other  places  of 
interest  in  the  vicinity,  which  we  have  not  space  to  enumerate. 

Iiei¥isCOD,  situaled  on  the  Niagara  river,  seven  miles  north 
of  Niagara  Falls,  is  a  flourishing  village,  containing  several 
churches,  Baptist,  Methodist,  Universalist,  Episcopal,  and  Presby> 
terian,  an  academy,  two  or  three  mills,  a  number  of  stores,  and 
about  1,000  inhabitants. 

There  is  a  railroad  connecting  this  place  with  Niagara  Falls, 
and  with  Lockport  There  is  also  a  ferry,  which  plies  between 
Lewiston  and  Queenstown,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  in 
Canada. 

Queenstown,  situated  opposite  Lewiston,  in  Canada,  on  a 
high  and  rocky  eminence,  was  the  scene  of  some  bloody  engage- 
ments, during  the  war  of  1812.  It  was  here  that  the  brave  and 
heroic  British  General  Brock  fell,  while  gallantly  charging  at  the 
head  of  his  column.  The  legLiIature  of  Canada  West  have 
erected  a  monument  dedicated  to  his  memory  ;  it  is  built  of  free- 
stone, 126  feet  high,  and  20  (eet  square  at  the  base. 

This  battle  was  fought  on  the  13th  of  October,  1812.  The 
American  forces  were  unde  the  command  of  Major  General  Van 
Rensselaer,  who,  owing  to  the  tardiness  of  his  reinforcements, 
and  the  lack  of  ammunition,  was  compelled  to  retreat,  after  having 
once  driven  the  enemy  from  the  bights.  The  loss  in  killed  and 
wounded  was  nearly  the  same  on  both  sides,  but  the  Americans 
lost  many  prisoners,  among  whom  were  about  60  oflicers. 

Battle  of  Bkidgewater  or  Lundy's  Lane.  —  This  battle  was 
fought  on  an  obscure  road  called  Lunoy's  Lane,  about  half  a  mile 
westward  from  Niagara,  on  the  25th  of  July,  1814. 

In  this  engagement  too  much  praise  cannot  be  awarded  to 
General  Scott,  upon  whom  the  command  devolved,  after  General 
Brown  was  wounded ;  and  he  has  always  been  cherished  in  the 
hearts  of  his  countrymen,  as  the  **  Hero  op  Lundy's  Lane."  His 
recent  exploits  in  Mexico,  have  stamped  him  as  one  of  the  ablest 


>  ?! 


V 


•f 

ti.c 

ill 


''i  i 


216 


ROUTE  OF  THE  GREAT  LAKES. 


military  generals  of  the  age;  and  should  our  country  again  be 
called  upon  to  defend  her  honor  by  force  of  arms,  we  shall  have 
nothing  to  fear,  so  long  as  Winfield  Scott  has  command  of  her 
armies. 

YoungStOl^ll,  situated  on  Niagara  river,  one  mile  from 
Lake  Ontario,  in  Niagara  county,  New  York,  is  a  small  village 
containing  about  300  inhabitants. 

IViag^a.ra.9  a  small  village  in  Canada,  is  directly  opposite 
Youngsto^n. 

Fort  Nlag^Sira,,  at  the  mouth  of  Niagara  river,  is  a  place 
of  interest,  on  account  of  the  many  incidents  which  have  trans- 
pired here.  It  has  twice  been  taken  by  the  enemy,  and  again 
surrendered  to  our  arms  There  are  many  legends  connected 
with  the  history  of  this  fort,  which,  however,  we  have  not  space 
to  relate. 


BOCJTE  OF  THE  GEEAT  LAKES, 

(resumed.) 

I^ake  Ontario,  the  fifth  and  last  of  the  great  chain  of 
North  American  Lakes,  is  190  miles  long,  55  miles  broad,  and 
is  in  some  places  more  than  600  feet  deep.  Its  altitude  is  331  feet 
below  that  of  Lake  Erie,  and  it  discharges  its  waters  into  the 
Atlantic  ocean,  through  the  river  St.  Lawrence.  I'c  is  navigable 
for  vessels  of  the  largest  class,  and  on  account  of  its  great  depth, 
is  seldom  obstructed  by  ice.  Tiiis  lake,  like  all  the  others,  abounds 
11  myriads  of  fish.  The  commerce  of  this  lake,  though  not  so 
extensive  as  that  of  Lake  Erie,  is  considerable.  Hundreds  of 
vessels  and  steamers  constantly  plough  their  way  through  its 
waters,  bearing  the  produce  of  the  West  to  various  ports  in  New 
York  and  Canada.  It  is  connected  with  Jie  Atlantic,  by  the 
Oswego  and  Erie  canals,  and  Hudson  river.  This  lake  is  gener- 
ally smooth,  and  is  far  less  liable  to  storms  than  Lake  Erie. 

Toronto,  the  principal  comriicrcial  city  of  Canada  West, 
is  situated  on  Toronto  Bay,  and  h»3  about  20,000  inhabitants.  It 
•c  regularly  laid  out,  and  commands  a  large  and  extensive  trade. 
The  city  is  ^^,^\  lighted  by  gas,  and  presents  a  fine  appearance. 

li¥^inclSOr,  situated  thirty  m'lesto  the  north-east  of  Toronto, 
on  Lake  Ontario,  is  a  thrivingf  town  in  Canada  West. 

Cotmrg^,  forty  miles  east  of  Windsor,  also  on  the  lake  shorci 
is  a  flourishing  town  about  tlie  same  size  as  Windsor. 


J 


1 


ROUTE  OF  THE  GREAT  LAKES. 


217 


Osu^eg^Of  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  Oswego  river,  and  at 
the  northern  termination  of  the  Oswego  canal,  is  the  county  seat 
of  Oswego  county,  New  York.  It  is  a  flourishing  place,  having 
a  good  harbor,  and  contains  6  churches,  and  4,000  inhabitants. 

Sackett'S  Harbor,  Jefferson  county.  New  York,  is  situa- 
ted on  the  south-west  side  of  Black  River  Bay,  on  Lake  Ontario. 
The  harbor  is  one  of  the  best  on  the  lake,  and  the  trade  of  the 
town  is  considerable.  It  contains  two  or  hree  churches,  and 
about  2,000  inhabitants.  This  village  was  attacked  by  the  British 
on  the  29th  of  May,  1813.  Their  force  was  greatly  superior  to 
the  Americans,  who  were  commanded  by  General  Brown.  After 
a  hard  fought  battle  of  several  hours,  the  British  were  compelled 
to  retreat,  leaving  the  victory  in  the  hands  of  the  Americans. 

Klll§^StOIl,  situated  at  the  north-east  end  of  Lake  Ontario, 
and  at  the  head  of  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  is,  next  to  Toronto, 
the  principal  city  of  Canada  West.  It  has  a  large  commodious 
harbor,  is  neat  and  tastefully  laid  out,  and  contains  a  population 
of  10,000. 

During  the  war  of  1812,  it  was  the  chief  naval  station  of  the 
British  lake  fleet.  It  is  connected  with  Bytown  by  the  Rideau 
canal,  and  has  a  good  harbor  and  dock  yard.  The  canal  will 
admit  vessels  of  125  tons  burden. 


WESTERN  EAILEOADS. 

In  our  description  of  Western  Railroads,  we  shall  commence 
with  those  in  the  western  part  of  New  York,  they  being  the 
farthest  east  of  any  which  we  have  had  occasion  to  introduce  into 
this  work. 

Kew  York  and  Erie  Bailroad. 

This  road,  when  completed,  will  be  one  of  the  most  important 
in  New  York,  and  we  might  say  in  the  Union.  The  routs 
extends  from  Piermo)it,  24  miles  from  New  York,  on  the  Hudson 
river,  to  Dunkirk,  on  Lake  Erie;  making  a  distance  of  450  miles, 
aad  traversing  the  entire  length  of  the  state  of  New  York,  and 
touching  Pennsylvania  in  several  places.  The  whole  cost  of  the 
road  will  probably  be  near  $20  000,000.  The  company  was 
incorporated  in  the  year  1832,  and  the  road  is  now  opened  as  far 
as  the  town  of  Corning,  a  distance  of  300  miles  from  New  York. 
From  Dunkirk,  the  road  is  completed  a  distance  of  twenty-eight 
miles.  This  road  intersects  many  others  of  importance,  some  of 
which  are  in  operation,  and  some  contemplatod. 


■  \ 


\  ■ 


I:  I  -r 


218 


WESTERN   RAILROADS. 


Albany  and  Buffalo  Bailroad  Line.* 
From  Buffalo  to  Albany. 


Clark's  Branch, 6 

Lancaster,   4 

Town  Line, 6 

Alden, 5 

Darien  Centre, 6 

DarienCity, 2 

Attica,  • ' 5 

Alexander, 3 

Batavia, 8 

Byron, 8 

West  Bergen, .••••  7 

Churchyille, 4 

Rochester, 14 

Brighton, 4 

Pittsford, 4 

Fisher's, 6 

Victor, 6 

Canandaigua, '••••  9 

ChapinsTille, 3 

Manchester,     4 

Short's  Mills, 2 

EastTienua, 6 

Oaks'  Corner, 3 

Obneva, 4 

Waterloo, 7 

...  4 

...  5 

...  10 

...  6 

...  6 

...  2 


Seneca  Falls, 

Cayuga,  • 

Auburn, 

Lec^ctt, 

Skaneatales  Junction, 
Maroellus, 


10 

15 

20 

25 

27 

32 

35 

43 

51 

58 

62 

76 

80 

S4 

90 

96 

105 

108 

112 

114 

120 

123 

127 

134 

138 

143 

153 

158 

164 

166 


Camillus, 5 

Geddesburg,  6 

Syracuse, 2 

Manilas, -  10 

Kirkville, 2 

Chattenango, 4 

Canescraga, 2 

Canastota, 4 

Wampsville, ••••  2 

Oneida, - 8 

Verona, 4 

Green's  Corner, 4 

6 

7 

3 

...  3 

8 

7 

6 


Rome, " 

Oriskany, 

Whitesborough, 

Utica, 

Schuyler, 

Herkimer, 

Little  Falls, 


St.  Johnsville, 10 

•   •  •   f         •  •    •  Q 

4 

3 

3 

8 

5 

5 

3 

3 

9 


Garuga, 

Fort  Plain,.-     •• 
Palatine  Bridge, 

Spraker's, 

Fonda, 

Tribis'  Hill, 

Amsterdam,  •  •  •  • 

CranesTille, 

Hoffman's, 

Schenectady,  ••• 


Albany. •  •  •  16 


171 
177 
179 
189 
191 
195 
197 
201 

203 
200 
210 
214 
219 
226 
229 
232 
240 
247 
253 
263 
266 
270 
273 
276 
284 
289 
294 
297 
300 
309 
325 


*  This  line  consists  of  seven  distinct  roads,  owned  by  diflferent  companies, 
viz :  Attica  and  Boffalo  Railroad,  32  miles;  Towanda  Railroad,  from  Attica 
to  Rochester,  42  miles;  Rochester  and  Aubvrn  Railroad,  78  miles;  Auburn 
AND  Syracuse  Railroad,  26  miles;  Syracuse  and  Utica  Railroad,  53  miles ; 
Utica  and  Schenectady  Railroad,  78  miles ;  Schenectady  and  Albany  Rail- 
road, 16  miles.  The  Erie  Railroad  which  passes  through  the  southern  part 
of  the  state  of  New  York,  on  a  line  nearly  parallel  with  the  above  road,  has 
Just  been  completed,  the  last  rail  having  been  laid.  Passengers  can  leave 
Dunkirk,  and  go  direct  to  New  York  city  without  interruption. 


171 
177 
179 

189 

igi 

195 
197 
201 

203 
8  206 
210 
214 
219 
226 
229 
232 
8  240 
7  247 


289 
294 
297 
3  300 
9  809 


I 


BufCedo  ftnd  Niagara  FallB  Bailroad. 
From  Buffalo  to  Niagara  Falls. 


4 
11 


Cayuga  Creek, 6 

NiaqabaFaus, 5 


Rock, 3 

Black  Rock  Dam, 1 

Tonawanda, 7 

Niagara  Falls  and  Loekport  Bailroad. 
From  Niagara  Falls  to  Loekport. 
Junction, 21         |  Lockport, 

Lewistcn  Bailroad. 
From  Niagara  FaUs  to  Lewiston. 
Junction, 3       |  Lewiston,  

Oswego  and  Syracnse  Bailroad. 
From^  Oswego  to  Syracuse. 


17 
22 


3    24 


8    6 


Fulton,  ••■ 
Samson's,  • 


11 
6 


17 


Baldwinsville,  •  >< 
Syracuse, • 


6 
12 


23 
35 


OHIO  BAILBOASS. 

The  following  table  will  give  a  complete  view  of  all  the 
railroads  of  Ohio,  and  their  present  condition  : 

Xfames.  Length.        Qmplde.  ConstrucCg^ 

Mad  River  Railroad, ..-134   miles,  134   mUes,  — 

Findlay  Branch, 16  «  13  «  — 

Little  Miami,.... ^^  "  84  «  ~ 

Xenia  and  Columbus, 54  «  64  «  — 

CoJiimbus  and  Cleveland, 149  «  149  «  — 

\Tuiu'ky  and  Mansfield, 66  «  56  «  — 

V  \  t'ftld  and  Newark, 65  "  65  «  — 

bui  i^  -nd  Hocking  Valley, HO  «  —  "  85 

Clevola.Jl  and  Pittsburgh, 98  «  —  "  98 

Clereland  and  Wellsville, 30  «*  —  «  — 

Cincinnati  and  Hillsborough, 37  "  —  "  37 

Cincinnati  aud  Belpre, 121  «  _  ««  40 

Ohio  and  Mississippi, 20  «  —  «*  — 

Pennsylvania  and  Ohio, ...  •  145  *'  —  «  145 

Belletontaine  and  Indiana, 118  «  —  "  US 

Central  Railroad, 137  «  -  «  28 

XcAitt  and  Dayton, 16  "  —  «  — 

Western  Railroad, ••    97  «  —  "  87 


'i: 


i 


I  • ,  -I 


is  i 


220 


WESTERN   RAILROADS. 


Names.  Length,       Complete.  ComtrucVg. 

Lake  Shore  Railroad, 165     miles,     —    miles,    115 

Dayton  and  Springfield, 24        «         24 

Cincinnati,  Hamilton  and  Dayton, 60 

Hamilton  and  Eaton, 20 

Greenville  and  Miami, 20 


tt 


tt 


<( 


tt 


tt 


tt 


eo 

20 
20 


Twenty-three  lines, 1,705 


({ 


572 


(( 


748 


Mad  Biver  and  Lake  Erie  Bailroad. 
From  Sandusky  to  Springfield. 


■  i 


Bellevue, 16 

Republic,    15  30 

Tiffin, 8  38 

Carey, 16  64 

Patterson, 14 

Kenton, 10  76 


BelleCentre, .12  90 

Bellefontaine, 12  102 

West  Liberty, 8  110 

Urbana, 10  120 

HPRINaFIELD, 14  134 


Findlay  Branoli  Bailroad. 
From  Carey  to  Findlay. 
VanLuc,- 7    7  |  Findlay, 


9    16 


Yellow  Springs, 9 

Galloway's, 5  14 

Xenia, 6  19 

Spring  Valley, 7  26 

Corwin, 7  33 

6  39 


Little  Miami  Bailroad. 
From  Springfield  to  Cincinnati. 

Deerfield, 5 

Foster's, 5 


Oregon, 

Fort  Ancient, 
^lorrow, 


4 
4 


43 
47 


52 
67 

Loveland's, 4    61 

Indian  Ripple, 6    66 

Germany, 2    68 

Milford, 2    70 

Plainville, 4    74 

CiNCINXATI, 10    84 


Mansfield  and  Sandusky  Bailroad. 
From  Sandusky  to  Mansfield. 


Monroeville, • .  16 

Centreville, 11    27 

New  Hayen, 6    33 


Paris, 8    36 

Shelby,    9    45 

Mansfosld, 11    56 


Mansfield  and  Newark  Bailroad. 

From  Mansfidd  to  Nevtark,  55  miles. — This  road  has  lately  been 
completed,  and  the  cars  are  now  running;  we  have  not,  however, 
been  able  to  obtain  the  intermediate  distances  on  the  road,  in  time 
for  publication  in  this  edition. 


WESTERN   RAILROADS. 


221 


Columbus  and  Xenia  Railroad. 
From  Columbus  to  Xenia. 

West  Jefferson, 14  Adamsville, 

London, 10    24   Xenia, 

South  Charleston, 11    35 

Cleveland  and  Columbus  Bailroad. 
From  Cleveland  to  Columbus. 


11   40 

8    54 


Rockport,  •  •  •  • 

Berea, 

Olmstead,  •  •  •  • 
Columbia,  •  •  • 

Eaton, 

Grafton, 

La  Grange,  •  • 
Wellington,  •  • 
Rochester,  •  •  • 
New  London, 
Greenwich,  •  •  • 
Salem, 


7 

^M  16 

4  22)4 

2)4  25 


4 

7 
5 
6 
7 
6 


29 
36 
41 
47 
54 
60 


Shelby,. 
Vernon, 
Galion, 
Iberia,  • 


Gilead, 9 

Cardington, 

Oxford, 

Delaware, 

Berlin, 

Orange, 

Worthington, 


Columbus, 9 


6K 

66^ 

8^ 

75 

4 

79 

0 

85 

9 

94 

3 

97 

7 

104 

6 

110 

5 

116 

4 

119 

7 

126 

9 

135 

INDIANA  BAILBOADS. 

There  are  several  important  lines  of  railroads  in  Indiana,  in 
process  of  construction,  besides  those  already  completed. 

The  Madison  and  Indianapolis  Railroad,  was  completed  on 
the  1st  of  February,  1849,  at  a  cost  of  about  $1,500,000.  The 
first  year  the  line  was  in  full  operation,  the  number  of  passengers 
averaged  200  per  day,  and  the  receipts  amounted  to  $235,000. 

A  branch  from  Euinburg  to  Shelbyville,  a  distance  of  sixteen 
miles,  was  completed  a  short  time  after  the  main  road  was  finished. 
From  Shelbyville  there  are  two  routes  graded;  one  to  Rushville, 
twenty  miles,  and  the  other  to  Knightstown,  twenty-five  miles. 

The  Lafayette  and  Indianapolis  Railroad,  has  been  graded, 
and  is  rapidly  approaching  completion.  It  will  extend  from 
Indianapolis  to  Lafayette,  a  distance  of  sixty-three  miles. 

The  Peru  and  Indianapolis  Railroad,  is  also  fast  progressing, 
and  will  soon  be  in  operation.  It  extends  from  Indianapolis  to 
Peru,  seventy-one  miles. 

Tile  lNDiA.>fAP0Lis  and  Bellefontaine  Railroad,  is  designed  to 
form  one  of  the  links  of  the  great  central  lines  of  railways, 
connecting  the  Atlantic  cities  with  St.  Louis,  on  the  Mississippi. 
A  portion  of  this  line  is  now  under  contract. 


I 


* 


ii  ■  -\> 

'  it,    ; 
■  \     \ 


i- ■!' 


,i:?i.)r 


1  l»i . 


^  ;i 


i 


f 


I  ■  ■ 


'f   V 


-iSi 


222 


WESTEFijr    RAILROADS. 


The  Jeffersonville  Railroad  Company,  have  surveyed  a 
route  from  Jeffersonville  to  Columbus,  and  have  a  portion  of  the 
road  under  contract. 

Tlie  New  Albany  and  Salem  Railroad,  is  completed,  and 
the  cars  are  now  running.  It  extends  from  New  Albany  to  Salem, 
a  distance  of  thirty- five  miles.    > 

Madison  and  Indianapolis  Eailroad. 

From  Madison  to  Indianapolis, 


Wert, 

Middlefork, 

Big  Creek, 

Dupont, 

Champion's  Mills, 
Butler's  Switch,  •  • 

Vernon,    

Queensville, 

Scipio, 


6 
4 
2 
2 
2 
4 
2 
6 


10 
12 
14 

16 
20 
22 
28 
31 


Klizabcthtown, 7 


Columbus,  •«• 
Tuylorsville,  • 
Kdinburg,'  •  •• 

Amity, 

I'ranklin,  ••• 
Greenwood,  •  • 
Soutliport,  •  •  • 
Inwanapolis, 


7 
6 
5 
5 
5 
10 
4 
6 


38 
46 
61 
66 
61 
66 
76 
80 
86 


Edinburg  and  Shelbyville  Branch  Bailroad. 
From  Edinburg  to  Shdhyville. 
Adams'  Mills, 9         |  Sii  .luyvill", 


7    16 


MICHIGAN  RAILROADS. 

Michigan  Central  Railroad. 
From  Detroit  to  New  Buffalo. 


T^earborn, 10 

♦♦'ayne, 7  17 

Ypsilanti, 12  29 

Ann  Harbor, 8  37 

Dexter, 10  47 

Chelsea, 9  56 

Grass  Lake, 9  66 

Jackson, 11  76 

Gidley'8, 9  86 

Albion, 11  96 

Marshall, 12  108 

Michigan  Southern  Railroad. 
From  Monroe  to  Hillsdale, 


IJuttlc  Creek,  13 

Galosburg, 14 

Kalamazoo, .     8 

17 

8 

11 

12 

6 

6 

16 


Pawpaw,  

Decatur, 

Dowagiac,  •  •  •  • 

Niles, 

Buchanan,  •  •  • ' 
Tcrre  Coupee,  • 
New  BurFALO,' 


121 
135 
143 
160 
163 
179 
191 
197 
203 
218 


Ida, 

Petersburg, 
Deerfield,  •  • 


10 
8 
3 


18 
21 


Palmyra, 

Tecumseh  Junction,' 
Adrian, 


6 
4 
4 


26 
30 
34 


.d  a 
the 

and 
ileni} 


38 
46 
6  61 
6    66 

5  61 

6  66 
10    76 

4     80 
6    86 


7    16 


17 

8 

160 
163 

11 

179 

12 

191 

6 

197 

6 

203 

16 

218 

6 

26 

4 

30 

4 

34 

I>OTer, 6    39    Pittsfleld, 

Clayton,  ••'....< 6    44    Osceo, 

Hut  vn,...-. 7    61    Hillsdale, 

Tetoaueh  Branch  Bulroad. 
From  Junction  to  Tecumseh  —  8  miles. 

Erie  and  Kalamazoo  Bailroad. 
From  Toledo  to  Adrian. 

11  Blissfield, 

* 4    15    Palmyra,  •••<......•• 

5    20    Adrlln, • .  • .  • 

Detroit  and  Pontiao  Bailroad. 
From  Detroit  to  Pontiac. 

RoyalOftk,...  -. 12        i  Pontiac, 

Birmingham, ........<.    g    18  | 


6  67 
6  63 
6    68 


Sylrania,  ... 
Ottawa  Lake, 
Knight's,  •  < . 


3 
4 
6 


23 
27 
33 


7    25 


Cottage  Hill,  •  •  • 
Babcock'8  Grore, 
Wheaton's, 


ILLIKOIS  BAILB0AB8. 

Galena  and  Chicago  Union  Bailroad. 

From  Chicago  to  Elgin.* 

Junction, • 


16 

4  20 

5  25 


Elgin, 


5    30 
12    42 


*  From  Elgin  the  rails  are  nearly  all  laid,  and  in  a  short  time  the  cars  will 
be  running  c  /er  the  whole  route  from  Chicago  to  Galena. 

St.  Charles  Branch  Bailroad. 
From  Junction  to  St.  Charles — 8  miles. 

Sangamon  and  Morgan  Bailroad. 
From  Springfidd  to  Naples. 


Berlin, It 

Franklin, 8    24 

Jacksonrille, 9    33 


Morgan  City,- 
Naples,....  •« 


12    45 
10    65 


KENTXrCKT  BAILBOADS. 

louisville  and  Frankfort  Bailroad. 
From  LouiavUle  to  Frankfort. 


Williamson, 14 

La  Grange, 13    27 


Frankfort, 


36    72 


J' 


f'r 


■,1     i 


t 


?■ 

h 

! 

1  , 

• 

«  I:-: 

!  t 

ill 

1 

224 


WESTERN    RAILROADS. 


Midway, 


Lexington  and  Frankfort  Railroad. 

Frmn  Lexington  to  Frankfort, 

I  Frankfort, 


14 


14    28 


MISSISSIPPI  RAILROADS. 

Vicksl)urg,  Jackson,  and  Brandon  Railroad. 

From  Vickshurg  to  Brandon. 
Mount  Alban, 0 

Boviiia, 4    10 

Big  Black, 2    I'i 

Edwards', 6    18 


Bolton's, 9    27 

Clinton, 0    36 

Jackson, 10    46 


Brando.v, 


14    69 


20 


LOUISIANA  RAILROADS. 

Clinton  and  Port  Hudson  Railroad. 

From  Clinton  to  Port  Hudson. 
La  Centre,  ••• 12         |  I'ckt  IIuusox, 12    24 

West  Feliciana  Railroad. 

From  St.  FrancisvUlc  to  yVoodoillry  Mi. 
Laurel  Hill, 14         |  W'oodvillk,  Mi., 12 

Railroa-'s  to  Lake  Ponchartraln,  and  to  Carrollton. 

From  New  Orleans  to  Lake  I'ondtartrain  —  6  miles. 

From  New  Orleans  to  Carrollton  —  6  miles. 

Mexican  Gnlf  Railroad. 

From  New  Orleans  to  Proctorsville. 
Congress  Street, —    —  i  Torreaux, — 


U.  S.  Barracks,-  • 

Versailles, 

Cuculu's, 

Ducro's  Landing, 


Boeuf  C.  II. ~ 

Santiogos,    — 

Tantant's, — 

12    — '  Proctorsville, 15 


27 


ALABAMA  RAIIROADS. 

Montgomery  and  West  Point  Railroad. 

From  Montgomery  to  We^^t  Point. 

Franklin, 33         f  Aiilurn, 12 

Chehaw, 7    40    Opelikau, 8 

Natasulga, 8    48    West  Point, 

Tecuxnseh,  Cortland  and  Decatur  Railroad. 

From  Tu8»umbia  to  Decatur. 

Leighton, 10         I  Hillsborough, 

Cortland, 12    22  I  Decatur, 


19 


8 
10 


60 
68 
87 


30 
40 


1 


14    28 


.     9  27 

.     0  36 

.  10  46 

.  14  69 


12    24 


, .   12     20 

on. 


15    27 


...12    60 

...     8    68 
...19    87 


8    30 

10    40 


